16
I?I?NOA?NOAI IOI?IIE CAeI?IAss OE?A?IE
EE?ANUeEA IAAeE*IA AEAAeAI?ss I?NEssAeEIEIIII? INA?OE ?i. I.E.OOIEEA
EANE?IA THE?ss NA?A??AIA
OAeE 618.5-089:888.61:616-071.1
I?IO?EAEOEEA AEOOA?NUeEEO OA
IA?EIAOAEUeIEO ONEEAAeIAIUe O
AE?IIE I?NEss IAAeEEAIAIOICII?
EI?AEOe?? AI?IIIAEUeII?
AeENOOIEOe?? ss?*IEE?A
14.01.01 – aeooa?noai oa a?iaeieia?y
AAOI?AOA?AO
aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai
nooiaiy eaiaeeaeaoa iaaee/ieo iaoe
Ee?a– 1999
Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien
?iaioa aeeiiaia ia eaoaae?? aeooa?noaa, a?iaeieia?? oa ia?eiaoieia??
Ee?anueei? iaaee/ii? aeaaeai?? i?neyaeeieiiii? ina?oe ?i. I.E.Ooieea IIC
Oe?a?ie
IAOEIAEE EA??AIEE:
aeieoi? iaaee/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? Aaeiae/aiei TH??e Iao?iae/,
caa?aeoaa/ eaoaae?e aeooa?noaa, a?iaeieia?? oa ia?eiaoieia?? Ee?anueei?
iaaee/ii? aeaaeai?? i?neyaeeieiiii? ina?oe ?i. I.E.Ooieea IIC Oe?a?ie
IO?Oe?EI? IIIIAIOE:
aeieoi? iaaee/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? Eieii?eoeaaa Aioii?ia Aai?a??aia, caa.
a?aeae?eaiiyi iaoieia?? aaa?oiino? oa iieia?a ?inoeoooo iaae?ao???,
aeooa?noaa oa a?iaeieia?? AII Oe?a?ie;
aeieoi? iaaee/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? Aieioa Aeaaeeneaa sseiae/, caa?aeoaa/
eaoaae?e aeooa?noaa oa a?iaeieia?? ?3 Iaoe?iiaeueiiai iaaee/iiai
oi?aa?neoaoo ?i. aeaae. I.I.Aiaiiieueoey
I?IA?AeIA ONOAIIAA:
Iaeanueeee aea?aeaaiee iaaee/iee oi?aa?neoao IIC Oe?a?ie, eaoaae?a
aeooa?noaa oa a?iaeieia??.
Caoeno aeena?oaoe?? a?aeaoaeaoueny “ 04 ” _ethoiai_ 2000 ?ieo
i _11_ aiaeei? ia can?aeaii? niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Ae 26.613.02
i?e Ee?anuee?e iaaee/i?e aeaaeai?? i?neyaeeieiiii? ina?oe ?i. I.E.Ooieea
IIC Oe?a?ie (254112, i. Ee?a, aoe.Aei?iaiaeeoeueea, 9).
C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoeny a a?ae?ioaoe? Ee?anueei? iaaee/ii?
aeaaeai?? i?neyaeeieiiii? ina?oe ?i. I.E.Ooieea IIC Oe?a?ie (i. Ee?a,
aoe. Aei?iaiaeeoeueea, 9)
Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee “_31_”_a?oaeiy_ 1999 ?.
A/aiee nae?aoa?
niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee,
eaiaeeaeao iaaee/ieo iaoe, aeioeaio Aaicaeye I.I.
CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE
Aeooaeuei?noue oaie. A?aeiiaeaiiy ?ai?iaeoeoeaii? ooieoe?? ae?iie, ye?
no?aaeaeathoue ia iaie?aei?noue, ? aeooaeueiith iaaee/iith ?
nioe?aeueiith i?iaeaiith. A ?? ae??oaii? ianoaiiy ca/aooy ? o?eueee
ia?oei aoaiii, ca yeei aeieeaathoue caaea/? caaacia/aiiy aeiiooaaiiy
aaa?oiino? oa ia?iaeaeaiiy caei?iai? aeeoeie. Ooieoe?iiaeueia
iaie?aei?noue, coiiaeaia ii?ooaii? iaoeyoe??th aai iaaeinoaoi?noth
ethoa?iiai? oace oeeeeo, neeaaea? a?ae 30 aei 50% an?o aeiaaee?a
ae?ii/i? iaie?aeiino? (?.A.Aiae,1998; A.A.Ei?iaoeueea, 1998;
E.?.?aaithoa,1998). Aeey e?eoaaiiy aeenooieoe? y?/iee?a o ae?iie c
iaie?aei?noth oe?iei aeei?enoiaothoueny aioeano?iaaii? i?aia?aoe,
aioiaii?noe aeioai?io, aiiaaeio?ii?i-?ee?c?ia ai?iii (ethe?aa?ei) oa
eiai aiaeia?, a oaeiae i?iaanoa?ii.
