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IAOe?IIAEUeIA AEAAeAI?ss IAOE OE?A?IE

?INOEOOO NOIAeICIAANOAA ?iai? A. E?EINUeEIAI

?OAAEUe Aaaeei Aiaoie?eiae/

OAeE 952

IIOIAeAEAIIss A?ENUeEIAI-NAIO?AENUeEI? AeA?AEAAIINO?

O O?AAeEOe?EI?E ssIII??

(na?aaeeia ? oen. aei i.a. – O?O no. i.a.)

07.00.02- Anana?oiy ?noi??y

A A O I ? A O A ? A O

aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy

aeieoi?a ?noi?e/ieo iaoe

EE?A – 1999

Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien.

?iaioa aeeiiaia ia eaoaae?? ?noi??? noa?iaeaaiueiai na?oo oa na?aaei?o
a?e?a Ee?anueeiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea.

Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe:

– aeieoi? o?einio??, i?ioani?, ?iicaiiee /eai IAI Oe?a?ie

I??OeAE Iiaeyi Eineiiae/,

Ii/aniee aee?aeoi? ?inoeoooo noiaeiciaanoaa ?i. A. E?einueeiai IAI
Oe?a?ie

– aeieoi? ?noi?e/ieo iaoe, noa?oee iaoeiaee ni?a?ia?oiee

AO?A A?eoi? Einoyioeiiae/,

caa?aeoaa/ a?aeae?eo Ac?? oa Ao?eee

?inoeoooo na?oiai? aeiiii?ee ? i?aeia?iaeieo a?aeiinei IAI Oe?a?ie

– aeieoi? ?noi?e/ieo iaoe, i?ioani?

*A?IAIEI ?aaai Aaneeueiae/,

i?ia?aeiee iaoeiaee ni?a?ia?oiee

?inoeoooo a?oaieia?? IAI Oe?a?ie

I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa – Oa?e?anueeee aea?aeaaiee oi?aa?neoao, i.Oa?e?a.

Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny “ 19 ” o?aaiy ?999 ?. i 14-00 aiaeei? ia
can?aeaii? niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Ae 26.174.01 a ?inoeooo?
noiaeiciaanoaa ?i. A. E?einueeiai IAI Oe?a?ie

ca aae?anith: 252001, i. Ee?a, aoe. A?ooaanueeiai 4.

C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoeny o a?ae?ioaoe? ?inoeoooo
noiaeiciaanoaa ?i. A. E?einueeiai IAI Oe?a?ie.

Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee “ 19 ” ea?oiy ?999 ?.

A/aiee nae?aoa?

niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Aoaaiie I.A.

CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE

No?oeoo?a aeena?oaoe?eii? i?aoe? iaoiiaeaia eia?eith oa ianooaaii
i?iaeaie, ui ?ic?iaey?oueny, a oaeiae niaoeeo?eith iinoaaeaieo aaoi?ii
iaoe e caaaeaiue aeine?aeaeaiiy. ?iaioa neeaaea?oueny ?c anooio, i’yoe
?icae?e?a, aeniiae?a, nieneo aeei?enoaieo aeaea?ae oa e?oa?aoo?e, a
oaeiae aeiaeaoe?a o aeaeyae? oaaeeoeue ? noai, ui ?ethno?othoue
aeeiai?eo ci?i o aeaaeii-iie?oe/iiio ono?i? ssiii?? ia ?? oeyoo aei
noai?aiiy oe?e?nii? nenoaie a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino?.

Iiaiee ianya aeena?oaoe?? – 350 n., c yeeo 25 n. caeiathoue aeiaeaoee (C
oaaeeoe? oa 14 noai), a 24 n. – nienie aeei?enoaieo aeaea?ae ?
e?oa?aoo?e (265 iaeiaioaaiue) oe?a?inueeith, ?in?enueeith, aiae?enueeith
oa yiiinueeith iiaaie.

Anooi. O iaoeia?e e?oa?aoo?? aeiaie? iioe?aiith ? oi/ea ci?o i?i oa, ui
aoaeue-yea ?noi?e/ia “eiioeaioe?y, yea i?aaeiaoii aeine?aeaeaiiy aaaaea?
?inoeooo aea?aeaae”, iaiaei?iii i?noeoue o nia? iano “i?aai?/ieo
iaaeie?e?a” [1], a ioaea ai??i?? ooo/ii caoaeo? iiaeeeaino? iaoeiaoey o
iiooeo ?noeie. Ie??i Eueaa Aoi?eueiaa oeth oaco iiae?eyee: A.Aeae.
Oieia?, A. Eaaii, I.N. A?ooaanueeee, I.I. *ieoia, TH.A. A?iieae, ?.A.
Iiaeieueiee oa aaaaoi ?ioeo iiaaaeieo aeine?aeiee?a. A?aoiaiooaaee aiie
oea oei, ui iie?oe/ia ?noi??y a?aeaeca?eaeth? eeoa iaeei a?e noni?eueii?
aaiethoe??, i?e/iio aeaeaei ia caaaeaee aecia/aeueiee, ?iiae?
iaia?aaeaa/oaaiee (ai /ano?oa caeaaeeoue a?ae noa’?eoeaieo ae?e
iie?oee?a, i?ae a?ae neee ia’?eoeaieo caeii?a nioe?iaaiethoe?eiiai
?icaeoeo), a ioaea iaeii?iaeoeoeaiee c iaeyaeo ia a?aenooi?noue o iueiio
aeinoaoiueiai i?iaiinoe/iiai iioaioe?aeo.

Ia ia?oee iiaeyae, oaea aa/aiiy i?iaeaie ae?enii ia? ?aoe?th. Aea?aeaae
oai?youe ethaee, ethaeae oi?iothoue aoi?/i? aaie e o?aaeeoe??,
iaoa??aeueia e aeooiaia aoooy, a iie?oe/ia aeeooy – eeoa a?aeaeca?eaeth?
aeeaeii?o? i?ioeane nioe?ieoeueoo?iiai ?icaeoeo, aoaeo/e “iaaeaoaeiaith”
(ye aeo/ii ?iaioaaea ?? ia?enenonueea ?noi??ia?ao?y) iaae ooiaeaiaioii
?c i?iaeoeoeaieo nee ? ae?iaie/eo a?aeiinei. Oa /e iiaeia caiaeeoe
aea?aeaai?noue o?eueee aei iie?oe/ii? i?aai?caoe?? nioe?oio? Aaeaea
iaa?oue aeiaie? ne?iiiee aeina?ae naiino?eiiai oe?a?inueeiai
aea?aeaaioai?aiiy ia?aeiio?, ui aea?aeaai?noue – oea ia i?inoi iie?oe/i?
?inoeoooe, aa?a, a?ii, i?aii? ? eiinoeoooe?y. Aea?aeaai?noue – oea ?
aeiiii?ea, ? aoiiineoieia?/iee noai iaoe??, ? ?? ai?iiee, iaoeiaee oa
eoeueoo?iee iioaioe?ae, ? ciai?oiueiiie?oe/iee noaoon e?a?ie, ? /e ia a
ia?oo /a?ao – oa? ?noi?e/ieo o?aaeeoe?e, ia yeeo ona oea a?oioo?oueny. A
ioaea aea?aeaai?noue – oea iaaecae/aeii neeaaeiee nioe?aeueiee oaiiiai,
aei yeiai

_________

1. Aoieeaa E.I. Ae?aaiyy ?onue e Aaeeeay Noaiue. -Iineaa, 1992. -N. 14.

iaeaea i?eieea? oaea aeiaie? neiii?i?/ia eaoaai??aeueia iiiyooy ye
“oeea?e?caoe?y”, ui oaea aecia/a? i??i?eoaoi?noue oa aeooaeuei?noue oeo
aaeocae ? iai?yie?a ?noi?e/ieo aeine?aeaeaiue, ui caeiathoueny ??
?noi???th.

Na?aae caia?a/aiue iiaeia cono??oe ? oae?: ui iiaea aeaoe Oe?a?i?
iaoeiaee aiae?c nioe?aeueii-iie?oe/ii? aaiethoe?? o?aaeeoe?eii? ssiii???
*e ia e?aua caeiaoeny aea/aiiyi a?o/eciyii? ?noi???, cina?aaeeaoe
coneeey oe?a?inueeeo aoiai?oa???a o?eueee ia aeine?aeaeaii? a on?o ??
i?iyaao naia oe?a?inueei? aea?aeaaiino?? Iaeiae, ii-ia?oa, ia?iae, ui
oe?eaaeoueny o?eueee aeaniith ?noi???th, nai naaa i?eiooo? iaia’yceiai
ona oai?eoe aeanieie ?oeaie ? “c ioey” aoaeoaaoe iie?oe/i? e aeiiii?/i?
aeieo?eie iaoiaeii “aei?iaoaaiue oa iiieeie”, a oea caaaeaee oeyo aei
aaoa?e?? oa a?aenoaeino?. Ii-ae?oaa, a ?noi??? oaae ae?thoue nai?
caeiiii??iino?, o?eueee i?aoeththoue aiie ia oae i?yii, ye o
i?e?iaeie/eo /e oaoi?/ieo iaoeao. Aaeaea yeui a iniia? caeii?a iaoa???
caeeaaeaia iaiaei?iia iiaoi?thaai?noue yaeu ? oaiiiai?a, oi a iniia?
caeii?a nioe?aeueii? aaiethoe?? iieeaaeaia aeaui nooo?ai iaio aaniethoia
– a?aeoai?aiiy iiae?aiinoae. ? ooo aac aeina?aeo ?ioeo ia?iae?a ia
ia?eoeny, ine?eueee ?noi?e/ia aeno?aiieyoe?y ia aac? ?aeeiiai
i?aoeaaeaioo (iaa?oue yeui oea ?noi??y oai?? aaouee?aueie) ia ia? naino
? iiaea i?aoaiaeoaaoe ia ?noeii?noue o?eueee i?e nie?aii? ia aeniiaee,
io?eiai? /a?ac a?aooaaiiy iaeneiaeueii? e?eueeino? oeo naieo
iiae?aiinoae, ciaeoe ye? iiaeia eeoa a ?noi??yo ?ioeo e?a?i ? ia?iae?a.

Ia iiaeia iaieiooe e /enoi iaoeiao, aeaaeai?/io aeioe?euei?noue oa
aeooaeuei?noue aeaoaeueiiai aiae?co i?iaeai iioiaeaeaiiy
a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino? o o?aaeeoe?ei?e ssiii??, yea
aecia/a?oueny:

– aaaeeea?noth i?ioeano aea?aeaaioai?aiiy o caaaeueiiio
oeea?e?caoe?eiiio ?icaeoeo aoaeue-yeeo noni?euenoa no?aeiiai oeio, aei
yeeo iaeaaeaea, a oiio /ene?, o?aaeeoe?eia ssiii?y;

– iio?aaith o iaoeiaiio aiae?c? aea?aeaaioai?aiiy o o?aaeeoe?ei?e
ssiii?? c iiaeo iaoiaeieia?/ieo iiceoe?e no?aeii-cao?aeii?
oeea?e?caoe?eii? aeeoioii??;

– iayai?noth caaaeueiina?oiai? oaiaeaioe?? aei ia?aaeyaeo naiiai
oaiiiaio aea?aeaaiino?, eiai ?ie? a ?noi??? ethaenueeeo ni?eueiio;

– niaoeeo?eith yiiinueeiai oeyoo noni?eueii-iie?oe/iiai ?icaeoeo, yeee
oi/a e a?aeaoaaany a iaaeao no?aeiiai iai?yio nioe?ieoeueoo?ii?
aaiethoe??, i?ioa i?noea o nia? cia/iee oa? i?ea?iaeueieo, ia aei e?ioey
inieneaieo o iaoeia?e e?oa?aoo?? iniaeeainoae;

– iio?aaith o iaoeiaiio aiae?c? i?noey oa ?ie? ai?iieo ?inoeooo?a a
?noi??? o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino?, a?aoiaoth/e ?oith
aecia/io ?ieue o noai?aii? oa on?e iiaeaeueo?e nioe?aeuei?e aaiethoe??
“E?a?ie A?ai?oiueiai Niioey”;

– iiaeeea?noth aeei?enoaiiy ?acoeueoao?a aeaiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy aeey
noai?aiiy iaoeiai-iaa?oioiaaieo eiioeaioe?e, uiaei ?noi??inionueeiai
inieneaiiy nioe?aeueiiai ?icaeoeo ye naii?ssiii?? oa aeaeaeino?aeiiai
?aa?iio, oae ? aeey iiiaeaiiy ?nioth/eo oai??e caaaeueiina?oiai?
oeiieia?? oa aeeiai?ee ethaenueeeo oeea?e?caoe?e;

– ia’?eoeaiei iineeaiiyi ?ie? e aaae noiaeiciaa/eo aeenoeeie?i o
caaaeuei?e no?oeoo?? iaoeiai? oa ina?oyinueei? nenoaie a Oe?a?i?;

– nai???aei?noth iiaeae? ?icaeoeo o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei?
aea?aeaaiino?, yea nooo?ai ??cieoueny a?ae eeane/ieo aeaeaeino?aeieo
c?ace?a naia aenieith nooi?iith noaa?eueii? ai?i?caoe?? on?o noni?eueieo
?inoeoooe?e.

