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?aoa?ao ia oaio:

«Aeaai?noue oe?a?inueei? iiae»

Ee?a-2007

Iiaa — oea oa?aeoa? ia?iaeo, eiai iai’youe, ?noi??y ? aeooiaia
iiaooi?noue. O i?e a?aeaeaathoueny ineo?/iee neeaae ia?iaeo, eiai
cae/a?, o?aaeeoe??, iiaoo, no/ania ? ieioea, eiai ?icoi ? aeina?ae,
e?ana ? neea aeoo?. A?aeiii, ui iiaa eiaeiiai ia?iaeo — yaeua aeaai?, ??
ei??iiy nyaathoue o aei?noi?e/i? /ane. Aiia ? iaeaai?aeuei?oei aeoai?ii
aaaaoueio iieie?iue. Eiaeia aeoai?aia e i?eeiyoa aeey aaeeaaiiy neiai —
oea nai???aeiee neiaie noi?iiaaii? ?aea?, iaoa yei? i?iieeiooe o na?o
i?e?iaee ? a ethaenueeo nooi?noue, o na?o ethaenueeiai aeooo. Ae?iaeaiiy
a?aiaoe/ieo caeii?a, oai?aiiy iiai? eaeneee — ni?aaa oeny/ie?oue.
Aaee/acio ?ieue o ?icaeoeo noni?euenoaa a?ae?a?aei aeieeiaiiy ienueia,
ui yaey? niaith ?iciiaio iiao, cae??ieaio a ciaeao. Ia iniia? ienaiii?
iiae a i?ioean? ?noi?e/iiai ?icaeoeo noni?euenoaa aeieea? e?oa?aoo?ia
iiaa, oiaoi iiaa aea?aeaaieo onoaiia, a?iiaaenueeeo i?aai?caoe?e,
iaa/aeueieo caeeaae?a, iaoee, i?ane, oaao??a, a i?ci?oa — e?ii, ?aae?i,
oaeaaa/aiiy oiui. Iacaia?a/iith aen?iiith ? ? oa, ui iiaa ? nai???aeiei
aaiaoe/iei eiaeii iaoe??, neeaaeiaith /anoeiith ? caniaii oai?aiiy
iaoe?iiaeueii? eoeueoo?e. Na?oiaa iaoea ia? a?aoiaioiaai? aeieace oiai,
ui oe?a?inueea iiaa ? iaeia c iaenoa??oeo ? iaeyne?aa?oeo iia ca nai?th
iaeiae?ei?noth oa ae?aci?noth.

Aoaeue-ye? o?iiieia?/i? a?oe aeieeiaiiy ? ia?a?niiai ?icaeoeo
oe?a?inueei?, ye ? acaaae? aoaeue-yei? ?ioi? iiae, anoaiiaeoe
iaiiaeeeai, aaeaea ienaiieo iai’yoie, ye? ae?eoee aei ian, ia
aeinoaoiuei aeey iiaiioe?iiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy iiae. Aacia?a/ii eeoa oa,
ui oe?a?inueea iiaa ? iaei??th c iaeaeaai?oeo ?iaei-?a?iiaenueeeo iia.
I?i oea na?ae/eoue ? iayai?noue a?oa?/ii? eaeneee, ? aeaye? oiiaoe/i? oa
ii?oieia?/i? ?ene, ye? caa?aaea iaoa iiaa i?ioyaii a?e?a. Aeaai?noue
oe?a?inueei? iiae aeiaiaeeee ?yae a?o/eciyieo oa ca?oa?aeieo o/aieo.
Iai?eeeaae, oae? c ieo, ye, Iaaae Oaoa?ee Ieaen?e Oaoiaoia, Aaaoaiaae
E?einueeee oa ?i. Ua o 1879 ?. iieuenueeee a/aiee-e?iaa?no Ieoaeei
E?anonueeee o nai?e i?aoe? “Aeaai?noue oe?a?inueei? iiae” iaaieiooaaa,
ui oe?a?inueea iiaa ia o?eueee noa??oa a?ae on?o neia’yinueeeo, a e a?ae
naine?eonueei?, a?aoeueei?, eaoeinueei? oa ?ioeo a??enueeeo.

I?i aeaai?noue oe?a?inueei? iiae na?ae/aoue ? aeaai? oieueeei?i? oai?e,
iai?eeeaae eaeaiaea?ii-ia?yaeia? i?ni?. Oe?a?inueeee iiaiciaaaoeue
Ieaenaiae? Iioaaiy noaa?aeaeoaaa, ui aaniyiea “A ie i?ini n?yee”
?nioaaea a Oe?a?i? aaea o ? oeny/ie?oo? aei i.a. A eieyaeee i?i
nioai??iiy na?oo ioaoaie (oiaoi ua c aeio?enoeyinueeeo /an?a) iaa?yae /e
ia?aeeaaeaeeny c yei?nue aeaai?oi? iiae ia oe?a?inueeo, aaeaea o?enoeyie
ia iaee a oiio iio?aae.

Aaaaoi iaoeiaeo aeeneon?e aeeeeea? oaeiae ieoaiiy i?i ?nioaaiiy
ienaiiino? a oe?a?inueeeo caieyo. A?oaieia?/i? ciao?aeee cana?ae/othoue
iayai?noue ienaiieo ciae?a ia aeeiyiiio iinoae?, i?yneeoeyo, ca?i? oiui,
ua ca o?ei?euenueei? aeiae. Naith ienaii?noue iaee ieaiaia
o?ei?euenueei?, eaoaeiiaii? eoeueoo?e a?iiciai? aeiae, ca?oaeiaoeueei?
oa /a?iyo?anueei? eoeueoo?. Noa?iaeaai? aaoi?e na?ae/aoue, ui oea aoei
a?aoeueea aai ?onueea ienueii. Aeneiaeth?oueny i?eiouaiiy, ui
ienaii?noue ia oa?eoi??? Oe?a?ie iaea e?eueea aa??aio?a. Iai?eeeaae,
I?ai?/ia I?e/i?iiii?’y ei?enooaaeany aaaoeith, ?aeaioe/iith a?aoeuee?e
aai ?einuee?e (eaoeieoe?), a no?aei? ?aeiie (iniaeeai ne?oi-na?iaoe)
iaee naith i?ea?iaeueio ienaii?noue, a?aeiio a iaooe? ye na?iaonuee?
ciaee, ui aoee noiae? ia a??iainuee? e a?oceinuee? ienueiaia.