O no/an?ie e?oa?aoo?? ? ia/eneaii? oa noia?a/eea? iia?aeiieaiiy i?i
iniaeeaino? ia?aa?ao oa e?ioey aaa?oiino?, yea ianoaea i?ney
iaaeeeaiaioicii? ei?aeoe?? ai?iiiaeueii? iaaeinoaoiino? y?/iee?a o
ae?iie c iaie?aei?noth (A.I.I?eeaineay, 1994; O.ss.Iineaeaiei, 1995;
A.E.Othothiiee oa ni?aaao., 1999). A?aenooi?noue ?aeeii? oi/ee ci?o
iiaeia iiynieoe ??ciiiai?oi?noth ii?ooaiue ?ai?iaeoeoeaii? ooieoe??, ye?
ia?aeiothoueny oa?i?iii “ai?iiiaeueia iaaeinoaoi?noue y?/iee?a”,
iaiaeii??aei?noth a?oi eiio?ieth, a oaeiae ??ciith e?euee?noth (?iiae?
aeoaea iaaaeeeith) ianoaaeaieo ae?iie. E??i oiai, ia aaea?oueny
i?inoaaeeoe /?oeo caeaaei?noue iniaeeainoae ia?aa?ao oa e?ioey
aaa?oiino? a?ae oeio oa nooiaiy ae?aaeaiino? ii?ooaiue ooieoe?? y?/iee?a
aei aaa?oiino?, a?ae aeaeo oa o?eaaeino? oa?ai??, ye? ia?aaeoaaea
aaa?oiino?. Aeeneon?eiei caeeoa?oueny ieoaiiy i?i iieacaiiy aei
i?iaaaeaiiy oa?ai??, ni?yiiaaii? ia caa?aaeaiiy aaa?oiino?, ?? ia?io o
ae?iie c aeenooieoe??th y?/iee?a (A.I.Aeoeyaaa oa ni?aaao., 1990;
A.I.Na?ia oa ni?aaao., 1995; A.?.A?euaiei oa ni?aaao., 1998). Oaeiae,
iaiaeiicia/ia aeoiea ??cieo aaoi??a (O.ss.Ioaie/ieeiaa, 1991;
TH.E.Aa?aoiaa,1996) i?i aieea oa?ai??, yea ia?aaeoaaea aaa?oiino?, o
ae?iie c aiaeie?eiiith iaie?aei?noth, ia noai iiaiia?iaeaeaieo oa
iiaeaeueoee ?o ?icaeoie.
Ana aeeeaaeaia aeua aeeeoo? iaiao?aei?noue iiaeaeueoiai aea/aiiy
iniaeeainoae ia?aa?ao aaa?oiino? oa iieia?a o ae?iie c aeenooieoe??th
y?/iee?a a aiaiiac? aeey iioeiaeueii? oaeoeee aaaeaiiy aaa?oieo oa
iie?ioaiiy ?acoeueoao?a ?ic?iaeaeaiiy.
Caycie ?iaioe c iaoeiaeie i?ia?aiaie, ieaiaie, oaiaie
Aeeiiaia iaoeiai-aeine?aeia ?iaioa ? o?aaiaioii iaoeiai? ?iaioe eaoaae?e
aeooa?noaa, a?iaeieia?? oa ia?eiaoieia?? Ee?anueei? iaaee/ii? aeaaeai??
i?neyaeeieiiii? ina?oe ?i. I.E.Ooieea, ? ae.?. 0196 40 10590.
Iaoa ?iaioe ? caaea/? aeine?aeaeaiiy
Iaoa ?iaioe: cieaeaiiy /anoioe aeooa?nueeeo oa ia?eiaoaeueieo
oneeaaeiaiue o ae?iie i?ney iaaeeeaiaioicii? ei?aeoe?? ai?iiiaeueii?
aeenooieoe?? y?/iee?a ia i?aenoaa? aea/aiiy ee?i?ei-aiaeie?eiieia?/ieo
iniaeeainoae oa ?ic?iaee eiiieaeno i?io?eaeoe/ii-e?eoaaeueieo caoiae?a.
Caaea/? aeine?aeaeaiiy:
1. Aea/eoe iniaeeaino? ai?iiiaeueiiai noaoono (a oiio /ene? aeaee
aeenooieoe?? y?/iee?a) oa ee?i?/iiai ia?aa?ao ia??iaeo aei aaa?oiino? o
ae?iie c aiaeie?eiiith iaie?aei?noth.
2. I?iaanoe ee?i?ei-noaoenoe/iee aiae?c iniaeeainoae ia?aa?ao aaa?oiino?
oa ?ic?iaeaeaiiy ae?iie c aiaeie?eiiith iaie?aei?noth a aiaiiac?.
3. Aea/eoe iniaeeaino? ooieoe?iiaeueiiai noaio oaoiieaoeaioa?iiai
eiiieaeno o ae?iie c aiaeie?eiiith iaie?aei?noth a aiaiiac?.