Eia?eith iaoeiaiai aiae?co aecia/athoueny i?aaeiao ? ia’?eo
aeine?aeaeaiiy. Eiai i?aaeiaoii noaea aea?aeaaioai?/a ae?yeuei?noue
iie?oe/ieo e?aea??a, eeai?a, aeaaeieo i?aai?a oa ?inoeoooe?e ii
noai?aiith o?aaeeoe?eii? aea?aeaaiino? a ssiii?? oa ?? ia?a?inoaiith o
nenoaio noaa?eueii? eaa?oeiii? a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aeeeoaoo?e.
Ia’?eoii aeine?aeaeaiiy ? noaiiaeaiiy, ?icaeoie, o?ainoi?iaoe?ei?
aniaeoe oa ni?yiiaai?noue noni?eueii-iie?oe/ii? aaiethoe?? o?aaeeoe?eii?
ssiii?? ia oeyoo ca?iaeaeaiiy e oi?ioaaiiy ?? a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei?
aea?aeaaiino? a iaaeao oeea?e?caoe?? no?aeiiai oeio.

Caaaeath/e ia aeooaeuei?noue, i?aaeiao ? ia’?eo aeine?aeaeaiiy
aecia/a?oueny aeai?aeeia iaoa iiaeaii? aeena?oaoe?eii? i?aoe?:

– aeyaeoe ia?aaeoiiae, oeea?e?caoe?eiee oa?aeoa?, o?ae ? nooi?noue oa
anoaiiaeoe ia??iaeecaoe?th ? o?iiieia?/iee iiiaio caaa?oaiiy i?ioeano
oi?ioaaiiy a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino?;

– c’ynoaaoe i?e/eie oi?eaeueii? iie?oeei-aeiiii?/ii? noaa?eueiino?,
/aniai? o?eaaeino? oa aeniei? eoeueoo?ii-ainiiaea?nueei? aoaeoeaiino?
aea?aeaaiino? i?e?oa?ii-aeeeoaoi?nueeiai oeio a na?aaeiueia?/i?e
ssiii??.

Ia aeoieo aaoi?a, aeinyaiaiiy oe??? iaoe ? iiaeeeaei ca oiiae
?ica’ycaiiy ianooiieo i?iaeai, ye? o noeoiiino? aecia/athoue iniiai?
caaaeaiiy cai?iiiiiaaiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy:

– aeyaeoe oa i?iaiae?coaaoe eiei aeaea?ae, ye? noinothoueny i?iaeaie
iioiaeaeaiiy a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino?;

– aeine?aeeoe ia?aaeoiiae, oeea?e?caoe?eiee oa?aeoa?, nooi?noue ?
o?iiieia?/i? iaae? ca?iaeaeaiiy o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino?;

– i?ine?aeeoaaoe oeea?e?caoe?eiee aaeoi? oa aecia/eoe iniiai? aoaie
noni?eueii-iie?oe/ii? aaiethoe?? o?aaeeoe?eii? ssiii?? a?ae ca?iaeaeaiiy
ia?oeo i?ioiaea?aeaaieo ooai?aiue ia oa?aiao a?o?iaeaao aei caaa?oaiiy
i?ioeano oi?ioaaiiy a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino?;

– c’ynoaaoe ia?aaeoiiae, i?e/eie oa aeaea?aea aeieeiaiiy, a oaeiae
/ania? ?aiee ca?iaeaeaiiy naio?aenoaa e naio?aenueeeo eeai?a;

– a?aenoaaeeoe oi?ie ? iaoiaee oeea?eueii-ath?ie?aoe/iiai aea?aeaaiiai
oi?aae?iiy, cai?iaaaeaeai? a ssiii?? i?ae aieeaii eiioeiaioaeueieo
aeieo?ei, a oaeiae aeyaeoe i?e/eie ?oiueiai iinooiiaiai caiaiaaeo e
i?e?oa?ecaoe??;

– i?iaiae?coaaoe ?icaeoie aea?aeaaii-i?aaiaiai i?ioeano o o?aaeeoe?ei?e
ssiii?? c o?aooaaiiyi oiai/anieo yiiinueeeo iie?oeei-?noi?e/ieo aeieo?ei
c iaoith oieeiaiiy iaaaaeaieo aeey oaeiai oeio aeine?aeaeaiue aaae
?a?iiioeaio?ecio oa eaac?iaoeiaiai iiaea?i?cio;

– ?ice?eoe iniaeeaino?, caeiiii??iino? oa iniiai? no?oeoo?i? aeaiaioe
i?ioeano o?aaeeoe?eiiai yiiinueeiai aea?aeaaioai?aiiy ia oeyoo aei
noni?eueii-iie?oe/ii? nenoaie eaa?oeiii? a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei?
aeeeoaoo?e c o?aooaaiiyi aeieo?eie i?i no?aeii-cao?aeio oeea?e?caoe?eio
aeeoioii?th.

??aiai iinoaaeaieo caaea/ aecia/athoueny o?iiieia?/i? ?aiee
aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy, ye? ioiieththoue /aniaee i?ii?aeie a?ae
ca?iaeaeaiiy o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? oeea?e?caoe??, ui aeaoo?oueny
na?aaeeiith ? oen. aei i.a. – aei iiiaioo caaa?oaiiy i?ioeano noai?aiiy
iiaiie?iaii? a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino?, yea i?eiaaea? ca
aaoi?nueeith eiioeaioe??th ia e?iaoeue O?O no.

Ca ?acoeueoaoaie aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy aaoi?ii aeiinyoueny ia
caoeno oae? iniiai? iieiaeaiiy:

– iioiaeaeaiiy o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? aeaoo?oueny
e?ioeai ? oen. aei i. a. – ii/aoeii ? oen. i.a., eiee i?ae aieeaii
nioe?aeueieo ?aeae oa oaoiieia?/ieo caeiaooe?a eiioeiaioaeueieo
i?eoaeueoe?a yiaoi ino??aia iie?aoi?/ia ni?eueiioa ssiiinueeiai
a?o?iaeaao ia?aoioea iaaeo ia?a?niino? oa nooieea ia oeyo
oeea?e?caoe?eiiai ?icaeoeo;

– c naiiai ca?iaeaeaiiy o?aaeeoe?eia yiiinueea aea?aeaai?noue iaaoea
iciae eeane/ii? noni?eueii-iie?oe/ii? nenoaie no?aeiiai oeio, ui noaei
i?e?iaeiei iane?aeeii ??eaaoe?eii-?en?aie/i? ni?yiiaaiino? ??
ainiiaea?nueei-aeiiii?/iiai ?icaeoeo;

– nioe?i?noi?e/iee ?icaeoie o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? oeea?e?caoe?? ia
iiaea aooe aaeaeaaoii inieneaiee a eaoaai??yo ?a?iiioeaio?enonueeeo
?noi??inionueeeo eiioeaioe?e ?aaiaeanieoeoaa e oaiaeae?cio, ine?eueee
a?i a?aeaoaaany o ?aieao no?aeiiai oeyoo noni?eueii? aaiethoe??,
aaciaeie iniiaaie yeiai aenooiaee: aaniethoiee i?eiao eieaeoeaieo,
iaueiieo, eeaiiaeo, aea?aeaaieo ?ioa?an?a iaae ?iaeea?aeoaeueieie,
cia/ia (?iiae? iaa?oue oioaeueia) iaea?aeaaeaiiy aeiiii?/iiai aeeooy e
aeaniioe/iee oei aeaaee;

– ye?niith iciaeith, yea aecia/aea niaoeeo?eo aioo??oiueiai ono?ith
o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? a?ae ia?iaeaeaiiy, aoa ??
eeaiiaee, a ia eeaniaee, ooiaeaiaio, coiiaeaiee neioaciei oeiii naii?
yiiinueei? oeea?e?caoe?? oa iniaeeainoyie i?e?iaeii-ee?iaoe/iiai,
ainiiaea?nueei-oaoiieia?/iiai oa ai?iii-iie?oe/iiai oa?aeoa?o;

– ia?oith oe?e?niith aea?aeaaiith nenoaiith ssiii?? iiaeia aaaaeaoe
“aea?aeaao ssiaoi” ( ??? – OI no.), a ?aieao yei? aia?oa aoei c?iaeaii
ni?iao noai?eoe noaa?eueio noni?eueii-iie?oe/io no?oeoo?o ia aac?
ii?aeiaiiy iaoe?iiaeueieo yiiinueeeo aea?aeaaieoeueeeo oaiaeaioe?e c
oai??yie eeoaenueei-eiioooe?ainueei? iie?oe/ii? aeieo?eie. ?acoeueoaoii
noaei ooaa?aeaeaiiy a “E?a?i? A?ai?oiueiai Niioey” iie?oe/iiai ?inoeoooo
eaa?oeiiiai aeaiaeaaeaey, i?eoaiaiiiai i?noeaa?e aea?aeaaiino? i?ioyaii,
i?aeoe/ii, on??? ?? iiaeaeueoi? ?noi???;

– ianooiia aiioa a ?noi??? o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino?
(645-1156) oa?aeoa?eco?oueny iineeaiiyi ?? oeea?eueii-ath?ie?aoe/ieo
ooieoe?e oa i?aai?a aiane?aeie anaa?/ii? eeoa?caoe?? i?noeaaiai
noni?eueii-iie?oe/iiai i?aai?cio oa ooo/iiai ianaaeaeaiiy a e?a?i?
caiice/aii? c eiioeiaioo aea?aeaaii-nioe?aeueii? iiaeae?
eeoaenueei-eiioooe?ainueeiai oeio. I?ioa a oiiaao iaioth/iai a
oiai/ani?e ssiii?? n?ioi-aoaeae?enueeiai ?ae?a?eii-?aeaieia?/iiai
aeoae?cio, ?ae?eo?a nenoaie aeaiaeaaeaey oa iia’ycaii? c oeei a?aeiinii?
oeoeino? i?noeaaeo iie?oe/ieo ?inoeooo?a, ?acoeueoaoe i?ieeoaenueeeo
?aoi?i aoee i?aee??ieai? ia ii/aoeo OO no. aeieo?eiith eeaiiai?
??oeo?uei eieea (“i?aaiai? aea?aeaae”), a nenoai? yei? o?aaeeoe?eia
yiiinueea aea?aeaai?noue ?icaeaaeany /a?ac on? nai? iiaeaeueo?
o?ainoi?iaoe??;

– ?aaeei oeea?eueii-ath?ie?aoe/ii? aea?aeaaiino? aeyaeany aeey ssiii??
iaaoaeoeaiei, ine?eueee aoaeo/e ?acoeueoaoii ooo/ii? aieueiai?
aeoeaiino? iaaieo e?aea??a, a ia eiiieaenii? i?e?iaeii? noni?eueii?
aaiethoe??, a?i ia i?aeiia?aeaa ai? aeeaeiiei o?aaeeoe?yi ?icaeoeo
ino??aii? nioe?aeueii-iie?oe/ii? nenoaie, ai? i?noeaaei
i?e?iaeii-ainiiaea?nueeei oiiaai, ai? iioi/iei ai?iii-aeeieiiaoe/iei
aeiiaai. Oea ni?e/eieei aeeaieo ia?iaiaioio e?eco o?aaeeoe?eii?
yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino?, o noai? yei? aiia ia?aaoaaea ca i?aae?iiy
?aaaio?a-eaioeea??a Ooaec?aa?a (784-1072) oa aen-?iia?aoi??a-iiiao?a
(1072-1156), ui ia?aeiiaei ino??aia noni?euenoai o iaiao?aeiino?
ea?aeeiaeueii? ia?aaoaeiae ?nioth/i? nioe?aeueii-iie?oe/ii? nenoaie ia
i?eioeeiao i?e?oa?ii? aeeeoaoo?e;

– iie?oe/iith neeith, yea acyea ia naaa a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca
ai?iaaaeaeaiiy ?aaeeio ai?iii? aeeeoaoo?e, noaee aon? (naio?aenoai) –
niaaeeiaee noai a?enueeiaeo, ca?iaeaeaiiy yeiai i?eiaaea? ia e?iaoeue O
– ii/aoie O? no.;

– aeieeiaiiy noaio aon? caaaeii ? naio?aenueeeo eeai?a cie?aia noaeiny
aiane?aeie neeaaeiiai nioe?aeueiiai i?ioeano ai?i?caoe?? /anoeie
aeo?niaieo ia neoaeao aei i?ia?ioe?? a?enoie?aoe/ieo ?iae?a oeyoii ci?ie
“i?io?eth ae?yeueiino?” ia a?enueeiaee naieo a?enoie?ao?a ? /anoeiai
?oi?o neoa c iaeii/aniei aeeth/aiiyi aei neeaaeo oeeo eeai?a /anoeie
auein? (i?ea?eaeiaaieo a?enueeiaeo iinaeaioe?a), ui ni?e/eieei
nioe?aeueio iooaoe?th oaeeo eeai?a ?c a?enoie?aoe/ieo o naio?aenuee? oa
i?ecaaei aei iiyae o noni?euei?e no?oeoo?? o?aaeeoe?eii? ssiii?? iiaiai
noaio i?ioan?eieo niaaeeiaeo a?enueeiaeo – aon? (naio?aenoaa);