Oa, ui iai’yoie noa?iaeaaiuei? ienaiiino? iaiaeue, iiaeia iiynieoe
oiai/aniei niiniaii ienaiiy: iianyeaeaii? caiene a??ia?aeii ?iaeeeny ia
iaaiuaieo aea?aa’yieo aeiua/eao aai ia aa?ano? – iaoa??ae?, yeee iiaaii
caa??aa?oueny. I?ioa, ciaoiaeyoue /eiaei iena?nueeeo ?ino?oiaio?a, oae
caaieo noee?a. Aeia?a caa?aaeeny a?ao?oi, iae?aneai? ia na?ae?e, ua ia
iaiaeai?e aeei?. Ai?ueee c iaienaie /anoi iathoue aeaeyae ?a/ae
iianyeaeaiiiai aaeeoeo, i?inoeo, e?ieaieo a?o/io, ui na?ae/eoue i?i ?oi?
i?noeaaa iioiaeaeaiiy. Aeaye? c oeeo a?ao?/ieo cia?aaeaiue aaaaeathoue
ca oaa?a aai oaiae (ciaee aeaniino?) iaeno??a.

*eiaei aeeneon?e o iaoeiaiio na?o? aeeeeeaea ae?yeuei?noue Ee?eea ?
Iaoiae?y, c ?iaiaie yeeo iia’ycothoue noai?aiiy neia’yinueei? aaaoee.
Y?oioiaia aeine?aeaeaiiy aaaoee, yeo oiiaii iacaaia ee?eeeoeath, c?iaea
oe?a?inueeee o?eieia, a?aeiiee oaeiae ye Ieo?iiieeo ?ea??ii. Eiai i?aoey
“Neia’yinueea ienueii ia?aae Einoyioeiii” ia?aeiieeai aeiaiaeeoue
i?aaaeea?noue iiia?ae? /aioey O?aa?a, yeee ienaa, ui ?aaiaae?? ? Inaeoe?
“?onueeeie ienueiaiaie ienai?”. Oey iiae?y aeaoo?oueny ceiith 860-861
??. sseui oea aaea noi?iiaaia ienaii?noue, oi ui ae oiae? noai?ea
Ee?eei? Oea ieoaiiy ia aea? niieith a/aiei inue oaea i?ioyaii e?eueeio
noie?oue.

Caa?aaeiny “AEeo?? Ee?eea”, iaienaia, ye aaaaeathoue, eiai a?aoii
Iaoiae??i. C iueiai ae?cia?iiny, ui i?ina?oieoeueea i?n?y Ee?eea
iieyaaea ianaiia?aae o i?iiia?ae? o?enoeyinoaa na?aae neia’yi. Oea aoee
/ane, eiee o?enoeyinoai aaea a?ae/oaaei oaieia?/i? noia?a/iino? i?ae
?eiii ? Eiinoaioeiiiieai.

Ae?yeuei?noue i?n?iia??a, ye? i?iiia?aeoaaee o?enoeyinoai eaoeinueeith
iiaith, oni?oo ia iaea. Oiae? Ii?aanueeee eiycue ?inoeneaa caa?ioany aei
Eiinoaioeiiiieuenueeiai iao??a?oa c i?ioaiiyi iaae?neaoe i?iiia?aeiee?a,
eio?? a ciaee neia’yinuee? iiae. A oeae /an Ee?eei iiaa?ioany c
oica?nueei? i?n??, aea iaiiaea eaaaia io?anoeoe an?o aaaeath/eo. Oaeee
oni?o, a oaeiae ciaiiy neia’yinueeeo iia noaee ae??oaeueieie i?e aeai??
eaiaeeaeaoo?e Ee?eea aeey i?iiia?ae? o?enoeyinoaa na?aae neia’yi, a
oaeiae ia?aeeaaeo aeey ieo aiaineoaeaaieo eieaeie.

I?ney e?eueeio iioiae?a Aneieueaea ia a?ae?a o Ee?anuee?e ?on? aoei aaea
/eiaei o?enoeyi. Oiio e ia aeeaii, ui Ee?eei ciaeoia ? o?enoeyinuee?
eieae, iaienai? ii-?onueee. sseith ae aaaoeith aiie ienaeeny?

sseui iiaeyiooe iaa?oue ia no/anio oe?a?inueeo aaaoeo, oi i/aaeaeii, ui
a?eueo?noue ?? e?oa? noiae? ia a?aoeuee?, aea ? e?eueea oe?eeii
neia’yinueeeo. Iiaea, oea ?o aeiaeaa Ee?eei aei a?aoeueei? aaaoee? Aea
ae o “AEeo??” iia?aeiiey?oueny i?i noai?aiiy iei aaniethoii iiaiai
aeoaa?oo. Ne?ae caoaaaeeoe, ui ii?yae c ee?eeeoeath ? iaeii/anii c iath
?nioaaea ?ioa aaaoea, yea a?aeiia i?ae iacaith aeaaieeoe? ? iaea ia
cae/aeiee oa?aeoa? caaeoe?a. ?e a/ai? ia ciaoiaeyoue aiaeia?a. Oea aeaei
i?aenoaao aeey oaa?aeaeaiue, ui aeaaieeoey ? ooo/iei aeoai?ii iaei???
ethaeeie, ia a?aei?io a?ae ee?eeeoe?, yea ia? i?e?iaeiee i?aai?/iee
oa?aeoa? ? aeaai?o? i?ioioeie.

Ioaea, aeine?aeieee (?aai Ia??iei, Ieoaeei A?ae/aanueeee, Ieaenaiae?
Iaeueie/oe oa ?io?) aaaaeathoue, ui Ee?eei noai?ea naia aeaaieeoeth –
ooo/iee aeoaa?o, yeee i?i?nioaaa iaaeiaai, ai ia ciaeoia caaaeueiiai
aeciaiiy /a?ac naith oneeaaeiai?noue. Iacaa ae “ee?eeeoey” cae??ieeanue
ca iaoith oa aeayeeie ?ioeie neia’yinueeeie aaaoeaie (iai?.
aieaa?nueeith) ua c aeaai?o /an?a /a?ac ieooaieio, aai i?inoi aeey
oneaaeaiiy aeaeaoiiai i?n?iia?a.

?nioaaiiy ae oe??? aaaoee ua aei Ee?eea aeiaaaeaii ciao?aeeaie a?ao?oi
ia no?iao Nio?? Ee?anueei?; e?oa?e aeciaii i?ioiee?eeeoeath.
Aeine?aeaeaiiyie oeeo iaien?a caeia?oueny Na?a?e Aenioeueeee, yeee, e??i
oaeno?a, a?aee?ea naio aaaoeo, caienaio, iaaooue, aeaai?i eieaeieeii
aeey iai’yo?. Aaeaea eiio, iaiaaii, aeiaiaeeeinue i?aoethaaoe c?
noa?iaeaai?ie eieaaie c ss?ineaaiai? eieaica??i?, ye? aoee iaienai?
oaeith acaoeith.

*ei aea a?ae??ciyeany oey aaaoea a?ae i?ci?oiai aa??aioo ee?eeeoe?? Aiia
i?ino?oa – ia? 27 e?oa?, na?aae yeeo 23 a?aoeueeeo ? 4 neia’yinuee? (A,
AE, O, U). Ii?aanueea ae ee?eeeoey o nai?io ?aiiueiio aa??aio? iaea 38
e?oa?, a a i?ci?oiio – 43. /anoeia oeeo aoea i?inoi aeoaethaaea aaea
iayai?, oiio a i?ci?oeo ?onueeeo eieaao oae? ciaee ye thne, aeoo?
aieini?, iiaaa oa ?io? iinooiiai cieeaee ye caea?.