4. Aea/eoe iieacieee ooieoe?iiaeueiiai noaio ueoiaeaeii? caeice o ae?iie
c aiaeie?eiiith iaie?aei?noth aei aaa?oiino? oa i?ae /an aanoaoe?eiiai
ia??iaeo oa ?ic?iaeaeaiiy.
5. Anoaiiaeoe aca?iicaycie i?ae ee?i?/ieie, aoia?ao?/ieie oa
aiaeie?eiieia?/ieie ci?iaie o ae?iie c aiaeie?eiiith iaie?aei?noth a
aiaiiac?.
6. ?ic?iaeoe oa ai?iaaaeeoe eiiieaen i?io?eaeoe/ii-e?eoaaeueieo caoiae?a
aei ? i?ae /an aaa?oiino? aeey ae?iie c aiaeie?eiiith iaie?aei?noth a
aiaiiac? oa anoaiiaeoe eiai aoaeoeai?noue.
Iaoeiaa iiaecia io?eiaieo ?acoeueoao?a. Aia?oa i?iaaaeaii aea/aiiy
iniaeeainoae ee?i?/iiai ia?aa?ao aaa?oiino? oa iieia?a, a oaeiae noaio
iiaiia?iaeaeaieo o ae?iie i?ney iaaeeeaiaioicii? ei?aeoe?? ??cieo oei?a
iaa??aeueii? iaaeinoaoiino?. Anoaiiaeaii, ui iniaeeaino? ia?aa?ao
aaa?oiino?, iieia?a oa i?neyiieiaiaiai ia??iaeo coiiaeai? ia o?eueee
oeiii ai?iiiaeueii? iaaeinoaoiino? y?/iee?a, aea oaeiae oeiii oa
o?eaae?noth ?? iaaeeeaiaioicii? ei?aeoe?? aei aaa?oiino?.
Aea/ai? iniaeeaino? oi?ioaaiiy oa ooieoe?iiaeueiiai noaio
oaoiieaoeaioa?iiai eiiieaeno i?e iayaiino? a aiaiiac? aeenooieoe??
y?/iee?a.
Aia?oa anoaiiaeaiee aca?iicaycie i?ae ee?i?/ieie, aoia?ao?/ieie oa
aiaeie?eiieia?/ieie iniaeeainoyie noaio oaoiieaoeaioa?iiai eiiieaeno o
ae?iie i?ney iaaeeeaiaioicii? ei?aeoe?? ??cieo aa?eaio?a iaa??aeueii?
iaaeinoaoiino?. Oea aeicaieeei ?icoe?eoe aeai? i?i iaoiaaiac
oaoiieaoeaioa?ii? iaaeinoaoiino?, a oaeiae iaoeiai iaa?oiooaaoe eiiieaen
i?io?eaeoe/i-e?eoaaeueieo caoiae?a, ni?yiiaaieo ia iie?ioaiiy
?acoeueoao?a ?ic?iaeaeaiiy.
I?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy io?eiaieo ?acoeueoao?a. Aea/aii aieea ??cieo
iaoiae?a iaaeeeaiaioicii? ei?aeoe?? oa aa?eaio?a iaa??aeueii?
iaaeinoaoiino? ia /anoioo oa nooi?iue ae?aaeaiino? ??cieo aeooa?nueeeo
oa ia?eiaoaeueieo oneeaaeiaiue. Anoaiiaeai? nooo?a? a?aei?iiino? a
/anoio? aeooa?nueei? oa ia?eiaoaeueii? iaoieia?? o ae?iie c ??cieie
aeenooieoe?yie y?/iee?a aei aaa?oiino?. Ooi/iai? ?yae oaeoi??a ?eceeo
?icaeoeo oaoiieaoeaioa?ii? iaaeinoaoiino? o ae?iie c iaie?aei?noth a
aiaiiac?.
?ic?iaeaii eiiieaen e?eoaaeueii-i?io?eaeoe/ieo caoiae?a uiaei cieaeaiiy
/anoioe aeooa?nueeeo oa ia?eiaoaeueieo oneeaaeiaiue aeey aaa?oieo c
aiaeie?eiiith iaie?aei?noth a aiaiiac? ia i?aenoaa? aeeoa?aioe?eiaaiiai
i?aeoiaeo aei i?io?eaeoe/ii? ai?iiiioa?ai??.
Iniaenoee aianie caeiaoaa/a. Ieaioaaiiy oa aeeiiaiiy iaoeiaeo
aeine?aeaeaiue i?iaaaeaii aaciina?aaeiuei aaoi?ii ca ia??iae 1997-1999
?.?. Aaoi?ii i?iaaaeai? ee?i?ei-noaoenoe/i? aeine?aeaeaiiy 175 aeiaaee?a
?ic?iaeaeaiiy ae?iie i?ney iaaeeeaiaioicii? ei?aeoe?? ??cieo aa?eaio?a
iaa??aeueii? iaaeinoaoiino?. I?iaaaeaii ee?i?ei-eaai?aoi?ia ianoaaeaiiy
100 ae?iie c aeenooieoe??th y?/iee?a a aiaiiac?, io?eioaaaoeo ??ci?
iaoiaeeee ei?aeoe?? oaoiieaoeaioa?ii? iaaeinoaoiino?. Naiino?eii
i?iaaaeaii caa?? oa i?aeaioiaeo a?ieia?/iiai iaoa??aeo. Iaoa??aee
aeine?aeaeaiiy aeeiiai? aaciina?aaeiuei aaoi?ii oa ca eiai o/anoth.