– ooaa?aeaeaiiy oa ?icaoaeiaa oe?e?nii? nenoaie iiaiie?iaii?
a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino? a na?aaeiueia?/i?e ssiii??
noaeeny i?ioyaii 1156-1392 ??. o o?eaae?e aaaaoiaaeoi?i?e ai?iouea?:

a/ a?enoie?aoe/ieo i?ea?/iee?a eo?no ia iiaa?iaiiy aei i?eioeei?a
oeea?eueii-ath?ie?aoe/ii? aea?aeaaiino? eeoaenueei-eiioooe?ainueeiai
oeio;

a/ “/a?aiieo” naio?aenueeeo aeno?ai?no?a i?aaeiy, ye? i?iiiioaaee
oe?eeiaeoi a?aeeeiooe iai?aoeueiaai? a?enoie?aoe/ii-?iia?aoi?nueeith
ssiii??th eaiiie ??oeo?uei eieea oa cai?iaaaeeoe a e?a?i? ?aaeei i?yii?
i?e?oa?ii? aeeeoaoo?e c iii?ith ia ianiaa ianeeuenoai i?ioe iacaiaeieo,
oiaoi o?eueee ia ca?ieio neeo iaioth/eo aon?;

a/ “a?eeo” naio?aenueeeo eeai?a i?aii/?, ye? aenooiaee ca noai?aiiy
nenoaie eaa?oeiii? a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino? (nueiaoiaoo
aai aaeooo) c iii?ith ia eeoa ia aieiao neeo naio?aenueeeo ae?oaeei, aea
e ia eaiiie eeaiiai? “i?aaiai? aea?aeaae”, a?aeiia?aeia ?aoi?ioaaiiy
an??? iie?oe/ii? oa nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/ii? no?oeoo?e e?a?ie,
aeoea?caoe?th oa oe?ieo i?aeo?eieo i?inaio?aenueeeo oaiaeaioe?e o
eoeueoo?ii-?aeaieia?/iiio aeeoo? noni?euenoaa oiui;

– ai?ioueaa ca noai?aiiy a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino?
caaa?oeeany iai?. O?O no. iiaiith ia?aiiaith “a?eeo” naio?a?a oa
?oiueiai iie?oe/iiai eo?no;

– a?aeiiaeaiiy o 1392 ?. ai?iii-iie?oe/iiai eiio?ieth aon? iaae an??th
oa?eoi???th ssiii?? noi?iaiaeaeoaaeiny ia?aiiaith i?eioeei?a
a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino? ia eeoa o iie?oeoe? oa i?aa?, aea
e o aeiiii?oe?, ?aeaieia??, eoeueoo?? ? iaa?oue o ethaenuee?e
na?aeiiino?. Oee noaei caii?oeith oi?eaeueii? iie?oeei-aeiiii?/ii?
noaa?eueiino?, /aniai? o?eaaeino? oa aeniei? eoeueoo?ii-ainiiaea?nueei?
aoaeoeaiino? nenoaie i?e?oa?ii-aeeeoaoi?nueei? aea?aeaaiino? i?ioyaii
i’yoe ianooiieo noie?oue yiiinueei? ?noi???.

Iaoeiaa iiaecia ?iaioe iieyaa? a oiio, ui o i?e ?icaeoie o?aaeeoe?eii?
yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? aia?oa ?icaeyaea?oueny c iiceoe?e aeieo?eie i?i
ooiaeaiaioaeueio a?aei?ii?noue no?aeiiai e cao?aeiiai oeyo?a
oeea?e?caoe?eii? aaiethoe??, i?e/iio o?aaeeoe?eia ssiii?y
?icaeyaea?oueny a yeino? oeiiai no?aeiiai noni?euenoaa. A ?iaio?
aeeeaaeaia i?eioeeiiai iiaa aa/aiiy i?e/ei iiyae oa aea?aeaaii-i?aaiaeo
ooieoe?e oaeeo niaoeeo?/ieo yiiinueeeo iie?oe/ieo ?inoeoooe?e ye nenoaia
aeaiaeaaeaey, n?ioi-aoaeae?enueei-eiioooe?ainueeee ?ae?a?eii-iie?oe/iee
neie?aoeci, eeaiiaa “i?aaiaa aea?aeaaa”, ?aaeeie nannth oa ?inae,
nenoaia aaeooo; ae?noaei iiaeaeueoee ?icaeoie inieneaiiy
iie?oeei-eeaiiai? nooiino? oa i?e/ei i?iaaeo “?anoaa?aoe?? Eaiio”,
a?aei?iiinoae i?ae Eaiaeo?nueeei oa An?eaa?anueeei nueiaoiaoaie;
oaeineiiaeaii iaoeiao ia??iaeecaoe?th aea?aeaaii-oeea?e?caoe?eiiai
?icaeoeo o?aaeeoe?eii? ssiii?? a?ae iaeaeaai?oeo /an?a aei e?ioey O?O
no.

?acoeueoaoe aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy ciaeoee i?aeoe/ia
canoinoaaiiy i?e noai?aii? iiaeo i?ia?ai aoc?anueeeo iaa/aeueieo
aeenoeeie?i “?noi??y e?a?i Ac?? oa Ao?eee a na?aaei? a?ee”, “Eoeueoo?a
na?aaeiueia?/iiai Noiaeo”, “Oeiieia?y oa aeeiai?ea ethaenueeeo
oeea?e?caoe?e” aeey nooaeaio?a ?noi?e/ieo oaeoeueoao?a, a oaeiae
iaa/aeueii? i?ia?aie eo?no “?noi??y yiiinueei? oeea?e?caoe??” aeey
nooaeaio?a a?aeae?eaiiy no?aeieo iia. ssiiiiiiai? aeieoiaioaeuei?
iaoa??aee, aeiaeaeai?, ia?aeeaaeai? e oei aia?oa aaaaeai? aaoi?ii o
neia’yiiiiaiee iaoeiaee ia?a, aeei?enoiaothoueny aeey i?aeaioiaee ia?oi?
a Oe?a?i? oaiaoe/ii? o?anoiiao?? c ?noi??? na?aaeiueia?/iiai Noiaeo. O
ia?niaeoea?, oaeoe/iee iaoa??ae aeena?oaoe?eii? i?aoe?, ?? aeniiaee oa
iieiaeaiiy iiaeooue ciaeoe iiaeaeueoa i?aeoe/ia aeei?enoaiiy o
iaoeiai-aeine?aei?e ?iaio? i?e noai?aii? aocueei i?iaeaiieo oa
ocaaaeueithth/eo i?aoeue c ?noi??? eeane/ii? ssiii?? oa
na?aaeiueia?/iiai Noiaeo a oe?eiio, a oaeiae o aoc?anueeiio iaa/aeueiiio
i?ioean? i?e i?aeaioiaoe? iiaeo i?ae?o/iee?a, ?ic?iaoe? ii?iaoeaieo ?
niaoe?aeueieo eo?n?a c i?iaeai noiaeiciaanoaa, eeane/ii? ?noi???,
e?a?iiciaanoaa, ?noi??? aea?aeaae ? i?aaa ca?oa?aeieo e?a?i,
eoeueoo?ieia??, ?noi??inio?? oa iie?oieia??.

Iniiai? ?acoeueoaoe ?iaioe i?ieoee ai?iaaoe?th ? aoee ii?eethaeiai? o
aenooi? ia I?aeia?iaei?e iaoeia?e eiioa?aioe?? “Ae?oa? noiaeiciaa/?
/eoaiiy A. E?einueeiai” (Ee?a-Caaieai?iaeea, /a?aaiue 1998 ?.),
aeiiia?aeyo ia aeaio ui??/ieo iaoeiaeo eiioa?aioe?yo
i?ioani?nueei-aeeeaaeaoeueeiai neeaaeo Ee?anueeiai oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai?
Oa?ana Oaa/aiea (ea?oaiue 1994, aa?acaiue 1995), iia?aeiieaiiyo ia
iaoeiaiio nai?ia?? ?inoeoooo noiaeiciaanoaa ?iai? A.TH. E?einueeiai
IAI Oe?a?ie (a?oaeaiue 1994, ethoee 1998), aenooi? ia i?aeia?iaei?e
eiioa?aioe?? “Ai?? Oaio? oa eiai aiioa” (Ee?a, aa?anaiue 1996), a oaeiae
i?e /eoaii? aaoi?ii ii?iaoeaiiai eo?no “?noi??y na?aaeiueia?/iiai
Noiaeo” oa niaoeeo?no “Eoeueoo?a na?aaeiueia?/iiai Noiaeo” aeey
nooaeaio?a ? aeenoeeie?ie “Oeiieia?y oa aeeiai?ea ethaenueeeo
oeea?e?caoe?e” aeey iaa?no?aio?a ?noi?e/iiai oaeoeueoaoo Ee?anueeiai
oi?aa?neoaoo ?iai? Oa?ana Oaa/aiea, i?ioan?eii-i???ioiaaii? aeenoeeie?ie
“?noi??y ssiii??” aeey nooaeaio?a aoiai?oa?iiai oaeoeueoaoo
Iaoe?iiaeueiiai oi?aa?neoaoo “Ee?ai-Iiaeeyinueea Aeaaeai?y”, aaciaiai
eo?no “?noi??y yiiinueei? oeea?e?caoe??” aeey nooaeaio?a ?inoeoooo
“No?ae-Cao?ae” oa a?aeae?eaiiy no?aeieo iia Ee?anueeiai aea?aeaaiiai
e?iaa?noe/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo.

Oai?aoe/iee oa oaeoe/iee iaoa??ae aeena?oaoe?? a?aeia?aaeaiee o
ioae?eaoe?yo aaoi?a. Aeieeaaeiiio aeeeaaeo oa oaeoieia?/iiio
iaa?oiooaaiith aaoi?nueeiai aa/aiiy eiioeaiooaeueii-oai?aoe/ieo aniaeo?a
aeena?oaoe?eii? i?iaeaiaoeee i?enay/aia iiiia?ao?y “?noi??y
na?aaeiueia?/iiai Noiaeo” [1]. O i?e ia oe?ieiio ?noi?e/iiio iaoa??ae?
iiaeaia caaaeueia eiioeaiooaeueia iaoiaeieia?y, ia ye?e aaco?oueny
aaoi?nueea ?icoi?iiy nooiino? e a?aei?iiinoae nioe?i?noi?e/iiai ?icaeoeo
oeea?e?caoe?e Noiaeo e Caoiaeo, cai?iiiiiaaia iiaa aa/aiiy nooiino?
na?aaeiueia?//y ye aiioe aeiaaeueiiai iie?oeei-aeiiii?/iiai,
eoeueoo?ii-oaoiieia?/iiai oa ai?iiiai i?aaiethaaiiy
aea?aeaaii-eieaeoea?nonueei? no?aeii? iiaeae? noni?eueii? aaiethoe??
iaae ?iaeea?aeoae?noe/iith cao?aeiith, i?aaenoaaeaia eeaneo?eaoe?y
iica?/iiai na?oo ao?i-ac?aonueeiai na?aaeiueia?//y, aecia/aia i?noea e
?ieue o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? oeea?e?caoe?? a nenoai? aeaeaeino?aeiiai

____________________

1. ?oaaeue A.A. ?noi??y na?aaeiueia?/iiai Noiaeo: Iaa/. iin?aiee.- E.,
1997.- 464 n.

??ciiaeaeo no?aeiiai oeyoo noni?eueii-?noi?e/iiai ?icaeoeo ethaenoaa.

O iiiia?ao?? “ssiiinueea oeea?e?caoe?y: o?aaeeoe?eia noni?euenoai ?
aea?aeaai?noue” [1] ia aac? aeiaaaeaieo a iiia?aaei?e eiec?
eiioeaiooaeueii-oai?aoe/ieo aeniiae?a iiaea?oueny aaoi?nueea aa/aiiy
?icaeoeo o?aaeeoe?eii? aea?aeaaiino? “E?a?ie A?ai?oiueiai Niioey” a?ae
?? ooai?aiiy aei e?aoo e e?ea?aeaoe?? o ae?oa?e iieiaei? O?O no., ia
aac? yiiinueeeo aooaioe/ieo ? ia?aeeaaeaieo aeaea?ae oa c o?aooaaiiyi
caeiaooe?a na?oiai? ?noi??ia?ao?? ?ic?iaeythoueny ??ciiiai?oi? aniaeoe
iioiaeaeaiiy a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino? a na?aaeiueia?/i?e
ssiii??, aeeeaaeathoueny ?aeiiaiaeaoe?? uiaei aeei?enoaiiy iiceoeaiiai
aeina?aeo eeane/iiai yiiinueeiai aea?aeaaioai?aiiy a ?aoi?ioaaii?
noni?eueii-iie?oe/ii? oa eoeueoo?ii-ainiiaea?nueei? no?oeoo?e no/anii?
Oe?a?ie.