Cae/aeii, aaaaoi iac?o/iinoae aeey aeine?aeiee?a noa?i? oe?a?inueei?
iiae noai?eei naia cai?iaaaeaeaiiy oea?eiaiineia’yinueei? iiae ye
e?oa?aoo?ii?. Oiio ui oea ia aoea i?e?iaeia iiaa, yeith ?iciiaeya
ia?iae.

?noi??y eiaeii? iiae aea/a?oueny a ia?ic?eaiiio ca’yceo c ?noi???th
ia?iaeo, yeee ? iin??i oe??? iiae, ?? oai?oeai. Ioaea, ? ia??iaeecaoe?y
oe?a?inueei? e?oa?aoo?ii? iiae o?nii iia’ycaia c ?no???th oe?a?inueeiai
ia?iaeo.

Aeiaaee /an na?aae iiaiciaaoe?a oi/eeany aino?a iieai?ea uiaei
ia??iaeecaoe?? ?noi??? oe?a?inueei? iiae. *eiaei cai?iiiiiaaieo noai
ia??iaeecaoe?? aeyaeeeny ni??ieie, aaeaea aiie ??oiooaaeeny ia i?eioeei?
ci?ie noni?eueieo oi?iaoe?e: iiaa oaiaeae?cio, iiaa eai?oae?cio, iiaa
nioe?ae?cio. Oaea noaia, cae/aeii, ia iiaea a?aeia?aceoe an?o aoai?a
?icaeoeo oe?a?inueei? e?oa?aoo?ii? iiae, ine?eueee naia ii nia? ci?ia
oi?iaoe?e ia a?aeaeea i? ia caoeia?e nenoai?, i? ia a?aiaoe/i?e aoaeia?
oe?a?inueei? iiae. Oe?a?inueea e?oa?aoo?ia iiaa ?icaeaa?oueny ?
caaaa/o?oueny ianaiia?aae ca aeiiiiiaith iiai? eaeneee, ae?iaeaiiy
/?oeeo a?aiaoe/ieo ? i?aaiienieo i?aaee, ?icoe?aiiy e?oa?aoo?ieo noee?a,
cania?a ae?aaeaiiy aeoiee oiui.

Iei? iio?aao? ia?aaeyaeo ? oaea i?oiaeienaeueia oi?ioea, ye ?aeeia
“aeaaiuei?onueea” iiaa, ni?eueia aeey “o?ueio a?aoi?o ia?iae?a”.

Oey ?aeaieia?/ia aeiaia iaa’ycoaaeeny an?i, aac aeiyoeo iaoeiaei
?inoeoooai naia ca ?aaeyinueei? aeiae ? iaea neoaoaaoe ?iia?nueeei
?ioa?anai N?N?. Iaoeia? oaeoe, aeine?aeaeai? iaoia?aaeaeaieie a/aieie ua
ia ii/aoeo oe??? aeiae, ?aii?oaaeeny aai i?iaieiooaaeeny oe?aeeeaeie.
Oae, aeaaeai?ee Ieaen?e Oaoiaoia oa Aaaoaiaae E?einueeee ienaee:
“Ni?eueii?onueea i?aiiaa ?iciaeany ia ie?ai? ia??//y ua ca aeiae
ia?aae?noi?e/ii?, iai?ee?ioe? VIII /e ia ii/aoeo IX a?eo”.

O nai?e i?aoe? “Oe?a?inueea iiaa, ca?aee?ey aiia acyeany ? ye
?icaeaaeany” (1922) Aaaoaiaae E?einueeee aeine?aeea oe?a?inuee? iiai?
?ene O – O? no.. (?cai?iee Nayoineaaa, 1073 ?.), i?inoaaeea ?icaeoie
i?aaeaiii ?onueei? iiae XIV no., yea aaea aoea aeecueeith aei no/anii?
oe?a?inueei? iiae, a oaeiae iiao e?oa?aoo?ieo oai??a XV – XIX no. a ??
?icaeoeo. A/aiee oaeiae aeacaa ia iaiao?aei?noue ia’?aeiaiiy iaio
e?oa?aoo?ieo iia (iaaeaei?i?yinueei? oa iaaeaei?no?yinueei?) ia iniia?
oe?a?inueei? iiae oeaio?aeueii? Oe?a?ie.

?ene oe?a?inueei? iiae /?oei iii?oi? o aeaaiuei?onueeeo iai’yoeao. Oea
ianaiia?aae oe?a?inueea eaeneea: a?aaey, no??oa, eaaiaeeoe, e?iiu?,
aeeao?iiny, e?ioee, y?oaa, ooaa, a?eieyoue, iieiiyiee, iia?iue, aaiy
(?in. “eoiie” oea?eae) oa ?i.

Aeey oaaaeiiai /eoa/a aeaaiuei?onueeeo iai’yoie a?aee?eaa?oueny ?yae
oiiaoe/ieo ?en oe?a?inueei? iiae: i?iay, n?i’y, no?ie (ii?. c ?in.
iaiay, naiuey, noaiu); ia?ao?ae A a I i?ney oeiey/eo: aeiia, /ieia?e,
i?/iai, cai?noue aeaia, /aeiaae, ie/aai; e?ioeaaa e?oa?a A o ae??neiaao
oai, aea a ?in?enuee?e iia? E; oiaeea, einea, a?aa. Oe? yaeua aeaaeai?e
A.E?einueeee ciaeoia o ca??ieeo Nayoineaaa 1073 ?. Aeineoue /anoi a
iai’yoeao noa?i?onueeiai ienueiainoaa cono??/athoueny oae? nooi
oe?a?inuee? iiai? yaeua ye /a?aoaaiiy i?eaieinieo A-C, E-Oe, O-N a
aeaaaeueiiio a?aei?ieo: aei?ic?, ae?aoe?, eiaeon? (ii?. ?in. aei?iaa,
aeaaea, eiaeooa). Aai niieiia?/i? oe?a?inuee? oi?ie caeiaiiee?a: oia?,
nia? (?in. oaaa, naaa) oiui.