Aaoi?ii ?ic?iaeai? i?aeoe/i? ?aeiiaiaeaoe?? uiaei cieaeaiiy /anoioe
aeooa?nueei? oa ia?eiaoaeueii? iaoieia?? o ae?iie i?ney iaaeeeaiaioicii?
ei?aeoe?? ??cieo aa?eaio?a iaa??aeueii? iaaeinoaoiino?. Noaoenoe/ia
ia?iaea io?eiaieo aeaieo i?iaaaeaia aeeeth/ii aaoi?ii.
Ai?iaaoe?y ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy. Iniiai? iieiaeaiiy oa aeniiaee
aeena?oaoe?eii? ?iaioe aoee aeiiia?aeai? oa iaaiai?ai? ia ?? ieaioi?
anioe?aoe?? aeooa??a-a?iaeieia?a Oe?a?ie (?aiaoi??y, aa?anaiue 1998); ia
can?aeaii? aeooa??a-a?iaeieia?a Ee?anueei? iaeano? (/a?aaiue, 1999); ia
can?aeaii? i?iaeaiii? eii?n?? “Aeooa?noai oa a?iaeieia?y” Ee?anueei?
iaaee/ii? aeaaeai?? i?neyaeeieiiii? ina?oe ?i.I.E.Ooieea (aa?anaiue
1999).
Ioae?eaoe??. Ca oaiith eaiaeeaeaonueei? aeena?oaoe?? iioae?eiaaii 7
iaoeiaeo ?ia?o, 5 c yeeo o aeo?iaeao, caoaa?aeaeaieo AAE Oe?a?ie,
i?e/iio 1 – naiino?eia.
No?oeoo?a oa ianya aeena?oaoe??. Aeena?oaoe?y aeeeaaeaia ia 106
noi??ieao iaoeiiieno, neeaaea?oueny c anooio, iaeyaeo e?oa?aoo?e,
?icae?eo iaoiae?a aeine?aeaeaiiy, o?ueio ?icae?e?a aeanieo
aeine?aeaeaiue, ?o iaaiai?aiiy, aeniiae?a oa iieaae/eea e?oa?aoo?e, yeee
aeeth/a? 100 a?o/eciyieo oa 84 ca?oa?aeieo aeaea?aea. ?iaioa
?ethno?iaaia 15 oaaeeoeyie ? 18 iaethieaie.
INIIAIEE CI?NO ?IAIOE
Ia?eo, iaoiaee oa iaoiaeieia?y aeine?aeaeaiue. O a?aeiia?aeiino? c
iaoith oa caaea/aie iaoi? iaoeiai? ?iaioe aeine?aeaeaiiy aoee i?iaaaeai?
a aeaa aoaie. Ia ia?oiio – aea/ai? ee?i?ei-noaoenoe/i? iniaeeaino?
?ic?iaeaeaiiy 175 ae?iie c ??cieie aa??aioaie aiaeie?eiii?
iaie?aeiino?, ye? niina??aaeenue ? aoee ianoaaeai? ye aei aaa?oiino?,
oae ? i?ae /an ia?. I?e oeueiio o 93 ae?iie (53,1%) iaea i?noea
aiiaoeyoe?y (? a?oia), a o 82 ae?iie (46,9%)- iaaeinoaoi?noue
ethoa?iiai? oace (?? a?oia).
Ia ae?oaiio aoai? aoei nii/aoeo i?iaaaeaii ee?i?/ia niinoa?aaeaiiy oa
aiaeie?eiieia?/ia ianoaaeaiiy 100 ae?iie c aiaeie?eiiith iaie?aei?noth
a aiaiiac? (??ci? aa??aioe iaa??aeueii? iaaeinoaoiino?) aei iiiaioo
ianoaiiy aaa?oiino?. Iaaeae? o ieo aoee aea/ai? iniaeeaino? ee?i?/iiai
ia?aa?ao aaa?oiino?, noai oaoiieaoeaioa?iiai eiiieaeno (aoia?ao?/i? oa
aiaeie?eiieia?/i? iniaeeaino?), oneeaaeiaiiy iieia?a oa iaoieia?y
iiaiia?iaeaeaieo. An? ae?iee aoee ?iciiae?eai? ia aea? a?oie c
o?aooaaiiyi eiiieaeno e?eoaaeueii-i?io?eaeoe/ieo caoiae?a: ??? a?oia –
50 ae?iie, i?iaaaeaieo ca caaaeueiii?eeiyoith iaoiaeeeith; ?V a?oia – 50
ae?iie, i?iaaaeaieo ca ?ic?iaeaiith iaie iaoiaeeeith.
