OAIA:
OI?IOAAIIss IAAE*IE AAAeAIIss CAeI?IAIAI NIINIAO AEEOOss CANIAAIE
O?CEOEUeOO?II – ICAeI?IA*I? ?IAIOE
Oa?i?i “o?ce/ia eoeueoo?a” ia? aeae?eueea cia/aiue. I?ae iei ?icoi?thoue
“ao?eaiiy a naiiio /ieia?eia?, ?acoeueoaoe aeei?enoaiiy iaoa??aeueieo ?
aeooiaieo oe?iiinoae, ye? a?aeiinyoueny aei o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e a
oe?ieiio ?icoi?ii?, oae ye canai?i? ethaeeiith o?ceoeueoo?i? ciaiiy,
oi?iiy, iaae/ee, ye? aeinyaioo? ia iniia? aeei?enoaieo cania?a o?ce/iiai
aeoiaaiiy iieacieee ?icaeoeo ? o.ae.
A oeueiio ieai? o?ce/io eoeueoo?o oeiey?a ne?aeo? aeeaeoenue ia o?eueee
ye caiyooy ?ooiaeie ai?aaaie ? i?ioeaaeo?aie caaa?ooaaiiy. Iiiyooy
“o?ce/ia eoeueoo?a” aeeth/a? ua ? oe?ieee e?oa ?icoi?iue, ye?
a?aeiinyoueny aei caiyoue i?i i?aaeeueiee ?aaeei ?aoe?iiaeueiiai
oa?/oaaiiy, aeio?eiaiiy i?aaee a?a??ie, ae?iaeaiiy ei?enieo cae/ie.
Iiaeia neacaoe, ui o?ce/ia eoeueoo?a oeiey?a – oea ii?eae?eaiee i?eioeei
eiai a?aeiioaiiy aei naiai caei?ia’y, aei ?icaeoeo ? caa?aaeaiith
iiaeeeainoae naiai i?aai?cio. Ia iniia? oeueiai i?eioeeio aoaeo?oueny
iianyeaeaiia aeeooy o/i?, aeyeoth/e o?ce/i?e eoeueoo?? yaey?oueny
neeaaeiaith /anoeiith caaaeueii? eoeueoo?e.
Oae? caaea/? o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e iieeaaeai? a oe?euei?e iaa/aeuei?e
i?ia?ai?. A i?e noaaeoueny caaea/a aeoiaoaaoe iaae/ee eoeueoo?e
iiaaae?iee, a oaeiae oi?ioaaoe o oeiey??a iiiyooy i?i oa, ui oo?aioa
ethaeeie i?i nai? caei?ia’y, o?ce/iiio ?icaeoeo ? i?aeaioiaeaiino? ? ia
o?eueee eiai iniaiaith ni?aaith, aea ? ni?ey? aea/aiith oeiey?aie
oai?aoe/ieo ciaiue ii o?ce/i?e eoeueoo??, o?c?ieia?? ? a?a??i?. A ieo
caa??aathoueny iniiai? iieiaeaiiy i?e ?ooiaiio ?aaeei?, a oaeiae i?e
iniaeeainoyo caiyoue o?ce/ieie ai?aaaie, ?o cia/aiiy a oi?ioaaii?
aeeoo?ai aaaeeeaeo ?ooiaeo iaae/ie o oeiey??a ? i?aeaioiaee ?o aei
i?aoe? ? caoenoo Aaouee?aueie, i?i i?aaeea caaa?oiaoaaiiy ?
iaiao?aeiino? aeio?eioaaiiy a?a??i?/ieo aeiia, i?i ei?eni? ? oe?aeeea?
aeey caei?ia’y cae/ee.
I?eioeei anaa?/iiai ? aa?iii?eiiai ?icaeoeo i?aai?cio ia?aaeaa/a?
caaacia/aiiy ieaiii??iiai e oe?eani?yiiaaiiai ?icaeoeo an?o eiai i?aai?a
oa nenoai ? o?ce/ieo yeinoae iniae.
I?aaeeueia o?ce/ia aeoiaaiiy aaeeeith i??ith ni?ey? iiaiioe?iiiio
ineo?/iiio ?icaeoeia? aeeoeie oa aaeineiiaeaiith ?? ?ooiaeo ooieoe?e.
I?aai?ci anaa?/ii ?icaeaa?oueny, yeui nenoaiaoe/ii cacia? ae??