Aaaaoee iaoa??ae aeey aeine?aeiee?a aea? oaea a?aiaoe/ia eaoaai??y ye
ae??neiai. Ooo ciaoiaeeii no?eueee oe?a?inueeeo oi?i, ui naiee eeoa
ia?ae?e ?o ia?aeiieeai cana?ae/o?: i?aaeaiii?onuee? iai’yoee ienaeeny
e?oiienoeyie oe?a?inueeiai iioiaeaeaiiy. Oea i’yea cae?i/aiiy 3-i?
iniae: iineoue, eineoue (ii?. ?in. iineo, eineo) aai cieeiaiiy oeaen??
-oue: ? (cai?noue anoue), aa?a (cai?noue aa?aoue), aoaea (cai?noue
aoaeaoue). Oe?eaai, ui a oe?a?inuee?e iia? caa?aaeanue a?eueo a?oa?/ia
oi?ia iaeaooiueiai /ano ii??aiyii c ?in?enueeith: ciaoeio, /eoaoeio,
?iaeoeio (ii?. aoaeo ciaoue). O aeaaieio oey oi?ia iaea oaeee aeaeyae:
ciaoe + eiaiu (aea eiaiu – aeiiii?aeia neiai, yea caaoaeei ii/aoeiaa E ?
aeaeici?ieeiny a no/anio oe?a?inueeo oi?io). Aeoaea aeaaiy oaeiae
e?ioe?aea –II a ae??neiaao: cia?ii, oiaeeii (ii?. ?in. ciaai, oiaeei).
Aaaoaiaae E?einueeee noaa?aeaeo?: “… ii??aiyeueii-?noi?e/i? i??eoaaiiy
iieacothoue, ui ioea –II aeaeaei noa??oa iaa?oue a?ae aeiae Ee?anueei?
aea?aeaae”. O nai?e i?aoe? “Oe?a?inueea iiaa, ca?aee?ey aiia acyeany ?
ye ?icaeaaeany” a?i ?iaeoue aeniiaie: “Iiaa Iaaeaei?i?yiueie ? *a?aiii?
?on? /an?a Aieiaeeie?a Nayoiai oa ss?ineaaa Ioae?iai ia? caeaa?eueoiai
aaea an? no/ani? iaei?onuee? iniaeeaino?”. I?i no/anio ?in?enueeo iiao
a?i ienaa: “I?ai?/ aeoai?eea nai? aeani? yceeia? ?ene, /oae? aeey
I?aaeiy”.

Aeey aea/aiiy ?noi??? iiae aaeeea cia/aiiy ia? eaeneeia?ao?y – aaeocue
iiaiciaanoaa, yea caeia?oueny oeeaaeaiiyi neiaiee?a oa aea/aiiyi ?oiuei?
?noi???. Ia?o? eaeneeia?ao?/i? ni?iae aoee aaea ca /an?a Ee?anueei?
?on?. Oae “Iia?noue a?ai’yieo e?o” ia? e?eueea i?noeue, ye? iiaeia
iacaaoe oeoia/aiiyi ?iai: iiyniaiiy ?iai? Oaiaein?e, iacae i?noa
Ia?ayneaa. O Ca??ieeo Nayoineaaa ? oe?eee ?icae?e, aea iiaeaii iiyniaiiy
iac?icoi?eeo ne?a c ?aaiaae?y oa ?ioeo eiea. Ia noi??ieao oea?eiaieo
eiea o?aiey?oueny /eiaei oae caaieo “i?i?caieueiee?a” – caien?a,
c?iaeaieo oeie, ooi, /eoath/e, nai aienoaaa ia iieyo iiyniaiiy ne?a,
iac?icoi?eeo ?ioei /eoa/ai. Ana oea na?ae/eoue i?i oa, ui iio?aaa o
neiaieeao ?nioaaea ua ca /an?a Ee?anueei? ?on?.

O Iiaai?iaenueeiio nieneo Ei?i/i? eieae caa??any neiaiee “??? ????? y??
????a ia ???oth, ????? ? ???u”, aea oae iiynithaaeeny aeaaiuei?a?aenuee?
?iaia: Na?a – i?eaee, ?aaaeea – ?aaeinoue, ?ao?eue – i?en???; a ??ae ?y?
?????? ??e ? ?y? ???? ???. A??i ?o ?y??i 174 ??a, a a XV ?. ??i???? ???
? 350 ??a. Ae??i ???i a O??? ????i ?a ???e 1431 ?. ?ae ??ith “Oe????
???u ?????? au ???? ???…”, a y?? ?y?th??? ?i? ????, ?????, ?????? ?
?????? ?a.

Oe?a?ioe? ?icaeioee naith iiao ia ??oio? i?noeaaeo ieai?iieo
ia’?aeiaiue, a ia c yei?nue aeaaiuei?onueei? ni?eueiino?. Oe?a?ioe? –
aaciina?aaei? iauaaeee ianaeaiiy Ee?anueei? ?on?, a, ioaea, ? iiaa ?oiy
oniaaeeiaaia a?ae noa?i? iiae iieyi, ae?aaeyi, aieeiyi, n?aa?yi, aoaeai,
oee/?a, oeaa?oe?a oa ?ioeo aeaaiuei?onueeeo ieaiai.

Iaeaeaai?o? ?iicaii? iaiae??aieee, ui ia?aaoaaee a Oe?a?i? ? a Iineia??,
aa/eee a?aei?ii?noue oeeo iia: “?oneinueeee ia?iae uiaei iiae a?aei?iiee
ye a?ae ?in?yi, oae ? a?ae iieye?a, oaea ca aeaai?o a?e?a” (O?aio?oae
Aaeaoeueeee); “Oe?a?ioe? – noa?iaeaai?e ia?iae, a iiaa ?oiy aaaaooa ?
anainyaei?oa, i?ae ia?nueea, eeoaenueea, iiiaieuenueea ? an?eye? ?io?.
Aiia ia? ?ene, iiae?ai? aei iineianueei?… an? aiie iaeiaeiai
caaeiaieueiythoueny aeaaaeoeyoueia aeaa’youeia e?oa?aie” (Aeuea?y
*aeaa?, 1657); “Oe?a?ioe? – oea iauaaeee Ee?anueei? ?on?” (Iaeueo-A?thi,
1807); “Iiaeia, ioaea, iaei?onueeo iiao aaaaeaoe cian?i ie?aiith iiaith,
a ia o?eueee ae?aeaeoii aaeeei?onueei? iiae” (Oaoa?ee).

Inue ye e?aniiiiaii ieoa i?i oea Aeaeyia? (1869): “?noi??y ia iiaeiia
caaoaaoe, ui aei Iao?a ? oie ia?iae, yeee ie iei? iaceaa?ii ?ooeiaie,
caaany ?onueeei, aai ?oneiaie, ? eiai caiey caaeany ?onnth ? ?ooai??th,
a oie ia?iae, yeee ie iei? caaii ?onueeei, caaany iineaeiaie, a ?o caiey
– Iineia??th. A e?ioe? ieioeiai noie?ooy an? o O?aioe?? ? a ?a?ii?
aeia?a ai?ee a?ae??ciyoe ?onue a?ae Iineia??”.