Eiio?ieueio a?oio neeaaeaee 50 ia?ai?iaeyueo o a?oe? 20-25 ?ie?a aac
aeooa?nueei? oa niiaoe/ii? iaoieia??.
Caaaeueiii?eeiyoa aaaeaiiy aaa?oiino? o ae?iie c aeaiith iaoieia??th
aeeth/aei aei naaa o a?aeiia?aeiino? c ?aeiiaiaeaoe?yie E.A.Ia?e?ia oa
ni?aaao. (1996) a?oai?iioa?ai?th (a?oai?ie N, ?, ?); aioeieneaeaioe;
niaciie?oeee; iaia?aiinoaa?e?caoi?e oa aioeaa?aaaioe oa ai?iiiaeueio
oa?ai?th (oo??iae o aacia?a?aiiio ?aaeei?).
A?aei?oieie iniaeeainoyie i?io?eaeoe/ii-e?eoaaeueii? iaoiaeeee, ui
aeei?enoiaoaaeany iaie, yaeeiny canoinoaaiiy iaaiac?aeueii? oa?ai??:
10-20 ie 25% ?ic/eio i?ioyaii 10-14 aei?a 3 eo?na ia aaa?oi?noue (6-8;
16-20; 26-30 oeae. aaa?oiino?) oa ni?yiiaaii? ai?iioa?ai??, yea
i?iaiaeeeany c o?aooaaiiyi eiie?aoiiai aeaeo ai?iiiaeueii?
iaaeinoaoiino? y?/iee?a. Oae, o ae?iie c aiiaoeyoe??th a aiaiiac? o
aei?, ye? a?aeiia?aeathoue ? oac? iaino?oaeueiiai oeeeeo, i?iaiaeyoue
oa?ai?th o?eueee oie?eoe?iii, a oie /an ye o aei?, ye? ni?aiaaeathoue c
?? oacith – a?aeiia?aeii i?iaanoa?iiii. O ae?iie c iaaeinoaoi?noth
ethoa?iiai? oace a aiaiiac? aeei?enoiaoaaany o?eueee i?iaanoa?ii a
aei?, ye? a?aeiia?aeathoue ?? oac? iaino?oaeueiiai oeeeeo. I?io?eaeoe/ia
aeei?enoaiiy ai?iioa?ai?? i?iaiaeeeinue o an?o ae?iie ?V a?oie,
ii/eiath/e c 4-5 ? aei 35-36 oeaei?a aaa?oiino?. I?e oeueiio aeiaia?
aeicoaaiiy ai?iiiaeueieo i?aia?ao?a aoee i?i?iaeueieie: 0,7 – 1,0 ie 1%
?ic/eio i?iaanoa?iio oa 0,3-0,5 ie oie?eoe?io (1 ie – 5000 iae.)
o?eaae?noue oa ci?ia aeicoaaiiy ai?iiiaeueieo i?aia?ao?a i?ae eiio?ieai
eieueiioeeoieia?/ieo oa ?aae?i?ioiieia?/ieo iieaciee?a c o?aooaaiiyi
?iaeea?aeoaeueii? /ooeeaino?.
Oeueo?acaoeia? aeine?aeaeaiiy i?iaiaeeeenue ia aia?ao? “Toshiba”,
“Aloka” oa “Philips”. Nei?ioeeao ae?yeuei?noue iaoee aea/aee ca
aeiiiiiaith ea?ae?ioieia?aoa “A?iiaaeeea”(?oae?y) iaoiaeii ciai?oiuei?
a?noa?ia?ao??. Aeey ?icoeo?iaee ea?ae?ioieia?ai ieiaea aeei?enoiaoaaee
aaeueio ioe?ieo ca oeaeith A.N.Aioue? (1988).
Aeey ioe?iee aiaeie?eiii? ooieoe?? oaoiieaoeaioa?iiai eiiieaeno
aeei?enoiaoaaee ?aae?i?ioiieia?/i? iaoiaee (A.A.?aci?eiaa, 1990) oa
aecia/aee oae? iieacieee: ano??ie, ano?aae?ie, i?iaanoa?ii, oi??ii?/iee
aiiaaeio?ii?i, ieaoeaioa?iee eaeoiaai, oe?aio?iiiee ai?iii,
o?eeiaeoe?iiei oa oe?ienei.
Iaoaiaoe/ia ia?iaea io?eiaieo aeaieo i?iaiaeeeanue a 3 aoaie: noai?aiiy
i?ia?aiiiai eiiieaeno ia?iaee aeaieo; aaaaeaiiy aeaieo a eiiithoa?
“Pentium – 150” o??ie “Samsung” (Ei?ay); Aeanii ia/enethaaeueia ?iaioa
ca noaiaea?oieie i?ia?aiaie.