??ciiiai?oieo o?ce/ieo iaaaioaaeaiue, cie?aia o?ce/ieo ai?aa. A?aeiii,
ui a i?aai?ci? ? iiiaae 630 i’yc?a ? 230 noaeia?a. ?o ii?iaeueia
ooieoe?iioaaiiy ia?aaeaa/a? ?ioaineaia ? nenoaiaoe/ia caaaioaaeaiiy
eiaeiiai c ieo. Iaeiae o aeeiiai? iaaii? ai?aae aa?a o/anoue eeoa
iaiaaeaia e?euee?noue i’yc?a ? noaeia?a. Oiio aeey iioeiaeueiiai
o?ce/iiai ?icaeoeo iaiao?aeii aeei?enoiaoaaoe eiiieaen ??ciiiai?oieo
ai?aa, ye? a caaacia/oaaee ooieoe?iioaaiiy an?o i’yc?a ? noaeia?a.
*ei a?eueoa i’yc?a aa?a o/anoue o aeeiiaii? eiie?aoii? o?ce/ii? ai?aae,
oei ?noioi?o? o?c?ieia?/i? (a i?aaiao) ? a?io?i?/i? (a ee?oeiao)
c?ooaiiy a?aeaoaathoueny a i?aai?ci?, oei aoaeoeai?oee ?o aieea ia
anaa?/iee o?ce/iee ?icaeoie aeeoeie.
I?eioeei icaei?ia/i? ni?yiiaaiino? o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e iieyaa? a
i?aai?caoe?? o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy, ? cie?aia caiyoue o?ce/ieie ai?aaaie,
oaeei /eiii, uia aiie ni?eyee i?io?eaeoeoe? caoai?thaaiue o/i?a,
ci?oeiaiith ?o caei?ia’y. A oiae? o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy ne?ae
caaacia/oaaoe oaea ii?aeiaiiy ?ic’ynithaaeueii?, aeoiaii? ?iaioe ?
??cieo oi?i i?aeoe/ieo caiyoue o?ce/ieie ai?aaaie, i?e yeiio o?ce/ia
eoeueoo?a noa? ona?aeiieaiei iaia’yceiaei eiiiiiaioii ?aaeeio aeey
oeiey?a. Ca?aeii c “Iieiaeaiiyi i?i o?ce/ia aeoiaaiiy o/i?a
caaaeueiiina?oiuei? oeiee”, nenoaia caiyoue oeiey??a o?ceoeueoo?ith ?
nii?oii aeeth/a? oae? iia’ycai? i?ae niaith oi?ie:
– o?iee o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e;
– o?ceoeueoo?ii – icaei?ia/? caoiaee i?ioyaii oe?eueiiai aeiy
(a?iianoeea ia?aae o?ieaie, o?ceoeueoo?i? oaeeeiee i?ae /an o?ie?a, ?a?e
e o?ce/i? ai?aae ia ia?a?aao ? a ?aaeei? i?iaeiaaeaiiai aeiy);
– iicaeeania nii?oeaii-ianiaa ?iaioa (caiyooy a ao?oeao o?ce/ii?
eoeueoo?e ? nii?oeaieo naeoe?yo, nii?oeai? ciaaaiiy);
– iicaoe?eueia nii?oeaii-ianiaa ?iaioa oa o?ceoeueoo?ii-icaei?ia/?
caoiaee ca i?noeai i?iaeeaaiiy o/i?a (caiyooy a aeeoy/i-thiaoeueeeo
nii?oeaieo oeieao, oo?enoe/ieo ao?oeao ? o.ae.);
– naiino?ei? caiyooy o/i?a o?ce/ieie ai?aaaie aaeiia, ia i?eoe?eueieo ?
aeai?iaeo iaeaeai/eeao, noaae?iiao oa ?ioa.
Nenoaiaoe/i? caiyooy o?ceoeueoo?ith iiceoeaii aieeaathoue ia ?icaeoie
aeey o/i?a a oeie? oa n?i’?, niiioeathoue eiai aeio?eioaaoeny
i?aaeeueiiai ?aaeeio ? aeiia a?a??ie.
O?iee o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e ? iniiaiith oi?iith o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy o/i?a.
Aiie iaia’yceia? aeey an?o oeiey??a (ca aeiyoeii oeo, ooi ca noaiii
caei?ia’y a?aeianaiee aei niaoe?aeueii? iaaee/ii? a?oie). O?iee iiaeii?
aeoeaii ni?eyoe oni?oiiio cae?eniaiith iicaeeanii? ? iicaoe?eueii?