Ieoaiiyi ii??aiyeueii? eaeneeia?ao?? oe?a?inueei? oa ?in?enueei? iia
caeiaeeny ye ?in?enuee?, oae ? ca?oa?aei? a/ai?. Iai?eeeaae, i?ioani?
Ienoi?aenueeiai oi?aa?neoaoo Ea?e Aaaeue aeae?eya aea? a?eee ?onueei?
ia?iaeiino?: neia’yii?one (oe?a?ioe?) ? o?ii?one (iineia?oe). A?i ieoa,
ui a e?ioe? XIX no. o?eueee a ?a?iiaenuee?e /anoei? ?in?? aeeei 40 iei.
o?iii-oaoa?nueeiai ianaeaiiy ? eeoa 15 iei. /enoi neia’yinueeiai . oiio
i?ioean ineia’yiaiiy Iineia?? caoyaioany a?eueoa ye ia 500 ?ie?a.
I?e/eie – aaee/aci? oa?eoi???, i?eeea o?iii-oai?nueeeo ? oaoa?nueeeo
aoi?/ieo aeaiaio?a. Ca Iao?a ? aoei caai?iiaii aiai?eoe, ui a Nea??o oa
a Ac?aonueeeo caieyo aeeaooue ia /eno? aaeeei?one, o?iii-oa?e, oaoa?e oa
?io? ia?iaee.

Iai?eeeaae: oe?a?inueea eeoee – ceee, iiaaiee, o iineia?o?a eeoie –
niaeue, oaeaeie; oe?a?inueea eayoe – naa?eoe, o iineiaeo?a eayoue –
aaaeaoe; oe?a?inueea aeeoeia, o iineiaeo?a aeaoeia – caei?iaee /ieia?e;
oe?a?inueea caiai’yoaoe, – o iineiaeo?a caiaiyonoaiaaoue – caaooe;
oe?a?inueea a?iaeeeaee – e?aneaue, a a ?in?yi oea o?iaeeeaue. ? oaeeo
i?eeeaae?a iiaiiai ia?ainieneaiiy ne?a iiaeia iaaanoe aace?/.

Ea?e Aaaeue ?iaeoue aeniiaie i?i ia?a?nio aeaai?noue oe?a?inueei? iiae ?
aei/??i?noue aaeeei?onueei? iiae noiniaii oe?a?inueei?.

Oaei? ae aeoiee aeio?eioaaoeny ? aeaaeai?e Ieeiea Ia??. O i?aoe?
“Neeoneee ycue” a?i ienaa, ui oe?a?inueea iiaa iaeaaeeoue aei “ieath/i?”
a?oie iia, ye ? ne?onueea iiaa.

O ?in?enuee?e ?iia??? caaaeaee ii?oooaaany caeii ??aiii?aaiino? iia.
Iiaa ia?aiiaeieoey (?in?enueea) ieaoeoue ca naith ia?aiiao aei?iai: oea
ia o?eueee aa?aneai?noue i?aeei?aieo iath ia?iae?a, aea e na?aeiia ?
iana?aeiia niioai?aiiy ieie “iai?aii?” iiae.

O?eieiae a?aecia/athoue, ui ?in?enueea iiaa o “i?neyaeiaoiaa?” ?iee
ia?anoaea iiiiaithaaoeny oa?i?iaie o?einionueeiai, iie?oe/iiai,
aeiiii?/iiai neiaieea ?ioeo iia, ye oea aoei iai?ee?ioe? XIX no.
Caai?iiyeiny aaeeaaoe neeaaei? cai?ioe iiae c iaoith iaeneiaeueii
iaaeeceoe ?? aei iiae i?inoiethaeo. Iiaoe/ia neiai iiaeeiaeiny neiaii
i?ica?/iei. Ioaea, ?in?enueea iiaa na?aeiii i?aaethaaeany,
nei?i/oaaeany, aeaiaioa?ecoaaeany; eoeueoeaoaaeany o?aoa?aoia aacaoia
iiaa, iiaa iinoaiia, ca?o?a, ??oaiue; eiiaiae, aeiiin?a. Aeoai?eany
caaaeueiinithciee ni?iuaiee aeey aaeeoeo eaeneeii.

??cieoey a ?noi?e/iiio ?icaeoeo aeaio iia o oiio, ui ?in?enueea
ianaaeaeoaaeany caeiiiaeaa/i caa?oo aiec, a oe?a?inueea, iaaiaee, cieco,
c ono ia?iaeo, i?aeiineeany aai?o ienueiaiieeaie, ye? iaaeaaaee ?e
aenieiai ??aiy aeineiiaeino?.

?aeaieia?/ia iaoa aeii?iaioa aecia/aeany noie?ooyie ? ??oioo?oueny aiia
ia aenieeo iaoe?iiaeueieo oe?iiinoyo, ui ae??ciyee iaoo iaoe?th c-iii?ae
an?o ?ioeo ? iioe?thaaeenue ia aaee/acieo iaoeo aoi?/ieo i?inoi?ao. Iaoa
iaoe?iiaeueia na?aeii?noue oi?ioaaeanue ia o?einio??, yea iaea a nai?e
iniia? aeeoo?noaa?aeaeoaaeueio ?aeath Nio?? – Ioae?ino?, ui aoea
iinoaaeaia a oeaio?? iaoiai aaeeeiai Ee?aa, aa?i?/i?e ? o?aa?/i?e
?noi???, ?ae?a?ei?e ci???ioiaaiino? ia iaiaei?iia aine?an?iiy. Naia oiio
iao ia?iae iaeiaio ia?aeiyoee oaoae?noe/iith ?aea?th e?ioey na?oo ? oea
iaaea? iao?e iaoe?iiaeuei?e aeoioe? iniaeeaiai caaa?aeaiiy. Aaeaea iao?
iaoe?iiaeuei? ?aea? iaia?ao?aei?.

No?eueee a na?o? iia, no?eueee ?ac?a o ieo a?aeaeany ?noi?e/iee aeina?ae
??cieo aoiin?a o i?ciaii? na?oo e ethaeeie cie?aia. Oiio, cae/aeii, iiao
iaaea?aiii iaceaathoue caniaii oai?aiiy iaoe?iiaeueii? eoeueoo?e. Iiaia
na?aeii?noue, ye ? eiioi?eaoe?y, – yaeua nioe?aeueia; oea ia i?inoi noia
?iaeea?aeoaeueieo ae?e, a oa?aeoa?ia aeey aeaiiai eieaeoeao yaeua, ui
a?aeaeaa? eiai ni?eueio ae?yeuei?noue.

Eiaeiiio eiie?aoiiio, ?noi?e/iiio oeiia? eoeueoo?e a?aeiia?aea? iaaiee
niin?a aeei?enoaiiy iiae ye caniao ?icaeoeo eoeueoo?e, iai?eeeaae, o
ia??iae oaiaeae?cio oai?e neiaanii? eoeueoo?e i?eai?/aieo ? iai?aieo
eean?a aoee i?ioeiinoaaeai? ca iiaiith iciaeith: ia?o? oai?eeeny ia aac?
i?inoi? ia?iaeii? iiae (ia?aaaaeii neiaaniee oieueeei?), ae?oa?
iineoaoaaeeny ienaiieie e?oa?aoo?ieie iiaaie, ui ia??aeei iaee
i?aeia?iaeia aaeeaaiiy (eaoeiue o Cao?aei?e ?a?ii?, noa?ineia’yinueea
iiaa a No?aei?e ?a?ii? oa ia Aaeeainueeiio i?aino?ia? oiui). *iio? Oiio
ui neiaania oai?/?noue o na?aaeiueia?//? (e??i oieueeei?o) aoea
iaa?aeae?eueia a?ae ?ae?a??. A ine?eueee oea?eaa iineoaoaaeany aeey
nai?o a?aei?aa eeoa e?eueeiia iiaaie, oi e e?oa?aoo?a oai?eeany ieie ae.