Ie?ai? aniaeoe aeena?oaoe?eii? i?iaeaiaoeee ciaeoee nai? a?aeia?aaeaiiy
oaeiae o aeanyoe ?ioeo ioae?eaoe?yo aaoi?a.

INIIAIEE CI?NO

O ia?oiio ?icae?e? “?noi??ia?ao?y i?iaeaie. Aeaea?aeueii-aeieoiaioaeueia
oa eiioeaiooaeueii-iaoiaeieia?/ia aaca aeine?aeaeaiiy” ?ice?eaa?oueny
noai iaoeiai? aeine?aeaeaiino? aeena?oaoe?eii? i?iaeaiaoeee,
oa?aeoa?eco?oueny eiei aeei?enoaieo i?e ?iaio? iaae oaiith aeaea?ae,
aeeeaaea?oueny caaaeueia oai?aoe/ia eiioeaioe?y oa iaoiaeieia?y, ia ye?
nie?a?oueny aeena?oaoe?eia i?aoey.

Ieoaiiy ca?iaeaeaiiy, noaiiaeaiiy oa ?icaeoeo ??cieo oi?i aea?aeaaiino?
o o?aaeeoe?ei?e ssiii?? iin?aeathoue cia/ia i?noea ye o yiiinuee?e, oae
? o ?a?iiaenuee?e oa aia?eeainuee?e ?noi??ia?ao??, ui noaei i?aai?/iith
neeaaeiaith caaaeueiiai i?ia?ano, yeee ia?aaeeaa? na?oiaa yiii?noeea a
inoaii? aeanyoe??//y. Ia?aaeon?i oea iia’ycaii c iaaecae/aeii
i?iaeoeoeaiith ae?yeuei?noth yiiinueeeo iaoeiaoe?a ii ioae?eaoe??,
i?aeoe/ii, on?o eeane/ieo yiiinueeeo e?oiien?a, e?oa?aoo?ieo oai??a,
iie?oe/ieo oa aeiiii?/ieo o?aeoao?a, ianiaiai ia?aaeaeaiiy i?aoeue
i?aaenoaaiee?a eeane/ii? ?noi??ia?ao??. Oaea ?iaioa aeaea a ?oee
?a?iiaenueeeo i???ioae?no?a, ca oiiae iaieiae?iiy yiiinueeith iiaith,
iaeaea iaiaiaaeai? iiaeeeaino? a aeinooi? aei aooaioe/ieo ia?oiaeaea?ae
c ?noi??? o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? oeea?e?caoe??, ui aeicaieeei ia eeoa
nooo?ai iiaeeaeoe, aea e i?eioeeiiai ia?aaeyiooe o? iaii?ooi? a ieioeiio
iaoeia? aeiaie, ye? aeyaeeeny a na?oe? iiaeo aeieoiaio?a aaniethoii
iaaaeaeaaoieie ?aae?yi ieioeiai.

__________

1. ?oaaeue A.A. ssiiinueea oeea?e?caoe?y: o?aaeeoe?eia noni?euenoai ?
aea?aeaai?noue. – E., 1997. – 256 n.

I?ioa i? a yeiio ?ac? ia i?eiaiooth/e caneoa yiiinueei? oeiee ?noi??? o
ni?aa? ioae?eaoe?? /enaeueieo aeieoiaioaeueieo iaoa??ae?a c
iaoe?iiaeueii? yiiinueei? ?noi???, ia iiaeia ia a?aecia/eoe ?? aianie o
aaciina?aaei? inieneaiiy aeaniiai ieioeiai, ui ianaiia?aae noino?oueny
iane/aieo eieinaeueiei ianyaii oaeoe/iiai iaoa??aeo i?aoeue
?noi?eei-aeia?aeieeiaiai oa aioeeeeiiaaee/iiai oa?aeoa?o [1].

Icia/ai? ?iaioe i?noyoue iaoe?io ?ioi?iaoe?th noiniaii ?noi???
noaiiaeaiiy oa ?icaeoeo on?o neeaaeiaeo o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei?
oeea?e?caoe??, a?ia?ao?? aeaeaoieo ae?y/?a iaoe?iiaeueiiai
aea?aeaaioai?aiiy, ei?ioe? a?aeiiino? i?i iaeaeaeaoi?oeo yiii?no?a
ieioeiai e no/aniino? oa i?i nooi?noue ?oi?o iiaeyae?a ia ?noi??th
eeane/ii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? oiui. Iaeiae ?c oe?eeii c?icoi?eeo
i?e/ei (a?aoiaoth/e niaoeeo?eo aeia?aeieeiaeo aeaeaiue) iacaai? i?aoe?,
i?e an?e ?ioi?iaoeaiino?, ia aena?oeththoue aeeiai?eo nioe?i?noi?e/iiai
?icaeoeo o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino?, iaiaaeothoueny eeoa
eiinoaooth/ei iiceoea?nonueeei aena?oeaiiyi ?? noni?eueii-iie?oe/ii?
aaiethoe??, cian?i ia oi?eathoueny ieoaiue i?e/eiii-iane?aeeiaeo
aca?iica’yce?a, ui caoaeo? niaeo? iiaeeeaiai aeei?enoaiiy oeeo ?ia?o i?e
aeine?aeaeaii? i?ioean?a iioiaeaeaiiy a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei?
aea?aeaaiino? o?eueee aei iaae neiioeaio?iaaieo ianea?a ae?ae iio??aii?,
i?ioa “ne?i?” ?ioi?iaoe??, yea iio?aao? ia eeoa oaaaeiiai, aea e
e?eoe/iiai inieneaiiy.

Iaaiith i??ith, oa?aeoa?enoeea, iaaeaia ?noi?eei-aioeeeeiiaaee/iei
aeaeaiiyi ssiii??, noino?oueny oaeiae ocaaaeueithth/eo i?aoeue
aeaaeai?/iiai oa?aeoa?o [2]. ?o ae??ciy? iine?aeiai?noue oa /?oea
no?oeoo?iaai?noue o aeeeaae? iaoa??aeo, aeeaiea ocaiaeaeai?noue oa
neo?ioeueicia ia?aa??ea eiaeiiai iaaaaeaiiai ?noi?e/iiai oaeoo /e
eiiaioa?y, i?inoa e aeinooiia iiaa. I?ioa iaoeiaa oe?ii?noue oaeeo
aeaeaiue iaeaea caaaeaee ? i?i?iaeueiith, ine?eueee ?oiy iniiaia
ooieoe?y iieyaa?,

_______________

1. I?oii ?ae?n? aeae aec?oai [Aaeeeee aeia?aeiee c ?noi??? ssiii??]: A
20 o.-Oie?i,1984-1986.-O.1-20; I?oii aeaeoyeea aecainuei [ssiiinueea
aaeeea aioeeeeiiaae?y]: A 26 o.-Oie?i,1995.-O.1-26; Oai?aoo? Aii, Oi??oa
Aec??i. I?oii n? aec?oai [ssiiinueeee ?noi?e/iee
neiaiee].-Oie?i,1975.-300 n.; Oaeayiaa? I?oeoo?na, Oaeaoo? ??aeci. I?oii
n? aec?oai [ssiiinueeee ?noi?e/iee neiaiee] .-Oie?i, 1982. -1407 n.;
N?inuei I?oii n?aeconaoeo [Iiaa aeieeaaeia ?noi??y ssiii?? a
?ethno?aoe?yo c eiiaioa?yie].-Oie?i, 1994. -232 n. /ana yiii. iiaith/;
Kodansha encyclopedia of Japan: In 9 v.-Tokyo, 1983.-V.1-9; Japan. An
Illustrated Encyclopedia.-Tokyo,1996.-1927 p.; Biographical dictionary
of Japanese history / Ed. by Seiichi Iwao.-Tokyo-New York ,1978 .-655 p.

2. I?oii oeon? [Caaaeueia ?noi??y ssiii??]: A 21 o.-Oie?i,1993-1995.-
O.1-9; Oieiaea Oaean?, ??ao?a Oa?ooaea, Eoaei Ianae?. I?oii-ii ?ae?n?
[?noi??y ssiii??]. -Toeio,1993.-208 n. /ana yiii. iiaith/; Oaie Ai?i.
Enoi?ey yiiineiai ia?iaea: Ia?. n yi. -Iineaa, 1957. -215 n.35

ianaiia?aae, o eiii?eyoeaiiio aeeeaae? caaaeueii aeciaiiai niaeo?o
ciaiue c o??? /e ?ioi? i?iaeaie, a ioaea o ieo aeeeaaeathoueny eeoa o?
eiioeaioe?? oa iiaeyaee, ye? aeciathoueny aaniethoiith a?eueo?noth
iaoeiaoe?a, a oea aeaeaei ia caaaeaee oioiaeia ?noei?.

Aiae?coth/e iiiia?ao?/i? i?aoe? yiiinueeeo o/aieo iaiao?aeii iae?aco
caoaaaeeoe, ui on? aiie eeoa o?aaiaioa?ii aai iaa?oue iia?aeii oi?eaeeny
ieoaiue iioiaeaeaiiy a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino? o
o?aaeeoe?ei?e ssiii??. Cie?aia, oaei? oa?aeoa?enoeee caneoaiaothoue
i?aoe? Aie? I?o?ei [1] oa I?oeoaan? Oaean? [2], i?enay/ai? aiae?co
?noi?ecio noa?iaeaai?o yiiinueeeo i?o?a, eieaa Oaia I?e?ni, a ye?e aaoi?
ni?iaoaaa iiaeaoe eiiieaeniee ia?en oi?ioaaiiy, aoai?a aaiethoe?? oa
aioo??oi?o neeaaeiaeo o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? oeea?e?caoe?? ye
oe?e?niiai nioe?aeueiiai i?aai?cio [3], a oaeiae aeiaie? nie?aeia ca
aeaea?aeueiei caaacia/aiiyi, aea ia aeoaea i?ea?iaeueia ca aeniiaeaie
iiiia?ao?y I?aecoii TH, i?aaeiaoii aeine?aeaeaiiy yei? aenooiaee ieoaiiy
ca?iaeaeaiiy, aioo??oiuei? no?oeoo?e ? i?aeia?iaeieo noinoie?a oa
cieeiaiiy iaeia?oeo ?aii?o yiiinueeeo aiaeae?anoa [4]. Ia iiaeia ia
caaaeaoe c oeueiai i?eaiaeo oaeiae eai?oaeueio i?aoeth Oaaee Ianae?, a
ye?e aaoi? iiaeaa iiaiee niaeo? eeane/ieo eiioeaioe?e uiaei ca?iaeaeaiiy
o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? noaiii ia e?iaoeue 1950-o ??.
[5].

Aeaui in?aii aei i?aoeue, ui aeio?eiothoueny eeane/ii? ?ioa?i?aoaoe??
o?aaeeoe?eiiai yiiinueeiai aea?aeaaioai?aiiy, noiyoue iiiia?ao??
a?aeiiiai yiiinueeiai a?oaieiaa Aaai? Iai?i, a yeeo a?i, nie?ath/enue ia
aeaye? ia?aeae? o iioiaaeueiiio ?eooae? ooiaoni-iaiue/aeo?nueeeo
ei/iaee?a Aaeeeiai ?a?ac?enueeiai Noaio oa /anoeie ?iceiiaieo iei
eo?aai?a ssiii??, ui aeaoothoueny ia?oeie noie?ooyie i. a., iaa?oiooaaa
naith i?ea?iaeueio eiioeaioe?th i?i eiioeiaioaeueii-iiiaaee/ia

______________

1. Aoki Michiko. Ancient Myths and Early History. A Cultural
Foundation.-New York, 1974.-261 p.

2.I?oeoaan? Oaean?. E?e? n?iaa oi ieai-ii iaoeo?? [I?oe noa?iaeaai?o
o?ii?e ? ?eooaee aeaaee iiia?oa] .-Oie?i, 1991.-555 n. /yiii. iiaith/.

3. Hane Mikiso. Premodern Japan: A historical Survey.-Boulder-San
Francisco-Oxford, 1991.-258 p.

4. I?aecoii TH. I?oii eiaeae eieea: Aa, Ia-eieo, Aecuei-eieo, Eoia-eieo
[Aeaai? “oea?noaa” ssiii??: Aa, e?a?ia Ia, “E?a?ia oea?eoe?”, e?a?ia
Eoia] .-Oie?i,1967.-179 n. /yiii. iiaith/.

5. Oaaea Ianae?. I?oii eiaeae eieea nae??oeo n?-ii eaieth [Iaeyae
?noi??? noai?aiiy aeaaiueiyiiinueei? aea?aeaae]. -Oie?i, 1959.-307 n.
/yiii. iiaith/.

iioiaeaeaiiy yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? [1]. Cae/aeii, iiai?io, yeee
i?iiiioaaa cae?enieoe Aaai? Iai?i o iiaeyaeao ia ca?iaeaeaiiy “aea?aeaae
ssiaoi”, aeyaeany caiaaeoi e?ooei, uia eiai oai??th i?eeiyee iae?aco.
Oei aaaii?oith aeaeyaea? aaoi?nueea ni?iaa ciaeoe a?aoiaioe ia ei?enoue
“oai??? aa?oiee?a” o ienaiieo aeaea?aeao [2].