Iaoaiaoe/i? iaoiaee aeine?aeaeaiiy aoee aeeiiai? ca?aeii ?aeiiaiaeaoe?e
I.I.I?ioea?a oa ni?aaao. (1998).
?acoeueoaoe aeine?aeaeaiue oa ?o iaaiai?aiiy. Na?aaei?e a?e ianoaaeaieo
ae?iie ia ? aoai? neeaaeaa 34,23,1 ?ieo ? ca a?oiaie aeinoia??ii ia
a?ae??ciyany (?>0,05). Iaei??th c aaaeeea?oeo iniaeeainoae
i?aii?a?aeiiai oiio ? ia?aianaia aei aaa?oiino? aai?oaeueia iaoieia?y
(?.A.Aiae,1990; E.?.?aaithoa,1990; R.Homburg, 1996). Ca?aeii io?eiaieo
iaie aeaieo iae/ano?oa o ae?iie c ai?iiiaeueiith aeenooieoe??th y?/iee?a
cono??/aeeny ??ci? ii?ooaiiy iaino?oaeueiiai oeeeeo, ye? ia?aaaaeaee i?e
aiiaoeyoe??, ii??aiyii c iaaeinoaoi?noth ethoa?iiai? oace (59,1%
ii??aiyii c 46,3%; ?0,05). Ii?yae c oeei, caa?oa? ia naaa
oaaao cia/ia ieoiia aaaa iaoieia?/ieo ci?i oeeee iaoee (29,1%);
a?iiieac?? iaoee (21,1%) oa o?ii?/iiai naeuei?iaiioi?eoo (17,7%). Ia iao
iiaeyae, oaeee aenieee ??aaiue ii?aeiaieo oi?i aai?oaeueii? iaoieia??
na?ae/eoue i?i aca?iicaycie ai?iiiaeueieo oa caiaeueieo ci?i i?e ??ci?e
aeenooieoe?? y?/iee?a, ia ui oaeiae oeacothoue aeaye? aeine?aeieee
(O.ss.Ioaie/ieeiaa, 1991; A.I.Niaoiee oa ni?aaao., 1997; P.O. Karlstrom
et.al.,1992).
*anoioa ia?aeiii? iaie?aeiino? neeaaeaea 64,6% a caaaeuei?e a?oi? oa
caeaaeaea a?ae aa??aioo ii?ooaiue ai?iiiaeueii? ooieoe?? y?/iee?a. Oea
i?aeoaa?aeaeo?oueny oei oaeoii, ui aeaiee iieaciee aoa aeinoia??ii aeuei
(aei 75,3%; ?0,05).
Ieoaiiy ae?aaiinoeee ??cieo ai?iiiaeueieo ii?ooaiue o ae?iie c
iaie?aei?noth iiaycai? c ?acoeueoaoaie i?iaaaeaieo eieueiioeeoieia?/ieo
oa aiaeie?eiieia?/ieo aeine?aeaeaiue (O.Ae.O?aayiei, 1989; A.I.Aeoeyaaa,
1997; A.E.Othothiiee oa ni?aaao., 1999). Ia i?aenoaa? aeiaeaoeiaeo
iaoiae?a aeine?aeaeaiue o iaoeo oai?eo cono??/aeeny o?e iniiai?
aa??aioe, ye?, i?e?iaeii, a?ae??ciyeeny ca a?oiaie. Oae, o ae?iie c
iaaeinoaoi?noth ethoa?iiai? oace aeinoia??ii /ano?oa (aei 58,5%; ?0,05). *anoioa ??cieo o??o?a?/ieo ao?o/aiue ii??aiyii c
eiina?aaoeaiith oa?ai??th aoea ia ii?yaeie ieae/ith (20,6%) c yaiei
ia?aaaaeaiiyi ?acaeoe?? y?/iee?a (17,7%) oa a?aenooi?noth aeinoia??ieo
a?aei?iiinoae ca a?oiaie (?>0,05).
A iao /an aaaaea?oueny aeiaaaeaiei oaeo iayaiino? aca?iicayceo i?ae
ai?iiiaeueiith aeenooieoe??th y?/iee?a oa niiaoe/iith caoai?thaai?noth,
yeee /anoi aeiiiaith? iaeei iaeiiai (A.I.I?eeaineay oa ni?aaao., 1991;
A.E.Nioieeiaa oa ni?aaao., 1994; A.I.Niaoiee oa ni?aaao., 1997).
Io?eiai? iaie ?acoeueoaoe na?ae/aoue i?i aeinoaoiuei aenieee ??aaiue
(54,3%) noiooiuei? aeno?aaai?oaeueii? iaoieia??, /anoioa yei? ca a?oiaie
aeinoia??ii ia a?ae??ciyeany (?>0,05).
Aeai? i?i iniaeeaino? ia?aa?ao aaa?oiino? oa iieia?a o ae?iie c
iaie?aei?noth a aiaiiac? ia/eneaii? ? ?ic??ciai? oa /anoi iinyoue
noia?a/eeaee oa?aeoa? (O.A.Iaca?aiei, 1989; TH.E.Iaioiie?ia oa ni?aaao.,
1991; A.E.Nioieeiaa, 1993; A.I.I?eeaineay, 1994; E.A.Ia?e?i, 1996).