Iiaa oi?io? ethaeeio, aiia ae ? cia?yaeaeyi ?icaeoeo noni?euenoaa,
aeeiioth/e i?ciaaaeueio, eiioi?eaoeaio e ooaeiaeiuei-ia?acio ooieoe??.
sseui iia? aeanoea? an? o?e ooieoe??, oi oea icia/a?, ui i?ioeane ??
aeeoo?ae?yeueiino? a?aeaoaathoueny ii?iaeueii, a oea a?aeia?aaea?oueny a
?? cia/aii?a?e noee?noe/i?e, a /anoeiai e iaoa??aeuei?e no?oeoo??.
Ioaea, iaeiei c aieiaieo caaaeaiue eiaeiiai ?icaeiooiai noni?euenoaa,
iieacieeii eiai naiina?aeiiino? ? aecia/ieeii ?icaeoeo eoeueoo?e ?,
ii?yae c oo?aioith i?i caa?aaeaiiy i?e?iaeieo aaaaonoa ? i?eiiiaeaiiy
oe?iiinoae aeooiaii? eoeueoo?e, iino?eia oo?aioa i?i aeieia?th iiaiiai
na?aaeiaeua.

Eiee yeeenue ae?aeaeo aeiaai a?ae??aaiee a?ae ianeao ??aeii? iiae, a?i
iiaea ia?aoai?thaaoenue a e?oa?aoo?io i?e?iiiao. Oaeith, neaae?ii, ?
?oneinueea – c iioiaeaeaiiy oe?a?inueea – iiaa a THaineaa??.
I?aoeththoue iaae i?eiiiaeaiiyi aaaaonoa ienaiii? iiae iieuenuee? eaiee.
A iniia? oaaeoea?nueeiai aa??aioo i?iaoeueei? iiae eaaeaoue i?noeaa?
ae?aeaeoe. Aiie, i?ioa, iino?eii aca?iiae?thoue c e?oa?aoo?iith
i?iaoeueeith iiaith, ui noai?th? ni?eyoeea? oiiae aeey i?aeaeuaiiy
nioe?aeueiiai noaoono ae?aeaeo?a. sseui oaaeoea?aoeue caaiai?eoue
e?oa?aoo?iith i?iaoeueeith iiaith ?c nai?ie caieyeaie, oi a?i cono??ia
??ii?/ia, iaa?oue iaaaoeaia noaaeaiiy aei naaa.
Oaaeoea?nueei-i?iaoeueeee ae?aeaeo aenooia? ye can?a iaoe?iiaeueiiai
a?aeiniaeaiiy oa ?aeaioeo?eaoe?? aa?iaii-oaaeoea?oe?a.

Ui ae oaea ??aeia iiaa? Aecia/aiiy ??aeii? iiae ? o Ae.?icaioaey ?
I.Oaeaieiai? “sscue, onaaeaaaiue ?aa?ieii a ?aiiai aeaonoaa ioo?i
iiae?aaeaiey ie?oaeathuei aai ac?ineui”. Aea aiii ia aea? ae/a?iii?
a?aeiia?ae? ia iinoaaeaia caieoaiiy. A ye aea aooe, eiee aeeoeia c
?aiiueiai aeeoeinoaa aeoiaoaaeanue o /oaei??aeiiio iiaiiio na?aaeiaeu??
Ia aeaeue, aaaaoi iiaiciaaoe?a caaoaa? i?i oa, ui ??aeia iiaa caeeaaeaia
a ethaeei? aaiaoe/ii. No/ania aeaeo?ii?ea o?eno? iniaeeaino?
iaoe?iiaeueiiai iea/o iiaiia?iaeaeaii? aeeoeie. Oi /e ia?ii ie i?aai
aaeaeoaea noaaeoenue aei naiai iaoe?iiaeueiiai aaiaoe/iiai eiaeo? *oaea
iiaa, ianaaeaeaia a ?aiiueiio a?oe?, aaeueio? ?icoiiaee ?icaeoie
aeeoeie: “… o/ai? i?aeoaa?aeeee aai?aeueiee caeiaaae A?eueaaeueia
Aoiaieueaeoa, aeneiaeaiee o XVIII no., ui iiaa o aeaeyae? eiaeo ?nio? a
iae?iee?oeiao ethaenueeiai iiceo ? aaiaoe/ii ia?aaea?oueny a?ae aaouee?a
aei ae?oae. Iaa/aiiy iiae aeeoeiith eaea ye ?icoeo?oaaiiy eiaeo. Iaei
oiai, iicie ethaeeie ia? ae?eyiee, ooieoe?iiaeueia i?ecia/aiiy yeeo
cai?ia?aiiaaia ia iaeaooi?”.

sse noaa?aeaeoaaa aeaeaoiee iiaiciaaaoeue Ieaenaiae? Iioaaiy, ieneaiiy
aeeoeie iiaeiii oi?ioaaoeny ia ??oio? ??aeii? iiae, ? iiee aiii ia
aeic??ei, iiee ia noi?ioaaany inoaoi/ii iiaii-?icoiiaee aia?ao,
aeaiiiai?noue ? oe?aeeeaith. Aeaaii iii?/aii, ui iaeaiuee? ae?oe, eiee
a/aoueny ?iciiaeyoe, nai? noai?ththoue neiaa oa ?o oi?ie ?iiae?
iana?aeiii ca i?eioeeiaie aeaaiuei?onueei? iiae. Oea ua iaeei aeieac
oiai, ui iiaa ia?aaea?oueny aaiaoe/ii c ?iaeo a ??ae, a?ae ae?ae?a ?
i?aae?ae?a iioeai. Iaaei Iia/ai ieoa o nai?e noaoo?: “Iiaa – oea i’yoa
ao??ia noeo?y, yea iaeyaa? iaoe?iiaeueiee i?ino??, ? ciaioaiiy ?? noa?e
i?ecaiaeeoue aei ooai?aiue nai???aeieo iciiieo ioai??a, /a?ac ye?
a?eaa?oueny /i?ia aia?a?y, ui aeaii?ae?co? ia?iae… Iiaa – oea iaaiei
/eiii ? aio?iiieia?y. Ci?ia iiae ia iiaea ia iicia/aoenue ia ci?i?
aio?iiieia?/iiai oeio. Ciaioo?oueny ia’?i iai’yo?, a?aeiia?aeii
caciathoue ci?i ? i?aeoe? iiceo. sseui cai?noue 40 iaeiaioaaiue e?eae o
aaeea?oe?a /e 30 iaca ni?ao o iaioe?a aaeeaa?oueny eeoa iaeia – i?inoi
“ni?a”, ? i?inoi “e?eaa”, oi, c?icoi?ea ??/, oea ia iiaea ia
iicia/eoenue ia an?o ia?aiao?ao oiai /e oiai aaiioeio”.