I?aaeiaoi?oeie c iaeyaeo ia aeena?oaoe?eio i?iaeaiaoeeo aeaeyaeathoue
i?aoe? yiiinueeeo a/aieo, eiei iaoeiaeo ?ioa?an?a yeeo ioiieth? i?iaeaie
i?aaiai? a?enoie?aoe/ii? aea?aeaaiino?, ?noi??th naio?aenoaa oa aiioo
ai?iii-aeeeoaoi?nueeeo ?aaeei?a o o?aaeeoe?ei?e ssiii?? [3]. Aea
icia/ai? aaoi?e caeeoathoue aac a?aeiia?ae? ?yae eeth/iaeo ieoaiue
?noi??? o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino?, ine?eueee ?aeooue o
nai?o iaoeiaeo iiooeao ca aei?noeei oaaeiiii iaeaea eaiii?ciaaieo
yiii?noeeith aeiai i?i iayai?noue o aeieai?oae?noe/i?e ssiii??
oaiaeae?cio ye iaioth/iai eaaeo, a ioaea iaiaaathoueny iiynieoe oaiiiai
iioiaeaeaiiy a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino? aeoiaey/e c
?a?iiioeaio?enonueeeo aiaeia?e oa iiaoaeiaaieo ia oeueiio
nioe?i?noi?e/ieo noai. Inue /iio i?aoe? yiiinueeeo iaoeiaoe?a ? aein?
caeeoathoue aac aaeaeaaoiiai iiyniaiiy i?e/eie aeeao/ino? nenoaie
aaaaoiaeaaeaey a na?aaeiueia?/i?e ssiii??, e?aoo
eeoaenueei-eiioooe?ainueei? iiaeae? aea?aeaaioai?aiiy a /ane I?ciueiai
Oaeaio (O no.), oaeaeei? caaeaae? a?enueeiai-aeeeoaoi?nueeiai ?aaeeio
Oae?a ? a oie aea /an o?eaaeiai noaa?eueiiai ooieoe?iioaaiiy nenoaie
aaeooo ye ??ciiaeaeo oi? ae ai?iii? aeeeoaoo?e a /ane nueiaoiao?a,
iaeaea ia aeine?aeaeothoue iaoai?ci ca?iaeaeaiiy naio?aenoaa ?
naio?aenueeeo eeai?a, a oi ? acaaae? iaiaaathoueny aeiaanoe iayai?noue o
Noa?iaeaai?e ssiii?? ?aaiaeanieoeueei? oi?iaoe?? aioe/iiai oeio.

Cao?aeia ?noi??ia?ao?y oaae ia? na?aae nai?o caeiaooe?a ie?ai?
aioeeeeiiaaee/i? neiaieee

___________

1. Aaai? Iai?i. E?aa i?iaecieo eieea [Aea?aeaai?noue ia?iaeo
aa?oiee?a].-Oie?i, 1967. -271 n. /yiii.iiaith/; Egami Namio. The
Beginnings of Japanese Art: Transl. by J. Bester.- New York – Tokyo,
1973. – 128 p.

2. ?oaaeue B.A. ssiiinueea oeea?e?caoe?y: o?aaeeoe?eia noni?euenoai ?
aea?aeaai?noue.-E., 1997. – N.49.

3. E?oi E?eiae?. ??oeo?uei eieea oi iii?i [I?aaiaa aea?aeaaa ?
naeyinoai]. – Oie?i, 1979. – 128 n.; Oayeaaa Aec??i. Oueinaeonth
[Aea?ai? oai?e]: A 2 o.-Oie?i, 1978. – O. 1-2; A?ae?. Aecai-I?oii
eieoiai-i? oeoao [?ieue yiiinueeiai aecai-aoaeaeecio o cao?ooaaii?
iaoe??]. – Oie?i, 1933. – 164 n.; Iaaaioia Eaieae. Io?iiao? aec?aeae n?
[?noi??y aiioe Io?iiao?].- Oie?i, 1934. – 351 n. /ana yiii. iiaith/.

aocueei niaoe?ae?ciaai? ia i?iaeaiao yiiiiciaanoaa [1]. I?ioa ca
ianyaii, ?ioi?iaoeai?noth oa aeaea?aeueiei caaacia/aiiyi aiie ye?nii
iinooiathoueny aiaeia?/iei yiiinueeei aeaeaiiyi, ui ?iaeoue aeiaie?
iaiaaeaieie iiaeeeaino? ?oiueiai aeei?enoaiiy o iaoeia?e ?iaio?. Cian?i
?ioi? ioe?iee caneoaiaothoue aiaeiiiai? oai?e c ?noi??? eeane/ii?
ssiii?? ocaaaeueithth/iai oa?aeoa?o [2]. Aiie i?noyoue iaoe?io
?ioi?iaoe?th i?i aeieeiaiiy oa ?icaeoie o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei?
aea?aeaaiino?, aeaoaeueii oa?aeoa?ecothoue o?ae iie?oe/ii?,
noni?eueii-aeiiii?/ii?, i?e?iaeii-ainiiaea?nueei?, ai?iii-eeaiiai? oa
aoii-eoeueoo?ii? aaiethoe?? “E?a?ie A?ai?oiueiai Niioey”, iiaeathoue
oe?eaa? aeai? uiaei ?ie? aeaeaoieo iniaenoinoae a ?noi??? ssiii??,
a?oioothoueny ia nie?aei?e aeaea?aeuei?e aac?.

Oa?aeoa?ecoth/e i?iaeaiii-iaoeia? iiiia?ao?/i? i?aoe? c ieoaiue
iioiaeaeaiiy a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino? o o?aaeeoe?ei?e
ssiii??, aa?oi iae?aco cacia/eoe, ui aiaeae iaeiiai oe?e?niiai e
eiiieaeniiai aeine?aeaeaiiy aeaii? i?iaeaie na?aae ?ia?o cao?aeieo
aaoi??a aeiaeoe ia aaeaeiny, a yeui a?aooaaoe, ui oae? i?aoe? ia
caaaeothoueny iaa?oue a aioeeeeiiaaee/ii ?ioi?iaoeaiiio
?noi??ia?ao?/iiio iaeyae?, ai?uaiiio aei “Eaia??aeaenueei? ?noi???
ssiii??”, iiaeia c aenieith nooi?iith aiaaiaiino? noaa?aeaeoaaoe, ui ?o
ia ?nio? acaaae?. Aaaeeeao ?ioi?iaoe?th i?i noni?eueii-eoeueoo?ia oa
iaoa??aeueia aeeooy o o?aaeeoe?ei?e ssiii?? iiaeathoue o nai?o
?iaioao N.Aeae. Aeaii ? E. O?aaea??e [3]. Ae?ae oe?iiei oa aaaeeeaei
aeey aena?oeaiiy oaiiiaio ca?iaeaeaiiy naio?aenueeeo eeai?a ? iaoa??ae
uiaei ae?yeueiino? noaio auein? (ai?i?ciaaii-i?ea?eaeiaaiiai naeyinoaa),
iiaeaiee A. Ii?iaiii [4]. Iaaii? oaaae, c iaeyaeo ia oaiaoeeo
aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaiiy, caneoaiaothoue i?aoe?, ni?yiiaai? ia
anaa?/ia inieneaiiy naio?aenoaa oa eiai ?ie? a iie?oe/i?e, nioe?aeueii-

______________

1. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Japan/ Ed. by R. Bowring and P.
Kornicki.-Cambridge,1993.-400 p.; Goedertier J.M. A dictionary of
Japanese History.- New York-Tokyo, 1968. -416 p.; Roberts L.P. A
dictionary of Japanese Artists.-Tokyo-New York, 1980. -300 p.; Grossberg
K.A. A dictionary Japan’s renaissance. The Politics of the Muromachi
Bacufu. -Cambridge-London, 1981. -208 p.; Perkins D. Encyclopedia of
Japan: Japanese history and culture, from abacus to zori.-New
York-Oxford, 1991.-410 ?.

2. The Cambridge History of Japan: In 6 v.- Cambridge, 1990-1993. –
V.1-3; Sansom G. A History of Japan: In 3 v.-Tokyo, 1981.-V.1-2;
Reischauer E.O. Japan: The Story of a Nation.-New
York-London-Tokyo,1990.-401 p.; Meyer M.W. Japan: a concise
history.-Lanham, 1993.-331p.; Tasker P. The Japanese: Portrait of a
nation.-New York, 1987. -312 p.

3. Dunn C.J. Everyday Life in Traditional Japan.-Tokyo, 1982.-198 p.;
Freder?n L. Daily Life in Japan at the time of the samurai, 1185-1603.
-London-New York-Rutland-Tokyo, -1972.-256 p.

4. Ii?iai A. Aicieeiiaaiea nia?aiaiiiai ainoaea?noaa a ssiiiee. Nieaeao
e e?anoueyiei a ssiiiee: Ia?. n aiae.- Iineaa, 1961. – 296 n.

aeiiii?/i?e oa eoeueoo?i?e ?noi??? ssiii?? [1]. Caa??aa? naith
iaoeiao oe?ii?noue iiiia?ao?y Aeae.E. Ouei?noa, i?enay/aia oaiiiaio
aen-?iia?aoi?nueeiai oi?aae?iiy a ssiii?? [2]. Iaeiae on? caaaeai?
aaoi?e aacothoueny ia ?a?iiioeaio?enonuee?e eiioeaiooaeueii-oai?aoe/i?e
aac?, a oiio eeoa eiinoaoothoue, i?ioa caeeoathoue iica oaaaith i?e/eie
iiyae naio?aenueeeo aeeeoaoo?, iienothoue, aea ia aiae?cothoue nooi?noue
?ina?anueei? nenoaie i?aae?iiy, a oaeiae ?aii?othoue oaiiiai ??oeo?uei
eieea i?e aeine?aeaeaii? na?aaeiueia?/ii? aea?aeaaii-iie?oe/ii?
aaiethoe?? “E?a?ie A?ai?oiueiai Niioey” X?-O?O no.

Iaai? caeiaooee a aeine?aeaeaii? oaie ia? ?in?enueea yiii?noeea, i?e/iio
ye aei?aaiethoe?eii?, oae ? ?aaeyinueei? oa iino?aaeyinueei? aeiae.
Ia?oei ?in?enueeei yiii?noii, yeee ni?iaoaaa iine?aeiaii aeeeanoe ia
iaia?? iiaio ?noi??th yiiinueei? oeea?e?caoe??, aoa A.A. I?eiea?a[3] ,
eieaa yeiai ? aein? a?aaea? e?euee?noth ii?aoeueiaaiiai iaoa??aeo oa
??oioiai?noth aeniiae?a. sse ia?aeiieeaee iiceoea?no, A.A. I?eiea?a
aeeaiei caio?eany a aiae?c eeaiiai? nenoaie o?aaeeoe?eiiai yiiinueeiai
noni?euenoaa, ni?iaoaaa iae?aneeoe ia??iaeecaoe?th ?noi??? ino??aii?
oeea?e?caoe??, ?? aea?aeaaii-iie?oe/ieo ? nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/ieo
?inoeooo?a. A ?aaeyinuee? /ane i?iaeiaaeeoe iiceoea?nonuee? o?aaeeoe?? a
yiii?noeoe? ni?iaoaaa I.?. Eii?aae, i?ioa i?ney oa’yciaiiy, oaea c c
e?ioey 1930-o ??. ? aei naii? nia?o? (1970) a?i iienoaaa iaaeae?
yiiinueeo ?noi??th o?eueee o iaaeao eaiii?ciaaii? i’yoe/eaiee,
aeiaiaey/e iayai?noue ia eeoa oaiaeaeueiiai, aea e iaa?oue
?aaiaeanieoeueeiai eaaeo o o?aaeeoe?ei?e ssiii?? [4].

Ao?o/aiiy aeaaee aei?iai eioooaaei ?in?enuee?e yiii?noeoe?: ca o?e
ianooiieo aeanyoee?ooy ?noi??th ino??aiiai aeaeaeino?aeiiai non?aea
iienoaaee aeoaea ei?ioei, noenei ? ana a?eueoa c iiceoe?e

______________

1. Mass J.P. The development of Kamakura rule (1180-1250).-Stanford,
1979.-312 p.; Mass J.P. Warrior goverment in early medieval Japan: a
study of the Kamakura bacufu, shugo and jito.-New Haven-London, 1974.
-257 p.; The bacufu in Japanese history/ Ed. by J.P. Mass and W.B.
Hauser.-Stanfoad, 1985. -264 p.; Turnbull S.R. The book of the samurai:
the warrior class of Japan.-New York – London, 1982.- 192 p.; Varley
H.P. Imperial Restoration in Medieval Japan.-New York-London, 1971. -222
p.; Storry R. The way of the samurai.- New York, 1981 .-128 ?.

2. Hurst G.C. Insei: abdicated sovereigns in the politics of Late Heian
Japan, 1086-1185.-New York-London.,1976.-337 p.

3. Ieeieaaa A.A. I/a?ee ii enoi?ee ssiiineaai ia?iaea. –
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a, 1905. – 198 n.