?iaioe c o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy, oi?ioaaiith a o/i?a ?ioa?ano ? cae/ee aei
caiyoue o?ce/ieie ai?aaaie a iianyeaeaiiiio aeeoo?. Iaiao?aeii
i?aeaeuoaaoe aieea o?ie?a o?ceoeueoo?e ia aaeineiiaeaiiy ?ioeo oi?i
o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy. A?aeiii, ui iaa?oue i?e ye?niiio i?iaaaeaii? o?ie?a
?o aaciina?aaei?e aieea ia o?ce/iee ?icaeoie o/i?a iaaeinoaoi?e.
Iaoeiaeie aeine?aeaeaiiyie anoaiiaeaii, ui o?ie o?ceoeueoo?e caaacia/o?
a na?aaeiueiio eeoa 11% a?a??i?/ii? ii?ie ?ooiai? aeoeaiino? oeiey?a. O
ca’yceo c oeei, iaiao?aeii caaaa/oaaoe ? i?aaeeueii ii?aeioaaoe ??ci?
oi?ie o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy o/i?a ? o?ceoeueoo?ii-icaei?ia/i? ?iaioe.
Iniaeeai aaeeea oaaaa i?eae?ey?oueny a oeie? icaei?ia/?e ?iaio? c
ineaaeaieie oa oai?eie o/iyie. O iicao?i/iee /an c ieie i?iaiaeyoue
niaoe?aeuei? caiyooy c e?eoaaeueii? o?ceoeueoo?e.
Ni?yiiaai?noue iaa/aeueii? ? iicaeeanii? ?iaioe c o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e ia
ianiaa ioiieaiiy o/i?a nenoaiaoe/ieie caiyooyie o?ce/iith eoeueoo?ith ?
nii?oii aaeeeith i??ith ni?ey? ci?oeiaiith caei?ia’y aeoiaaioe?a oeiee,
i?aeaeuaiith ??aiy ?o o?ce/ii? ? ?icoiiai? i?aoeacaeaoiino?.
A?iianoeea ia?aae caiyooyie i?iaiaeeoueny a oeie? ca 20 oa. aei ii/aoeo
o?ie?a. Aiia ni?ey? ?ica’ycaiith iaaieo aeoiaieo ? i?aai?caoe?eieo
caaaeaiue. Ia a?aei?io a?ae ?aieiai? ca?yaeee aeey a?iianoeee ia?aae
caiyooyie ?niothoue aeaye? iaiaaeaiiy (aeeiio?oueny a oe?euei?e oi?i?).
I?ioa, ana oea ia cieaeo? ?? aeanoeaino? aeey ?icaeoeo o?ce/ii?
eoeueoo?e oeiey??a. Aaeaea ia nae?ao, ui aeey a?eueoino? o/i?a
caaaeueiiina?oi?o oe?e ?aieiaa a?iianoeea aaeiia ia noaea iaia’yceiaith.
Eeoa ca oiiae ianiaiai caeo/aiiy ae?oae aei iianyeaeaiiiai aeeiiaiiy
?aieiai? ca?yaeee a?aeiaaea iaiao?aei?noue o a?iianoeoe? ia?aae
caiyooyie.
O?ceoeueooaeeeiee i?ae /an o?ie?a ni?eythoue i?aeaeuaiith ?icoiiai? e
o?ce/ii? i?aoeacaeaoiino? o/i?a. Aeaeaoiee ?in?enueeee a/aiee-iaaeaaia
E,Ae.Ooeinueeee cacia/ea: “Aeaeoa aeeoei? o?ioe ii?ooaoeny, ? aiia ciiao
iiaea?o? aai 10 oaeeei oaaae, a aeanyoue oaeeei aeaaai? oaaae, yeui ae
coi?ee ?o aeei?enoaoe, aeaaeooue aai a?eueoa, i?ae oe?eee oeaeaeaiue
iai?aniiieo caiyoue”.
O ca’yceo c oeei a/ai? ?aeiiaiaeothoue a?aeaiaeeoe ia eiaeiiio o?ioe?,
iniaeeai o?aoueiio ? ianooiieo, 1-2 oa. aeey i?iaaaeaiiy
o?cueeoeueooaeeeiee. Ia?aae ?? ii/aoeii i?ia?o?th?oueny eeania e?iiaoa.
Iio?i i?ae ea??aieoeoaii o/eoaey o/i? aeeiiothoue ?yae o?ce/ieo ai?aa.
Iniaeeaa oaaaa i?eae?ey?oueny oei ai?aaai, ye? aeiiiiaaathoue caiia?aoe
iaaaoeaiiio aieeao neaey/iai niiniao aeeooy ia o?ce/iee ?icaeoie aeeoeie
(ii?ooaiith iinoaae ? aeaoi?iaoe?? aoaeiae o?ea), ni?eythoue a?eueoiio
iane/aiith i?aai?cio eeniai.