Oe?a?inueea iiaa – iaoe?iiaeueia iaaeaaiiy oe?a?inueeiai noni?euenoaa,
aiia iiaeiia ioi?iiyoeny oa i?aeo?eioaaoeny aea?aeaaith. Iiaia iie?oeea
ye iaeia ?c neeaaeiaeo /anoei aea?aeaaii? ia? aooe ni?yiiaaia ia
caaacia/aiiy iioeiaeueiiai ooieoe?iioaaiiy oe?a?inueei? iiae a on?o
noa?ao aeeooy oe?a?inueeiai noni?euenoaa, ?o iiaeaeueoiai ?icaeoeo oa
aca?iiae??. Oe?a?inueea iiaa, aeeiioth/e ?ioaa?aoe?eio ooieoe?th, ?
aaaeeeaei /eiieeii ci?oeiaiiy aea?aeaaiino?, caaacia/aiiy eoeueoo?iiai
oa aeiiii?/iiai ?icaeoeo iaoi? e?a?ie. Aea iaa?oue i?ney e?eueeio e?o
iacaeaaeiino? iiaia neooaoe?y a Oe?a?i? aeeeeea? o?eaiao. Oe?a?inueea
iiaa neaai caoeuaia Eiinoeoooe??th ? aaea aeaaii ?nioth/ei Caeiiii i?i
iiae, yeee aeaiiino?aoeaii ?aii?o?oueny. Aea?aeaai? /eiieee ia
ni?iiiaei? caaacia/eoe aeeiiaiiy i?ia?aie ?icaeoeo oe?a?inueei? iiae
ye aeyaey?oueny, aeaeea?aoeaii?, aai ae?iaeoe a?aeio iaoiai ia?iaeo
iiaio no?aoaa?th. A iino?eia iai?ioethaaiiy caeeeeaie i?i
“ianeeuenoaaiioth oe?aeiecaoeeth”, yei? iani?aaae? iaia ai? ne?aeo,
i?aaiaiiy, iniaeeai o aeai?/eo eiiiai?yo, aeiiiaoeny io?oe?eiiai
(aea?aeaaiiai) noaoono ?in?enueei? iiae. Ioaea, eiionue aea?aeii ca
aeiiiiiaith iiaiiai ieoaiiy, yea ia?aaoaa? ia iiaa?oi? ?icoi?iiy
a?eueoino? ianaeaiiy, iiaeeaeoe ?iceie o iaoiio noni?euenoa?, aeiiiaoeny
caaino?aiiy i?aeiaoe?iiaeueieo noinoie?a.

Oa?an Oaa/aiei aoa ia?aeiiaiee, ui iiee aeeaa iiaa a onoao ia?iaeo,
aeioe aeeaee ? ia?iae, ui iaia ianeeuenoaa a?eueo ianoa?iiiai, ye oa,
yea i?aaia a?aeiyoe ia?iaeo niaaeueio, noai?aio /eneaiieie iieie?iiyie
eiai i?aaee?a. Oe? Eiaca?aa? aeoiee ia?aaoeothoueny c ?icaeoiaie
aecia/iiai iaaeaaiaa E.Ooeinueeiai:

“A?aeaa??oue o ia?iaeo ana – ? a?i ona iiaea iiaa?iooe; aea a?aeaa??oue
iiao – ? a?i i?eiee aaea a?eueo ia noai?eoue ??; aeia?ea iiaa a onoao
ia?iaeo – aeia? ? ia?iae. Oa yeui ethaenueea aeooa cae?eaa?oueny ia?aae
oaeanoaii iaei??? iaaeiaaia?/ii? ethaeeie, oi ui ae iiaeiia ii/oaaoe
aiia, cac?oath/e ia aeeooy aaaaoia?eiai? iniaenoino? ia?iaeo?”

Iiaa ye can?a i?aai?caoe?? o?oaeiaeo i?ioean?a aa?a o/anoue o noai?aii?
eoeueoo?e iaoa??aeueii? ? aeooiaii?, ci?ith/enue ? caaaa/oth/enue ?acii
?c ?o ?icaeoeii. Aiia aoiaeeoue iaia’yceiaei eiiiiiaioii ye o i?ioean
?icaeoeo noni?euenoaa, iaaeath/e a eiai ?icii?yaeaeaiiy iaeiia?o?
aeinyaiaiiy oai?/i? aeoiee, oae ? a i?ioean eiai naiicaa?aaeaiiy,
aenooiath/e caniaii ca’yceo i?ae ??cieie iieie?iiyie, ui aa?ooue o/anoue
o oai?aii? iaoe?iiaeueii? eoeueoo?e. Ioaea, iiaa ? iaeiei ?c aieiaieo
cania?a, ca aeiiiiiaith yeeo noai?th?oueny nioe?aeueiee iaoai?ci
oniaaeeoaaiiy eoeueoo?e a?ae iieie?iiy aei iieie?iiy, oiaoi ae?iaeaiiy
eoeueoo?ii? o?aaeeoe?? ia?iaeo. Oe?a?inueeo iiao ciathoue o na?o?
ianaiia?aae ca aacnia?oieie ienoaoeueeeie c?aceaie eeanee?a ?
ia?iaeiiiiaoe/iith oai?/?noth. Aecia/iee o/aiee ?in?? ?.?.N?aciaanueeee
noaa?aeaeoaaa, ui oe?a?inueea iiaa — «iaeia c iaeaaaaooeo iia
neia’yinueeeo» ? iacaaa ?? «iiaoe/iith, ioceeaeueiith, iaeueiaie/ith».

A?aeiiee ?in?enueeee ienueiaiiee Ieeiea Aa?a ?c caoiieaiiyi ienaa i?i
oe?a?inueeo iiao ? i?nith: «*a??aia, i?aeia e a?aoe?icia», a Eaa Oienoie
aeiaeaaaa:

«Ne?eueee a ieo e?ane ? a?aoe??, ne?eueee aeoaeiai, iieiaeiai ii/oooy
e neee!» Ethaea «/a??ai? iaeiae?? oe?a?inueei? ia?iaeii? i?ni?,
oaeethth/o e?ano oe?a?inueei? ioceee, i?ae?anio oe?a?inueeo iiao» I.
Ai?ueeee, ia?iaeio iiac?th Oe?a?ie a?i iacaaa «aiioaicii e?ane».