4.Eii?aae I.E. Eca?aiiua o?oaeu. Enoi?ey. -Iineaa, 1974. -427 n.

eeaniai? ai?ioueae [1]. Eeoa c iiyaith ooiaeaiaioaeueieo i?aoeue I.B.
Ai?iaeiaa [2] ?in?enueea yiii?noeea ii/aea nai? iaoeiaa a?ae?iaeaeaiiy.
Oei a?eueoa, ui iaoeiaa ieaiea, yeo aenoaaea I.A. Ai?iaeia oaea a
ia?oeo nai?o ?iaioao, aeyaeeany iaaecae/aeii aenieith. Eiai iiiia?ao??
i?noyoue iaoe?io ?ioi?iaoe?th i?i aea?aeaaii-iie?oe/io, aoii-eoeueoo?io,
noni?eueii-eeaiiao oa nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/io aaiethoe?th eeane/ii?
ssiii??. I?ioa iaiao?aeii a?aoiaoaaoe, ui aa?oiueith iaaeath nai?o
iaoeiaeo iiooe?a I.A. Ai?iaeia ia?aa OO no., a ioaea eiai aeniiaee i?i
e?ao nenoaie ??oeo?uei eieea i?ney caiaiaaeo ?aaeeio ?aaaio?a-eaioeea??a
Ooaec?aa?a a O no. aeaeyaeathoue uiiaeiaioa ia a?aoiaioiaaieie, ai
a?oioothoueny ia ia naiino?eiiio iaoeiaiio aiae?c?, a ia iae?eoe/ii
ni?eeiyoeo oaiiaiei i?ioani?ii ?aeayo a?eueoino? eiai eieaa.

Iaaio oaaao aea?aeaaioai?i?e aaiethoe?? ssiii?? i?eae?eeea o nai?e
i?aoe? c eeane/ii? yiiinueei? ?noi??? ?.E. Neiiiiaa-Aoaecaiei [3], /iai
ia iiaeia neacaoe i?i ia?oo ni?iao noai?aiiy ?in?enueeiiiaiiai
i?ae?o/ieea c ?noi??? ssiii?? [4], ine?eueee o iueiio iniiaia oaaaa aoea
i?eae?eaia i?iaeaiai nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/ii? oa eoeueoo?ii? aaiethoe??
i?e iaeaea iiaiiio ?aii?oaaii? iie?oeei-eeaiiai? oa ai?iii-aea?aeaaii?
neeaaeiai? o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? ?noi???.

Ie?ai? aniaeoe aeena?oaoe?eii? i?iaeaiaoeee ?ic?iaeyeeny o i?aoeyo
TH.Ae. Ieoaeeiai?,

___________

1. Oayia O. ssiiiey.-Iineaa – Eaieia?aae, 1936. – 172 n.; AEoeia A.
Enoi?ey ssiiiee. E?aoeee i/a?e. -Iineaa, 1939. – 220 n.; Yeaeon X.O.
Enoi?ey ssiiiee n ae?aaiaeoeo a?aiai aei iaoeo aeiae. E?aoeee
i/a?e.-Iineaa, 1968. – 223 n.

2. Ai?iaueaa I.A. Ae?aaiyy ssiiiey (enoi?eei-a?oaieiae/aneee i/a?e).
-Iineaa, 1958. – 119 n.; Ai?iaueaa I.A. ssiiiey a O-OI aa. Yoiin,
iauanoai, eoeueoo?a e ie?oaeathuee ie?. – Iineaa ,1980. -344 n.;
Ai?iaueaa I.A. ssiiineee eiaeaen “Oaeoi ??i ??” (OO a.) e i?aai ?aiiaai
n?aaeiaaaeiauey.-Iineaa, 1990. -384 n.

3. Neiiiiaa-Aoaecaiei A.E. Enoi?ey ae?aaiae e n?aaeiaaaeiaie ssiiiee. –
Iineaa, 1989. – 94 n.

4. Eociaoeia TH.Ae., Iaaeeoeeay A.A., Nu?eoeui E.I. Enoi?ey ssiiiee.
– Iineaa, 1988. – 432 n.

O.A. N?ea-Iiaeoeueei?, A.A. Nae?eaeiaa, A.A. Oienoiaociaa, A.A.
I?iii?eiaa, ?.Ae. Eaaeaiiaa [1]. Oe?eaaee aiae?c aoii-iie?oe/ieo
i?ioean?a ia ino?iaao ssiii?? /an?a ca?iaeaeaiiy i?noeaai? oeea?e?caoe??
i?noeoueny o ?iaioao I.A. Eaa?ia, ?.N. Aaneeue?anueeiai, I.A.
Iaanueeiai, *.I. Oaenai? e A.Ae. Eina?aaa [2]. I?iaeaiaie
?ae?a?eii-?aeaieia?/ii? aaiethoe?? o?aaeeoe?eii? ssiii?? ie?aeii
caeiathoueny A. Naaoeia oa A.I. ?aiaoiae/, A. ?. Ei?iaa, A.I. Iaua?yeia
[3]. ? na?aae i?aoeue ?in?enueeeo iaoeiaoe?a ? ?iaioe, i?enay/ai?
naio?aenoao [4]. Iaeiae o nai?o aeniiaeao icia/ai? iaoeiaoe?,
ia?aaaaeii, iaiaaeothoueny eiinoaoaoe??th oaea aeciaieo ?noei,
a?aeaeathoue iaeaaeia aeiiii?/iiio aeaoa?i?i?cio ia?enenonueeiai
iai?yio, iaei oaaae i?eae?eythoue ?noi??? naio?aenueeeo eeai?a, a oiio
oe?eeii eia?/ii i?iaeiaaeothoue ?icaeyaeaoe i?ioean yiiinueeiai
aea?aeaaioai?aiiy c ?a?iiioeaio?enonueeeo iiceoe?e, iai?eaeaoieo aeey
iiaioaaiiy eeane/iiai no?aeiiai iaoa??aeo.

Aaaaoiieaiia?noue i?iaeaiaoeee aeine?aeaeaiiy coiiaeea iio?aao a
caeo/aii? aei ?iaioe iaae aeena?oaoe?eiith oaiith ??ciioeiiiai eiiieaeno
aeaea?aeueieo iaoa??ae?a, yeee neeaaeathoue:

____________

1. Ieoaeeiaa TH.Ae. Iioii?e Ii?eiaaa: aeeciue e oai?/anoai (ec enoi?ee
iauanoaaiiie iunee ssiiiee OOO a.).-Mineaa, 1988.-187 c.; Neea-Iiaeoeeay
O.A. Eoeueo eiia?aoi?a a ssiiiee: ieou, enoi?ey, aeieo?eiu, iieeoeea.
-Iineaa, 1990.-206 n.; Nae?eaeia A.A. ssiiineay n?aaeiaaaeiaay i?ica
nyoeoaa (no?oeoo?a e ia?ac). -Iineaa, 1981 .-232 n.; Oienoiaocia A.A.
I/a?ee enoi?ee ssiiiee OI-O?O aa. Noaiiaeaiea oaiaeaeecia.-Iineaa, 1995.
-CCC n.; I?iiieeia A.A., Eaaeaiia E.Ae. ssiiioeu. Yoiia?aoe/aneea
i/a?ee.-Iineaa, 1983.-270 n.

2. Eaaei I.A. Yoie/aneay aio?iiieiaey ssiiiee. – Iineaa, 1971 –
235 n.; Aaneeueaaneee ?.N. Ii neaaeai ae?aaieo eoeueoo? Oieeaeaei.
– Iiaineae?ne, 1981. – 174 n.; Iaaneee I.A. Aeineee oieueeei?. -Iineaa,
1972. – 175 n.; Oaenaie *.I., Eina?aa A.Ae. Eoi au, aeiu? I/a?e enoi?ee
e eoeueoo?u.-Iineaa, 1990. – 320 n.

3. Naaoeia A.A. Iooue aiaia.- Iineaa, 1985. – 240 n.; Naaoeia A. (A.A.
Eiia?ianeee). Eieuaaeue yiiineie oeeaeeecaoeee: Ia?a. Enoi?ey, ?aeeaey,
eoeueoo?a. – Iineaa, 1994. -271 n.; Eaiaoiae/ A.I., Naaoeia A.A. Eioin e
iieeoeea: iaiaoaeaeeeneea aeaeaeaiey a iauanoaaiiie aeecie
ssiiiee.-Iineaa, 1989. – 286 n.; Ei?iaa A.E. Aoaeaeeci e aai ?ieue a
iauanoaaiiie aeecie no?ai Acee .- Iineaa, 1983. – 248 n.; Iaua?yeia A.I.
Ae?aaiyy ssiiiey: aoaeaeeci e neioieci. I?iaeaia neie?aoecia.-Iineaa,
1987. – 226 n.; Iaua?yeia A.I. Ae?aaiyy ssiiiey: eoeueoo?a e oaeno. –
Iineaa, 1991. – 224 n.

4. Niaaaeianeee A.A. Naio?ae – aiaiiia nineiaea ssiiiee. – Iineaa, 1981.
– 169 n.; Eneaiaea?ia A.A. Oi?oiie Oeaey?ne. – Iineaa, 1984. -447 n.;
Aeieei A.A., Iiiia A.A. Eyiii – o?aaeeoeey aieineeo eneonnoa.-Iineaa,
1991. -416 n.

1. Io?oe?ei? na?aaeiueia?/i? yiiinuee? e?oiiene [1], ui aeicaieythoue
aeaoaeueii ?aeiino?othaaoe io?oe?eio i?oieiai-iie?oe/io aeieo?eio, ia
ye?e a?oiooaaeiny o?aaeeoe?eia aea?aeaaioai?aiiy ssiii??, i?noyoue
iaoe?io ?ioi?iaoe?th i?i oi?ioaaiiy oa iioi/io aaiethoe?th ??
eeaiiai-iie?oe/ii? nenoaie, iienothoue eiie?aoiee o?ae aea?aeaaii?,
?ae?a?eii-?aeaieia?/ii?, ai?iii?, eoeueoo?ii-ainiiaea?nueei?,
eeaiiai-noaiiai?, aoii-aeaiia?ao?/ii? oa ciai?oiueiiie?oe/ii? ?noi???
ssiii?? a?ae “a?e aia?a” aei 887 ?.

2. Eeaiiai-aaiaaeia?/i? nienee [2], ye? yaeythoue niaith oe?iiee
iaoa??ae noiniaii aioo??oiuei? no?oeoo?e oa i?eioeei?a oi?ioaaiiy
i?aai?a aeaaee a ssiii?? aeinaio?aenueei? aeiae.

3. Na?aaeiueia?/i? oaenoe ?ae?a?eii-eoeueoiaiai oa?aeoa?o [3], ui
i?noyoue ?ioi?iaoe?th noiniaii a??oaaiue ? ?eooae?a yiiioe?a, a oaeiae
aena?oeththoue ieoaiiy aoii-iie?oe/ii? oa nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/ii?
?noi???, ia?aa?a i?eaeai?ii? ai?ioueae ca aeaaeo, aeaoaeueii iienothoue
nae?aeueii-aeaaei? iiaiiaaaeaiiy ?iia?aoi?nueeiai ?iaeo, i?aeeiioan?ei?
noinoiee, a?aeiineie i?ae aea?aeaaith oa iniiaieie oea?eiaii-eoeueoiaeie
i?aai?caoe?yie o?aaeeoe?eii? ssiii??.

_________

1. Eiaec?e?. Ii??oi [Caiene i?i ni?aae aeaaieie. Iieeoiai? oaenoe]. –
Oie?i, 1994. – 463 n.; I?oii nueie? [Caienai? aiiaee ssiii??]: A 2 o. –
Oie?i, 1996. – O. 1 – 2; Nueieo I?oiia? [I?iaeiaaeaiiy Aiiae?a ssiii??]:
A 4 o. – Oie?i, 1995 – 1996. – O. 1 – 4; I?oii eie? [I?ci? aiiaee
ssiii??]. – Oie?i, 1982. – 621 n.; Nueieo I?oii eie? [I?iaeiaaeaiiy
I?ci?o aiiae?a ssiii??] .-Oie?i, 1980. – 487 n.; I?oii Iiioieo-oaiii
aec?oeo?ieo [I?aaaeea? caiene i?i ?iia?aoi?a ssiii?? Iiioieo] .-Oie?i,
1979. -422 n.; I?oii naiaeae aec?oeo?ieo [I?aaaeea? caiene i?i o?ueio
aaeeeeo (yiiinueeeo ?iia?aoi??a)]. -Oie?i, 1978. -381 n. /ana yiii.
iiaith/.

2. Naae? A??e?ei. N?inai nueiaec??ieo-ii eaieth [Iaoeiaee aiae?c “Caiiai
noai?aieo aaiaaeia?/ieo eeaiiaeo niene?a”]: A 2 o. – Oie?i, 1962. – O.
1 – 2 /yiii. iiaith/; Kogoshui. Cleanings from Ancient Stories.
Transl. by Genchi Kato and Hiroshiro Hoshino. – Tokoo, 1926. – 23l p.