Ca?aeii io?eiaieo iaie ?acoeueoao?a, /anoioa iniiaieo oneeaaeiaiue
aaa?oiino? caeaaeaea a?ae aeaeo ai?iiiaeueii? aeenooieoe?? y?/iee?a.
Oae, aei 20 oeaei?a aaa?oiino? o ae?iie c aiiaoeyoe??th a aiaiiac?
?icaeaaeeny caa?ica iaaeiiooaaiiy (aei 77,4%; ?0,05). Iacaaaeath/e ia i?iaiaeeio
caa??aath/o oa?ai?th, ieiia?eueiee aeeeaeaiue a?aeaoany o 19,1% ae?iie c
aiiaoeyoe??th a aiaiiac? ? o 10,9% – c iaaeinoaoi?noth ethoa?iiai? oace.
I/aaeaeii, i?aeneeaiiy noeioeyoe?? iaoeyoe?? ia caaaeaee
noi?iaiaeaeo?oueny neio?iiieie ci?iaie a aiaeiiao???, ye? iiaee a
caaacia/eoe iiaiioe?iiee ?icaeoie aaa?oiino?, ui ianoaea.
I?e aiae?c? /anoioe iaaeiiooaaiiy a?ae aeaeo oa o?eaaeino?
iaaeeeaiaioicii? ei?aeoe?? ai?iiiaeueii? iaaeinoaoiino? y?/iee?a aei
aaa?oiino? anoaiiaeaii, ui i?e e?eoaaii? i?iaanoa?iiii oa ia?eiaeaeii
/anoioa ieiia?eueieo aeeeaei?a aoea aeinoaoiuei iecueeith (2,2%),
iniaeeai yeui aaa?oi?noue ianoaea i?ney 3 oa a?eueoa i?nyoe?a. Na?aae
an?o ae?iie, ye? io?eioaaee aei aaa?oiino? e?eoaaiiy ia?eiaeaeii a
eiiieaen? c ?ioeie i?aia?aoaie, a 4,9% aeiaaee?a aeyaeaia aaa?oi?noue,
ui ia ?icaeaa?oueny, i?e oeueiio, i?aeoe/ii, an? aiie io?eioaaee eo?n
oeueiai i?aia?aoo iaio 3 i?nyoe?a. sse aeaeii, o oai?eo c a?iiooieoe??th
y?/iee?a ia?eiaeae caeaoiee aeineoue oaeaeei aeeeeeaoe iaoeyoe?th,
iaeiae iiaiioe?iia ooieoe?iioaaiiy aeiaoiai o?ea ianoa? i?ci?oa (i?ney 3
? a?eueoa i?nyoe?a e?eoaaiiy ia?eiaeaeii). Oea ni?aiaaea? c aeoieith
A.I.I?eeainueei? (1998) i?i iaiao?aei?noue a?eueo o?eaaeiai aeei?enoaiiy
ia?eiaeaeo o eiiieaeniiio e?eoaaii? oai?eo c aiaeie?eiiith
iaie?aei?noth. I?e e?eoaaii? aiiaoeyoe?? o?eueee eeii?oaiii aai
eeino?eueaaa?oii /anoioa iaaeiiooaaiiy oa caia?oi? aaa?oiino? (2,2%)
iaaiaee a?eueo iecueea, yeui eo?n e?eoaaiiy neeaaeaa aei 3 i?nyoe?a.
Iacaaaeath/e ia eiiieaenio i?io?eaeoeeo iaaeiiiooaaiiy a iaio a?oiao,
/anoioa ia?aae/anieo iieia?a neeaaeaea 8,6% a caaaeuei?e a?oi? c
ia?aaaaeaiiyi oeueiai iieacieea o ae?iie c aiiaoeyoe??th a aiaiiac?
(10,8%) ii??aiyii c iaaeinoaoi?noth ethoa?iiai? oace. Aacoiiaii, a iaoo
oa caaea/? i?iaiaeeiiai iaoeiaiai aeine?aeaeaiiy ia aoiaeeei i?aeaeuaiiy
aoaeoeaiino? e?eoaaiiy aeaii? oi?ie iaie?aeiino?, iaeiae a?aei?/ai?
caeiiii??iino?, ia iao iiaeyae, iathoue i?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy ? iiaeooue
aieeiooe ia oaeoeeo i?iaaaeaiiy i?io?eaeoe/ii-e?eoaaeueieo caoiae?a.
Aaaeii?iaeueia ?ic?iaeaeaiiy ? iaei??th c iniiaieo i?iaeai no/aniiai
aeooa?noaa, ui coiiaeaii cia/iei c?inoaiiyi oeueiai iieacieea ia oii?
noaa?eueii aenieiai ??aiy ia?eiaoaeueieo oo?ao (A.E.E?aniiiieueneee oa
ni?aaao., 1993; A.I.Na?ia oa ni?aaao., 1997; A.I.Aaioee?anueeee, 1998).