I?aai?ciaaia i?iaaaeaiiy ?ai?, ciaaaiue oa o?ce/ieo ai?aa ia aaeeeeo
ia?a?aao ? aaaeeeaei o?ceoeueoo?ii-icaei?ia/ei caniaii o ?aaeei?
oe?eueiiai aeiy. A?aeiii, ui aoaeoeai?noue a?aeii/eieo o/i?a ?
i?aeaioiaee ?o aei iaa/aiiy caeaaeeoue a?ae oiai, ye aiie i?iaiaeyoue
ia?a?ae.
I?ae /an aaeeeeo ia?a?a ?aeiiaiaeo?oueny aeiae?aoe o?ce/i? ai?aae o
a?aeiia?aeiino? c a?eiaeie iiaeeeainoyie oeiey??a.
Ia?a?ae iathoue i?iaiaeeoeny ia na?aeiio iia?o?? ? aceieo. I?e oeueiio
ae?oyi ne?ae iino?eii ?ooaoenue, a ai?aae aeeiioaaoe a?eueo ?ioaineaii.
Aaaeaii, uia on? o?ceoeueoo?ii-icaei?ia/? caniae ia aaeeeeo ia?a?aao
cae?enithaaeeny a ?a?ia?e, a yeui ??aaiue i?aeaioiaeaiino? o/i?a
i?eaeecii iaeiaeiaee, oi ? a ciaaaeuei?e oi?i?. Ia ia?a?aao iio??aii
i?aai?ciaoaaoe o?eueee aaea canai?i? o/iyie ?a?e /e ?ooia? ae??.
Uiaeaiia i?iaaaeaiiy a oeie? a?iianoeee ia?aae caiyooyie,
o?ceoeueooaeeeiie, ? ?ooeeaeo ia?a?a ni?ey? i?aeaeuaiith ia o?eueee
o?ce/ii?, a e ?icoiiai? i?aoeacaeaoiino? o/i?a.
Iicaeeania icaei?ia/a ?iaioa ? nii?oeaii-ianiaa ?iaioa a oeie?. O
iicao?i/iee /an o oeie? i?iaiaeyoueny iania? o?ceoeueoo?ii-icaei?ia/? ?
nii?oeai? caoiaee. Ieie ia?aaeaa/a?oueny:
a) a?eueo aeeaiea canai?iiy o/iyie i?ia?aiiiai iaoa??aeo, ui aea/a?oueny
ia o?ieao o?ceoeueoo?e;
a) aeeiiaiiy a?aenoath/eie o/iyie ii?iaoeaieo aeiia i?ia?aie c
o?ceoeueoo?e oa c aea?aeaaieo oano?a;
a) i?aai?caoe?y nenoaiaoe/ieo caiyoue c ??cieo aeae?a nii?oo, ca
?ioa?anaie o/i?a;
ae) i?iaaaeaiiy ianiaeo nii?oeaieo ciaaaiue c ??cieo aeae?a nii?oo,
oo?ecio.
Aieiaia iaoa iicaeeaniiai o?ceoeueoo?ii-nii?oeaii? ?iaioe iieyaa? a
oiio, uia caeo/eoe eiaeiiai oeiey?a aei naiino?eiiai, uiaeaiiiai
aeeiiaiiy o?ce/ieo ai?aa ia na?aeiio iia?o??. O no/anieo oiiaao o/eoaeue
o?ceoeueoo?e iaa/a? a na?aaeiueiio 200-300 o/i?a. I?aai?coaaoe uiaeaiio
o?ceoeueoo?ii-ianiao ?iaioo ne?ae on?ia iaaeaaia?/ieie caniaaie i?ea/aoe
o/i?a aei naiino?eieo caiyoue o?ce/ieie ai?aaaie ca i?noeai i?iaeeaaiiy.
An? oi?ie o?ceoeueoo?ii-icaei?ia/eo ? nii?oeaieo caiyoue, ye?
i?iaiaeyoueny a i?ioean? iaa/aeueii? ? iicaeeanii? ?iaioe, iiaeii?
a?aeiia?aeaoe aieiai?e aeiic? – anai??ii ni?eyoe caeo/aiith eiaeiiai
o/iy aei uiaeaiieo naiino?eieo caiyoue o?ceoeueoo?ith ? nii?oii.