3.Ii?eoi. Nyii?: Ia?. ni noa?iyi. E.I. A?iaeiaie. -Iineaa, 1991.- 299
n.; Ieoii ??:eee – ssiiineea eaaaiaeu i /oaeanao: Naeoee 1-e, 2-e e 3-e/
Ia?., i?aaeene. e eiiiaio. A.I. Iaua?yeiaa.-Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a, 1995. – 256
n.; Caiene ia iniiaaiee iiianou?y Aaiaiaece e i nie?iaeuao aio
i?eiaaeeaaeaueo // Iaua?yeia A.I. Aoaeaeeci a ssiiiee. -Iineaa, 1993. –
N. 415 – 426; Caiene e o?iieee iiianou?y Eiynai: Ia?. n yi. A.E.
Iiaeiaeiaa // O?anoiiaoey ii enoi?ee n?aaeieo aaeia: A 3 o./ Iiae ?aae.
N.Ae. Neaceeia – Iineaa, 1963. – O. 2. O – OO aaea. – N. 149 – 150.

4. TH?eaee/i? iai’yoee (oeace, ca??ee caeii?a oiui) [1], eio??
aeicaieythoue aeaoaeueii aea/eoe no?oeoo?o oeaio?aeueiiai e i?noeaaiai
aia?ao?a aeaaee, aeyaeoe iniiai? ia?aiao?e nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/iiai oa
ii?aeueii-ineoieia?/iiai noaio yiiinueeiai noni?euenoaa a oiiaao
eeaiiai? “i?aaiai? aea?aeaae”, i?eioeeie a?enueeiaiai aoae?aieoeoaa oa
??aaiue ?icaeoeo aea?aeaaii-th?eaee/ii? aeoiee eeane/ii? ssiii??.

5. Na?aaeiueia?/i? yiiinuee? aoiia?ao?/ii-aaia?ao?/i? o?aeoaoe [2] –
aaaeeeaee eiiieaen na?aeioeoa i?i aoii-iie?oe/ia, eoeueoo?ia oa
noni?eueii-ainiiaea?nueea aeeooy na?aaeiueia?/ii? yiiinueei? i?ia?ioe??.

6.Oai?e na?aaeiueia?/ii? yiiinueei? e?oa?aoo?e (ca??ee a??o?a [3], oai?e
eeane/ii? yiiinueei? ae?aiaoo?a?? [4], “?noi?e/i?” [5] oa “ai?ii?”
iia?co? [6], oai?e aeai?o iiiiaaoa?? [7]

__________________

1. Iiiia E.A. Caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou n?aaeiaaaeiaie ssiiiee. Ia?. n yi.
Anooi. no. Eiiiaio. -Iineaa, 1984. -108 n.; Naiae caeiiia
“Oaeoi??”.702-718.: A 2 o./ Anooi. no., ia?. e eiiiaio. E.A. Iiiiaa.
-Iineaa, 1985.-O.1-2; Naiae caeiiia “Oaeoi ?eoeo??”. 702-718 aa. ?eoeo
(Oaieiaiue eiaeaen) / Anooi. no., ia?., eiii. e neiaa?ue E.A.
Iiiiaa.-Iineaa, 1989. – 112 n.; Eiaeaen aiaeia Eyiio: Ia?. n yi. A.E.
Iiaeiaeiaa // O?anoiiaoey ii enoi?ee n?aaeieo aaeia: A 3 o. / Iiae ?aae.
N.Ae. Neaceeia. -Iineaa, 1963. – O.2. O -OO aaea. – N. 143-149.

2. Ooaeie? [Caiene i?i cae/a? oa caie?].-Oie?i,1996.-532 n. /yiii.
iiaith/.

3. Iai’einth [Ca??ea aeanyoe oeny/ a??o?a]: A 2 o.-Oie?i, 1982.-O.1-2;
Eie?i aaeanth [Ca??ea noa?eo ? iiaeo yiiinueeeo i?naiue].-Oie?i, 1996.-
527 n.; N?i eie?i aaeanth [Iiaa ca??ea noa?eo ? iiaeo yiiinueeeo
i?naiue].-Oie?i, 1995.-696 n. /ana yiii. iiaith/.

4. Ii/iay ianiy iiaiiueea ?naeo ec Oaiaa: ssiiineay eeanne/aneay ae?aia
O?O-OO e OO??? aa.: Ia?. ni noa?iyi. -Iineaa, 1989. – 495 n.

5. A Tale of Flowering Fortunes. Annals of Japanese Aristocratic Life in
the Heian Period. Transl. by W.H. and. H.G. McGullough.-Stanford, 1980.-
910 p.; 0kagami. The great mirror: Fujiwara Michinaga (966-1027) and
his times. Transl. by H.G. McGullough.-Princeton-Tokyo ,1980.-381 ?.

6. Iiaanoue i aeiia Oae?a: Yiin (OO a.): Ia?. ni noa?iyi. E. Eueaiaie.
– Iineaa, 1982. – 703 n.; Neacaiea i ?neoeoiy: ?iiai/ Ia?. ni noa?iyi.
A. No?oaaoeeiai.-Iineaa ,1984.-287 n.; Tha Taiheiki: A Chronicle of
Medieval Japan. Transl. by H.G. McGullough.-New York-London,1959.-401 p.

7. Eny-iiiiaaoa?e: Ia?. n yi. I.E. Eii?aaea. – Iineaa, 1979. – 288 n.;
ssiaoi-iiiiaaoa?e: Ia?. n yi. E.I. A?iaeiaie. – Iineaa, 1982. – 231
n.; Iiaanoue i noa?eea Oaeyoi?e: Ia?. n yi. A. Ia?eiaie. –
Iineaa, 1976. -18C n.; Io?anaee Neeeao. Iiaanoue i Ayiaece
(Ayiaece-iiiiaaoa?e): A 5 ei./ Ia?. n yi. O.Ae.
Nieieiaie-Aeaethneiie.-Iineaa, 1991-1993. – Ei.1-5.

e aecoeo?oeo [1], ye? iiaeia ioa?aeoa?ecoaaoe ye iaeaea iaae/a?iia
aeaea?aei aeaieo i?i iie?oe/ia e ainiiaea?nueea aeeooy ae?oe e
i?inoiethaeei?a oiai/anii? ssiii??.

7. I?aoe? na?aaeiueia?/ieo yiiinueeeo ?noi?ee?a [2] – aaaeeeaa aeaea?aei
?ioi?iaoe?? noiniaii eiie?aoii? noni?eueii-iie?oe/ii? oa
aea?aeaaii-eeaiiai? ?noi???, iie?oeei-?aeaieia?/ieo oai??e, ia ye?
nie?aeeny aea?aeaaioai?oe? o?aaeeoe?eii? ssiii??, oa?aeoa?o e ??aiy
?icaeoeo ?? ?noi?e/ii? na?aeiiino?, iniaeeainoae nioe?aeueii? no?oeoo?e
oa iaioaeueiino? ianaeaiiy, niaoeeo?ee ai?iii? aeieo?eie oa
ainiiaea?nueei-aeiiii?/ii? aaiethoe?? a?ae /an?a ca?iaeaeaiiy ino??aii?
oeea?e?caoe?? aei iiiaioo noai?aiiy a ssiii?? nenoaie iiaiie?iaii?
a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino?.

8. Na?ae/aiiy i?i ssiii?th oiai/anieo ?iicaiieo aaoi??a.

Eiioeaiooaeueii-oai?aoe/iith aacith aeena?oaoe?eiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy noaa
iinooeao i?i no?aeiee oei o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino?, ui
a?aeeeaea? iiaeeea?noue ona?aeiieaiiy ?? ?noi??? /a?ac i?ecio
?a?iiioeaio?enonueeeo ?noi??inionueeeo noai. A?i ia?aaeaa/a?, ui
?icaeoie noa?iaeaaiuei? oa na?aaeiueia?/ii? ssiii?? a?aeaoaaany ia a
iaaeao ?aaiaeanieoeueei? (aioe/ii?) oa oaiaeaeueii? oi?iaoe?e, a a
?aieao aeaeaeino?aeii? iie?oeea?e?caoe?eii? ni?eueiioe, eeane/ia ?noi??y
yei? i?aeiaaea? i?ae eii?aeeiaoe no?aeiiai oeyoo nioe?aeueii?
aaiethoe??, i?ae eio?ei ?icoi?thoueny noni?euenoaa, eaaeiai-aaciaeie
iniiaaie yeeo aenooiaee: aaniethoiee i?eiao eieaeoeaieo, iaueiieo,
eeaiiaeo, aea?aeaaieo ?ioa?an?a iaae ?iaeea?aeoaeueieie, cia/ia (?iiae?
iaa?oue oioaeueia) iaea?aeaaeaiiy aeiiii?/iiai aeeooy oa aeaniioe/iee
oei aeaaee, aeaea?aeii o?iainoaaiiy yei? neoaeeee ia iiaeaoee, a ?aioa
aea?aeaa? ye oioaeueiiio aeanieeo (ni?aaeanieeo) an?o cania?a
ae?iaieoeoaa e?a?ie. I?aai?/iith neeaaeiaith aaoi?nueeiai ?icoi?iiy
?noi?e/iiai i?ioeano ? oaeiae i?eioeeiiai iiaa ona?aeiieaiiy nooiino?
na?aaeiueia?//y ye aiioe aeiaaeueiiai iie?oe/iiai, eoeueoo?iiai,
aeiiii?/iiai e oaoiieia?/iiai i?aaiethaaiiy aea?aeaaii-eieaeoea?nonueei?
no?aeii? iiaeae? noni?eueii? aaiethoe?? iaae ?iaeea?aeoae?noe/iith
cao?aeiith.

??ciioeii?noue aeaea?aeueii? aace ni?e/eieea iio?aao o aeei?enoaii?
??ciiiai?oieo iaoiae?a ?iaioe c ?noi?e/ieie aeieoiaioaie, i?ioa
a?aoiaoth/e aenieee ??aaiue ?nioth/i? aeaea?aeiciaa/i?

_________

1. Oina i?ee?. Eaaa?i i?ee?. Io?anae? i?ee?. Na?an?ia i?ee? [Uiaeaiiee
iiaei?iae? c Oina. Uiaeaiiee Eaaa?i. Uiaeaiiee Io?anae? N?e?ao.
Uiaeaiiee Na?an?ia].-Oie?i, 1996.-582 n. /yiii. iiaith/; Nye-N?iaaii.
Caienee o ecaieiauey; Eaii-ii O?iye. Caienee ec eaeuee; Eyiei-oine.
Caienee io neoee. Eeanne/aneay yiiineay i?ica O? – O?O aaeia: Ia?. ni
noa?iyi.-Iineaa, 1988. – 479 n.

2. E?oaaaoaea O?eaoona. Aec?ii nueioie? [Caienee i?i i?aaeeueia
iane?aeoaaiiy aiaeanoaaiieo ?iia?aoi??a]. – Oie?i, 1969. – 542 n.;
Aec?ai. Aoeainuei [Caienee aeo?iy].-Oie?i, 1967. – 547 n./ana yiii.
iiaith/.

iaoiaeieia?? aaoi? iaaeaa i??i?eoao o?aaeeoe?eiei iaoiaeai ?noi?e/iiai
aeine?aeaeaiiy:

– e?eoe/iiio oa ii??aiyeueiiio iaoiaeai ?iaioe c oaenoaie;

– i?iaeaiii-o?iiieia?/iiio iaoiaeo aiae?co ?noi?e/ieo oaeo?a;

– eiiieaeniiio iaoiaeo i?aoe? c aeaea?aeaie ??cieo eean?a;

– iaoiaeo nenoaiiiai aiae?co, ui aeei?enoiaoaaany aeey ?aeiino?oeoe??
oeo neeaaeiaeo nioe?aeueiiai ieioeiai, ye? ia ciaeoee i?yiiai
aaciina?aaeiueiai a?aeaeca?eaeaiiy o iayaieo aeaea?aeao.

O ae?oaiio ?icae?e? “Aeieeiaiiy aea?aeaaiino? a ssiii??” aiae?co?oueny
i?ioean ca?iaeaeaiiy ? cae?enith?oueny nioe?i?noi?e/ia ?aeaioeo?eaoe?y
?aiiueiyiiinueeeo aiaeae?anoa, aeine?aeaeo?oueny oaiiiai ooai?aiiy oa
noni?eueii-iie?oe/ii? aaiethoe?? eeaiiai? aea?aeaae ssiaoi, aeieeiaiiy
nenoaie aeaiaeaaeaey oa ?aoi?ie Nueioieo Oaen? o ieiuei? ii/aoe?a
oioaeueii? eeoa?caoe?? o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino?.