Iiaa, ye a?aeiii, ? iniiaiei cia?yaeaeyi ethaenueeeo noinoie?a, iath
iianye/an ei?enoothoueny ethaee, aeneiaethth/e nai? aeoiee, ni?yiiaoth/e
naith ae?yeuei?noue aei iaaii? iaoe. Aac iiae ia iiaea ?nioaaoe ?
?icaeaaoeny noni?euenoai, ai ca aeiiiiiaith iiae ethaee iaeaaiaeaeothoue
nai? ae?iaieoeoai, ia?aaeathoue iauaaeeai aaee/aciee aeina?ae, iaaooee
ethaenoaii i?ioyaii a?e?a. Ie aeoia?ii, ye i?aaeei, neiaaie. Iiaa ?
aeoiea eaeooue ii?yae. Ina?oa, iaoea, ienoaoeoai, eoeueoo?a iia’ycai? c
iiaiei aeoiaaiiyi, aiie ia iiaeooue ?icaeaaoenue, yeui caiaiaaea? iiaa —
iaeaieiai?oa ? iaeaaaaooa aeaea?aei iaoe?iiaeueii? aeooiaiino?.

O aaeeeiio oai?/iio i?ioean? ia?iaeaeo?oueny iiaa ethaeeie, a c iath
ia?iaeaeo?oueny e iaei?e?iaei?oa ?aeiaiiy — ia?iae. Iiaa noa? o??th
noanoaioe??th, ui ii?iaeaeo? ia?iae, iaoe?th: noai?eeany iiaa —aeieea?,
ii/eia? ae?yoe ia?iae. Oi ae ia aeeaii, eiee ianooia? caa?ica cieeiaiiy
iiae,—iaaeoiaeeoue ? caa?ica nia?o? ia?iaeo, iin?y iiae.

Aeaooi eaaeai ca?aooaaoe iiao o?eueee aei cania?a eiioi?eaoe??,
?ino?oiaioo ii?icoi?iiy i?ae ethaeueie, ni?eeoaaiiy i?ae ia?iaeaie.
Iani?aaae? oea ia oae. O iia? caeiaeiao? iaoe?y anth naith ?noi??th,
na?e anaa?/iee aaaaoia?eiaee aeina?ae, caeiaooee eoeueoo?e, na?oiaeyaei?
?aea?, naith naiiaooi?noue. O i?e any ?icaaaeaia e ia?icaaaeaia i?e?iaea
iaoe??, ?? aeooo, i?aaiaiue, ?aeae. C iath ? o?eueee /a?ac ia?
?icaeaa?oueny eoeueoo?a. ? a oe?eiio na?o?, a eiaeiiio aeiaaeeo oea
yaeua iaiiaoi?ia, o an?o a?aeiioaiiyo naiiaooi?, iaeiaeiaa ca nai?th
i?e?iaeith c ?ioeie ? a?aei?iia a nai?e ie?ai?oiino?. Oiio ye i?ooi ia
ia? i?aaa a?aeae?aoe aeeooy a ethaeeie, oae i?ooi ia ia? i?aaa
a?aeae?aoe iiao. Eiee ae ia?iae nai, aeia?ia?eueii /e i?ae i?eionii,
noa? ia oeyo c?a/aiiy ??aeii? iiae,— a?i noa? ia oeyo naiiaoanoaa.

Iei? ?noi??y aeaea iaoiio aaaaoino?aaeaeaeueiiio ia?iaeia? iiaeeea?noue
i?iaoaeeoeny, a?ae?iaeeoe ii/oooy a?aeiino?, iaeyiooeny ia nai? ieioea,
iiaoaeoaaoe a?eueio aea?aeaao. 24 na?iiy 1991 ?., aeaiue i?iaieioaiiy
iacaeaaeiino? Oe?a?ie, iei? a?aecia/a?oueny ye anaia?iaeia nayoi.

O na?o? iae?/o?oueny aeecueei o?ueio oeny/ iia, nii??aeiaieo ? aeaeaeeo
iaeia a?ae iaeii?. Aeecueeinii??aeiaieie ? no?aeiineia’yinuee? iiae
(?in?enueea, oe?a?inueea, a?ei?onueea), aeecueeeie aei ieo ? ?io?
neia’yinuee? iiae (iieuenueea, /anueea, neiaaoeueea, aieaa?nueea,
iaeaaeiinueea, na?aioi?aaonueea, aa?oiueieoaeeoeueea,
ieaeiueieoaeeoeueea). O ?a?ii? ?niothoue ua aa?iainuee? (i?iaoeueea,
aeaonueea, oaaaenueea, aiae?enueea) oa ?iiainuee? (o?aioeocueea,
?oae?enueea, ?niainueea, ii?ooaaeuenueea, iieaeaanueea, ?oioinueea oa
?i.) iiae. Oe? a?oie iia noaiiaeyoue iaeio n?i’th ?iaei?a?iiaenueeeo
iia. ? aaaaoi iia ?ioeo nenoai.

Oe?a?ia, ui aeai?iea naith iacaeaaei?noue, oa?eoea iei? a n?i’th
?a?iiaenueeeo ia?iae?a, ? ?? aea?aeaaia iiaa iin?ea nai? iaeaaeia i?noea
na?aae iia na?oo.

Aeei?enoaia e?oa?aoo?a:

1. Aaeaeoeia E.O. , E?oaeeinueeee A.TH. “?noi??y Oe?a?ie: Iin?aiee aeey
noa?oieeaniee?a oa aa?oo???io?a” Ee?a “Eea?aeue” 1999

2. “Iiaa a iaoiio aeeoo?” – A.I.?onai?anueeee

3. Ae.?.Aei?ioaiei “Ia?en ?noi??? Oe?a?ie” Euea?a “Na?o”. 2001

4. ” Aacaoa “Oe?a?inueea iiaa oa e?oa?aoo?a” *enei 17(129), O?aaaiue
1999

5. C’yaeythoueny iia? neiaa o iia?” – A.I.Na?a??a

6. “? cia?yaeaey, ? iaoa??ae” – A.A.E?aniiaa

7. ?.Oeeoi?, ?.E?eiyeaae/ “Aaeeea ?noi??y Oe?a?ie a?ae i?aaeaai?o /an?a”
Ee?a “Aeiaon” 1993

8. “Oae neiai iiaeaii ?iaeoa” – E.Ae.Ooeinueeee

9. I.Iieyinueea-Aaneeaiei “?noi??y Oe?a?ie” Ee?a “Eea?aeue” 1995

10. “An?o ia?iae?a iiaa /o?oueny” – N.ss.??iieaiei

11. I.N.Aeoaeee “Oe?a?inueea iiaa” Ee?a “Aeua oeiea” 1993

12. “O?a/aaeaia ieneue” – A.C.Eoieoey

13. I?ano? Noaoaeueiee “Oe?a?ia ?noi??y” Ee?a “Eea?aeue” 1999

14. “Neiai iaa/a?, neiai e aeoiao?” – A.I.A?euaiei

15. “Oe?a?inueea ia?iaeiciaanoai” – A.N.Eicei

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