Caei?ia’y ethaeeie oaeiae aaeeeith i??ith caeaaeeoue a?ae ianyao ??
ciaiue ? i?aeoe/ieo oi?iue o aeei?enoaii? icaei?ia/eo nee i?e?iaee (a
oiio /ene? e oieiaeo) aeey ci?oeiaiiy caei?ia’y e i?io?eaeoeee
caoai?thaaiue. Na?aeiia canoinoaaiiy caaa?oiaoth/eo i?ioeaaeo? iio?aao?
a?ae aeeoeie iaaiiai ??aiy o?ce/ii? eoeueoo?e. Aiia oi?io?oueny a o/i?a
i?ioyaii on?o ?ie?a iaa/aiiy a oeie? oeyoii ?ic’ynithaaiiyi,
ia?aeiiaiiyi, i?aai?caoe?? ?o i?aeoe/ii? ae?yeueiino?, ia o?ieao oa a
iicaeeani?e ?iaio?.
A/eoae? ? aaoueee iiaeii? iino?eii i?aee?anethaaoe aaeeeo ?ieue
caaa?oiaoaaiiy o caiia?aaii? oai?iaai, ci?oeiaiiy caei?ia’y ae?oae,
niiioeath/e ?o aei nenoaiaoe/iiai aeei?enoaiiy caaa?oiaoth/eo
i?ioeaaeo?.
Aeai? aeine?aeaeaiue o/aieo oa iaa?iiaaeaeaiee i?aeoe/iee aeina?ae
na?ae/aoue i?i oa, ui aoaeoeai?noue oaeeo caaa?oiaoth/eo i?ioeaaeo?, ye
iaoe?aiiy, iaeeaaiiy aiaeith, i?eeiaiiy aeooo, aiaei? aaiie a ii?aeiaii?
c niiy/ieie oa iia?o?yieie aaiiaie aeoaea aeniea.
Na?aae cania?a o?ceoeueoo?ii-icaei?ia/i? ?iaioe aeoaea aaaeeeaa cia/aiiy
iathoue a?a??i?/i? oiiae. Nthaee a?aeiinyoueny oaa?aeee ?aaeei aeiy,
i?ae yeei ?icoi??oueny no?iai neeaaeaiee ?icii?yaeie iianyeaeaiiiai
aeeooy, ?aoe?iiaeueiiai ?ici?eae?eaiiy /ano i?aoe? ? a?aeii/eieo, nio ?
oa?/oaaiiy.
Oi/ia aeeiiaiiy ?aaeeio aeiy aeoiao? a ethaeeie oae? oe?ii? yeino?, ye
aeenoeeie?iiaai?noue, aeo?aoi?noue ? i?aai?ciaai?noue.
A ?aaeei aeiy oeiey?a iiaeii? aoiaeeoe: ?aieiaa a?iianoeea c aiaeiith
i?ioeaaeo?ith. A ?aaeei? aeiy oaeiae ia?aaeaa/a?oueny no?iaee ii?yaeie ?
/an aeey oa?/oaaiiy, a?aeii/eieo ? i?aeaioiaee aei nio.
Oaeei /eiii, ?c aeua neacaiiai aeo?ea?, ui oi?ioaaiiy o oeiey??a cae/ee
caeiaoeny o?ceoeueoo?ith aeeth/a?:
– aeoiaaiiy a o/i?a ?ioa?ano aei caiyoue o?ce/ieie ai?aaaie;
– ica?i?iiy ?o ciaiiyie ii o?ce/i?e eoeueoo??, o?c?ieia?? ? a?a??ie
ethaeeie ? ae?iaeaiiy ia ?o iniia? ia?aeiiaiue a iaiao?aeiino?
nenoaiaoe/ii caeiaoenue o?ceoeueoo?ith;
– i?aeoe/ia iaa/aiiy o/i?a eiaeai aeaiue naiino?eii caeiaoenue o?ce/ieie
ai?aaaie a ?aaeei? oe?eueiiai e iicaoe?eueiiai /ano.
Nienie aeei?enoaii? e?oa?aoo?e:
1. A.O.Iiainaeuenueeee. “O?ce/ia eoeueoo?a ? caei?ia’y oeiey??a.” Ee?a.
Ciaiiy. 1984?.
2. I.A. Eiceaiei “Oeieueieeai a i?eau/eo caieiaoueny oeceoeueoo?ie.”
Ee?a. ?aaeyinueea oeiea. 1985?.
3. A.I. Ea/aoe?i. “Iaoiaeeea o?ce/iiai aeoiaaiiy”. Iineaa. I?ina?oa.
1989?.
4. I.Ae. ??ia. “Oece/aneay eoeueoo?a e nii?o a iauaia?aciaaoaeueiie
oeiea”. Iineaa. I?ina?oa. 1985?.
5. A.E. Aaeuaae/. “Oece/aneay eoeueoo?a aeey anao e aeey eaaeaeiai”.
Iineaa. O?N. 1988?.
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