Iniaeeao a?oio ooo neeaaeathoue ae?iee c iaie?aei?noth a aiaiiac?,
/anoioa eana?nueeeo ?icoei?a o yeeo oeoa?oueny a?ae 30% aei 90%
(A.I.Naaaeueaaa, 1990; A.E.Nioieeiaa oa ni?aaao., 1994; Y.Agata et.al.,
1995). Ia iaoo aeoieo, oaea nooo?aa ieoiia aaaa ??cieo oneeaaeiaiue i?ae
/an aaa?oiino? aieeioea ? ia /anoioo eana?nueeeo ?icoei?a, yea neeaaea?
a caaaeuei?e a?oi? 64,6% ? aoea aeinoia??ii aeuith o ae?iie c
aiiaoeyoe??th a aiaiiac? (75,3%; ?0,05). Iae/ano?oa ooo iaee i?noea noa?iaiethoe?y iaoee (16,0%);
?aiiaa ?ioaeoe?y (8,6%) oa aiaeiiao?eo (6,9%). Oaeiae, iaiao?aeii
caa?iooe oaaao ? ia aenieo /anoioo a?iiaaeaeo?? (50,9%), yea aeinoia??ii
/ano?oa cono??/aeany o ae?iie c aiiaoeyoe??th a aiaiiac? (61,6%
ii??aiyii c 40,0%; ?0,05), a c aieo ?aooe iieaciee?a, ye? aea/athoueny, iaee i?noea
aeinoia??i? a?aei?iiino?. Oae, ia oii? caaaeueiii?eeiyoeo
i?io?eaeoe/ii-e?eoaaeueieo caoiae?a cia/ii /ano?oa cono??/aeeny
oaoiieaoeaioa?ia iaaeinoaoi?noue (54% i?ioe 22,0%; ?0,05). Iaaeae?,
a 20-22 oeaei?a iaei i?noea aeinoia??ia ca?eueoaiiy ai?noo oi??ii?/iiai
aiiaaeio?ii?io (aei 395,119,1 iiieue/e; ?0,05).
Ni?anoaaeyth/e ?acoeueoaoe i?iaaaeaieo ?aae?i?ioiieia?/ieo
aeine?aeaeaiue c ee?i?/iei ia?aa?aii aaa?oiino? iaiao?aeii a?aei?oeoe
aenieee ??aaiue aeenooieoe?e ieaoeaioe o ae?iie c ai?iiiaeueiith
iaaeinoaoi?noth y?/iee?a a aiaiiac?. Aacoiiaii, oea yaeeiny i?aenoaaith
aeey ci?iaiiy iniiaii? oaeoeee aaaeaiiy aaa?oiino?, ui ? aoei i?iaaaeaii
a ?V a?oi?. Iaoyaeaiee i?aii?a?aeiee oii o ianoaaeaieo ae?iie ia
aeicaieya iiai?noth iiia?aaeeoe iniiai? aeooa?nuee? oneeaaeiaiiy, iaeiae
?o cieaeaiiy a 2-2,5 ?ace ? aeoaea iiceoeaiei iiiaioii oa na?ae/eoue i?i
aenieo aoaeoeai?noue ?ic?iaeaii? iaie iaoiaeeee.
I?e aiae?c? iniaeeainoae ?ic?iaeaeaiiy iaiao?aeii aeacaoe, ui /anoioa
ia?aae/anieo iieia?a neeaaeaea a ??? a?oi? 12,0%, a a ?V – aoea a 3 ?ace
ieae/ith (4,0%). E??i oiai, aeoaea aaaeeeaei oaeoii ? oa, ui ??aaiue
eana?nueeeo ?icoei?a ia oii? caaaeueiii?eeiyoeo
i?io?eaeoe/ii-e?eoaaeueieo caoiae?a aoa 66,0%, a na?aae iieacaiue
ia?aaaaeaee aioo??oiueioo?iaia a?iien?y ieiaea (52,0%); a?e iiiaae 30
?ie?a i?e ia?oeo iieiaao (38,0%); ia?aae/aniee ?ic?ea ieiaeiaeo iaieiiie
(36,0%) oa aiiiae?? iieiaiai? ae?yeueiino? (30,0%). Aeei?enoaiiy
?ic?iaeaii? iaie iaoiaeeee aaaeaiiy aaa?oiino? c i?ia?aiiaaiei
?ic?iaeaeaiiyi aeicaieeei cieceoe /anoioo eana?nueeeo ?icoei?a o ae?iie
c iaaeinoaoi?noth ooieoe?? y?/iee?a a aiaiiac? aei 36,0%. Oea a?aeaoeiny
ca ?aooiie ciaioaiiy ??aiy aioo??oiueioo?iaii? a?iien?? ieiaea (c 52,0%
aei 16,0%; ?
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