Iioiaeaeaiiy o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? iia’ycaia c
iiyaith o ae?oa?e iieiaei? ? oen. aei i.a. ia ino?iaao “ethaeae
yiaoi” (aaaec?i) – i?yieo aoi?/ieo i?auo??a no/aniiai yiiinueeiai
aoiino, e?iaai-aio?iiieia?/iee oei yeeo noaa aeii?ioth/ei i?e noai?aii?
ianooiieie noie?ooyie no?ieaoi? ca iioiaeaeaiiyi, i?ioa iaaecae/aeii
iiiie?oii? ia o?i?oo aoiiaaiaco yiiinueei? ia?iaeiino?. Nooo?aee aianie
o oeae i?ioean c?iaeee oaeiae ?io? aai?eaaii? ia?iaee a?o?iaeaao (aeie,
?aecoii, oayoi/eoiani, aia oiui). Ia /an i?eoiaeo aaaec?i oe?
??ciioa?no? aoiine aaea ae?iaeee o nai?o no?oeoo?ao ca?iaeee
i?ioiaea?aeaaieo ?inoeooo?a ? no?aoeo?eiaaiiai noni?euenoaa, noai?eee
aaaaoiaaeocaao aeiiii?eo c aeii?ioaaiiyi a?aeoai?thth/eo, a ia
i?eaeanithth/eo oei?a ainiiaea?thaaiiy, canaeeee oa inai?ee aaniethoio
a?eueo?noue ino??aieo oa?ai?a, i?ioa oae ? ia anoeaee noi?ioaaoe
?icaeiaio aea?aeaai?noue, ia ciaee ienaiiino? e i?iiai ??eueieoeoaa, ia
ai?ee ia?iaeyoe iaoaee. ?iaeoa eaaeo/e, oi/a iaai? e?iee aei
oeea?e?caoe?? ye niaoeeo?/iiai aoaio ethaenueeiai ?nioaaiiy, i?eioeeiiai
a?aei?iiiai a?ae ia?a?niino?, aoee ieie c?iaeai?, i?ioa naia aiia aei
i?eoiaeo a ssiii?th yiaoi aeaoaeiaaia ia aoea. Ioaea ca?iaeaeaiiy
o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? iiaeia oiiaii aeaooaaoe e?ioeai ?
oen. aei i.a. – ii/. i.a., eiee i?ae aieeaii eiioeiaioaeueieo
i?eoaeueoe?a, ?oi?o nioe?aeueieo ?aeae oa oaoiieia?/ieo caeiaooe?a
ino??aia iie?aoi?/ia ni?eueiioa a?aeiinii oaeaeei ia?aoioea iaaeo
ia?a?nii? ?noi??? oa nooieea ia oeyo oeea?e?caoe?eiiai ?icaeoeo.

Ia oi?ioaaiiy iniia o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? nooo?ai
aieeioee i?e?iaeii-aaia?ao?/i? iniaeeaino? a?o?iaeaao. Ino??aia
?icoaooaaiiy ni?e/eieei iaaio aaoiooiii?noue i?noeaaeo aea?aeaaieoeueeeo
i?ioean?a, iioya aei nie?aiiy ia aeani? neee, ?ano?ne e oaeaioe,
aoii-eoeueoo?io naiiiiaaao ? iaa?oue iai?ee?eoee yiiiioeaio?eci. I?ioa
ae??oaeueiei oaeoi?ii, ui aecia/ea aaeoi? aaia?aeueiiai ?icaeoeo
ino??aieo noni?eueii-iie?oe/ieo no?oeoo?, noaa i?eo?ae ?en?aieoeoaa,
caiice/aiiai c Ei?a?. O eiiieaen? c ia??iaee/ieie caieao?onaie ?
oaeooiaie, iaiaaeai?noth ?ano?n?a oa neeaaeiei ?aeue?oii aiii aeoiaaei a
yiiioeyo iaaecae/aeia i?aoeaethanoai, aeioioi?noue ? aeiao?aeeea?noue,
oa?iey/?noue oa ineoieia?/io no?ee?noue ia?aae iiaeeeaeie oaea?aie
aeie?, i?e?iaeieie /e nioe?aeueieie eaoaee?ciaie, a oaeiae, aeiyoeiaee
n?iaeii-eeaiiaee ei?ii?aoeci, yeee o?eueee e aeicaieya yiaoi ai?ioeny c
i?eioaie a??cii? i?e?iaee oa a?aeaieiaoaaoe iaiao?aei? aeey ?icnaeaiiy
caie? a aai?eaai?a a?o?iaeaao. Ia aeeaii, ui ana oea yiiioe? ia?aianee ?
aei naiai nioe?aeueii-iie?oe/iiai aeeooy, c?iaeaoe naia eeaiia?noue
iniiaith nai?o aea?aeaaieoeueeeo o?aaeeoe?e oaea ia noaae?? noai?aiiy
ia?oeo ino??aieo “oea?noa”. ?en?aieoeoai aecia/eei oaeiae no?aeiee oei
naii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino?, ine?eueee ?iaeea?aeoae?noe/ia cao?aeia
iiaeaeue oeea?e?caoe?eiiai ?icaeoeo (aei yei? noeeyeeny o nai?io
nioe?aeueiiio ?icaeoeo aai?eaaii? aoiine a?o?iaeaao aei i?eoiaeo yiaoi)
ia iiaea caaacia/eoe ia oiio ??ai? oaoiieia?e, noni?eueii? na?aeiiino?,
oaoi?/ieo oa ?ioaeaeooaeueieo iiaeeeainoae ethaenoaa iaeaaeio
i?aai?caoe?th eieaeoeaii? i?aoe?, aac yei? ooieoe?iioaaiiy neeaaeieo
??eaaoe?eieo nenoai (iaiao?aeii? neeaaeiai? ?en?aie/iai ainiiaea?noaa)
aeyaeeiny ia iiaeeeaei. A oie aea /an, i?yea ?ioa eoeueoo?a (ie??i ?eno)
ia iiaea caaacia/eoe aiaeia?/iee ??aaiue i?iaeoeoeaiino? i?aoe?, a ioaea
e niiaeeaaiiy, a oiiaao aea?eiai e aieiaiai ee?iaoo ssiii??, a?aeo
?iaeth/eo caiaeue oa a?aeiinii i?ei?oeaieo cania?a i?aoe?.

Ae??oaeueiei /eiieeii, ui noai?ea oiiae aeey oi?ioaaiiy a ssiii?? ia?oeo
c??eeo aea?aeaaieo ooai?aiue, iiaeia aaaaeaoe inai?iiy ino??a’yiai
ienoaoeoaa cae?ciia?iaee, aeaoiaaia O-?O no. Ca?eueoeaoe
i?iaeoeoeai?noue i?aoe? oa caaacia/eaoe iaiao?aeiee aeey iino?eiiai
oo?eiaiiy i?aai?a i?ioan?eii? ioae?/ii? aeaaee ??aaiue aeiaeaoeiaiai
i?iaeoeoo, ianiaa aeei?enoaiiy cae?cieo cania?a i?aoe? a ainiiaea?noa?
noaei oei inoaii?i oaeoi?ii, ui aeicaieea noai?eoe ia ino?iaao
ni?aaaeith aea?aeaai?noue, iaeyne?aa?oei i?eeeaaeii eio?i? iiaea
neoaeeoe oea?noai ssiaoi.

Iii?e oianoee oa? niaoeeo?/ieo iniaeeainoae o ?icaeoeo yiaoinueei?
aea?aeaaiino? aeineoue oaeaeei iaaoa aaeeeiai cia/aiiy oeea?e?caoe?eiee
aieea eiioeiaioaeueieo non?ae?a (Eeoath, Ei?a?), iane?aeeii yeiai noaea
iinooiiaa eeoa?caoe?y yiiinueeiai iie?oe/iiai i?aai?cio. Iniaeeai
a?ae/ooii oea i?iyaeeiny c i?eoiaeii ia ino?iae eeoaenueeiai aa??aioo
aoaeaeecio (552) oa ai?iaaaeaeaiiyi o aeeooy i?ieiioooe?ainueeeo ca
aeooii ?aoi?i Nueioieo Oaen? (574-622). Ia?aeaeueii, yiaoinoe? caa?aaee
eeaiiaee oa?aeoa? nai?o iie?oe/ieo nenoai, aenieo nooi?iue ?oiuei?
ai?i?caoe?? oa oi?eaeueio nae?aeuei?noue “aiaeanoaaiii?” oea?nueei?
?iaeeie, ine?eueee eeoa ca oiia caa?aaeaiiy oeeo ?inoeooo?a yiaoi (ye
ia?iae-caaieiaiee) iiaee a?aeiinii noaa?eueii ?icaoaeiaoaaoe aeanio
aea?aeaai?noue a oiiaao no?ieaoi? aaia?ao?? oa iino?eiiai i?ioeai?noaa c
aai?eaaiaie. Iaeiae aaniethoii aa?iii?eia ii?aeiaiiy on?o iacaaieo
iie?oe/ieo /eiiee?a aeyaeeiny ia iiaeeeaei, ui i?ecaaei aei
ooaa?aeaeaiiy a aea?aeaai?e nenoai? ssiii?? nai???aeiiai ?inoeoooo
aeaiaeaaeaey, a iaaeao yeiai iie?oeei-aeieo?eiaeueiei ooiaeaiaioii
o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? noaa n?ioi-aoaeae?enueeee
?ae?a?eii-?aeaieia?/iee aeoae?ci, nae?aeuei?e inia? oea?y-?iia?aoi?a
(oaiii) caeeoeee noaoon ? ooieoe?? ia?oinayuaieea iaoe?iiaeueii? ?ae?a??
n?ioi oa iaaecae/aeii iaiaaeai? i?aaenoaaieoeuee? iciaee oi?iaeueiiai
“aieiaea?y”, a iaeneeuei?oee ?aaeueii ia aeaiee iiiaio ??ae aeeiioaaa
caaaeueiiaea?aeaai? aeaaei? ooieoe?? a iie?oe/i?e, ai?ii?e, aeiiii?/i?e,
o?neaeuei?e oa aeeieiiaoe/i?e noa?ao.

Ia na?aaeeio OI no. ssiiinueea aea?aeaaa yaeyea niaith ?acoeueoao
ai?iaaaeaeaiiy o aeeooy ae?ae ??ciini?yiiaaieo iie?oe/ieo aeieo?ei, a
ioaea aoea nenoaiith iaaecae/aeii ianoaa?eueiith, ui ia iiaei o?eaaoe
aeiaai. Aeoiaeii ?c iie?oe/ii? e?ece iiaei aooe ai?iaaaeaeaiiy a e?a?i?
aai i?e?oa?ii? aeeeoaoo?e, aai oeea?eueii-ath?ie?aoe/ii? aea?aeaaiino?
eeoaenueei-eiioooe?ainueeiai oeio.

O o?aoueiio ?icae?e? “Oi?ioaaiiy oa ?icaeoie o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei?
aea?aeaaiino? eeoaenueei-eiioooe?ainueeiai oeio. Noai?aiiy ??oeo?uei
eieea (“i?aaiai? aea?aeaae”)” aeine?aeaeo?oueny i?ioean ooai?aiiy a
ssiii?? /eiiaieoeueei-ath?ie?aoe/ii? aea?aeaaiino? oa nenoaie eeaiiai?
??oeo?uei eieea, ?ice?eaathoueny i?e/eie, o?ae ? iane?aeee iaae?iiy
?aaeeio i?yiiai ?iia?aoi?nueeiai i?aae?iiy iai?. OO no., aiae?co?oueny
?icaeoie o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? a oiiaao iine?aeiaiiai
aeii?ioaaiiy ?aaaio?a-eaioeea??a Ooaec?aa?a oa i?aaey/eo aen-oaiii.

A oiiaao oeea?e?caoe?eiiai a?aenoaaaiiy ?aiiueina?aaeiueia?/ii? ssiii??
a?ae ?? eiioeiaioaeueieo non?ae?a ae??oaeueiei oaeoi?ii, yeee aecia/ea
aaia?aeueiee aaeoi? iiaeaeueoi? nioe?aeueii-aeiiii?/ii? oa iie?oe/ii?
o?ainoi?iaoe?? o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? a OI-OO no., noaa
a?aaeath/ee i?eeeaae ? aaciina?aaei?e ?ioaeaeooaeueii-oeea?e?caoe?eiee
aieea c aieo ?iia?nueeiai Eeoath. ?acoeueoaoii aoea anaa?/ia eeoa?caoe?y
i?noeaaiai noni?eueii-iie?oe/iiai i?aai?cio oa ooo/ia ianaaeaeaiiy a
ssiii?? caiice/aii? c eiioeiaioo aioiai? aea?aeaaii-nioe?aeueii? iiaeae?
eeoaenueei-eiioooe?ainueeiai oeio, iniiaieie neeaaeiaeie yei? aenooieee:
anaaeaaeia iiia?o?y, aea?aeaaia iaae?eueia nenoaia oa i?aaiethaaiiy o
aioo??oi?e iie?oeoe? o?yaeo eiai oeea?eueieo ooieoe?e (oa i?aai?a) iaae
a?enueeiaeie. I?e?iaeiei iane?aeeii ianooaaieo i?ieeoaenueeeo
aea?aeaaieoeueeeo ?ethc?e, ui aeii?ioaaee a na?aaeei? OI no. o eieao
i?aai?ciaaii? iie?oe/ii? ae?oe ssiii??, noaa ia?aai?io Oaeea (645) oa
iecea, oae caaieo, “aaeeeeo ?aoi?i”, caaa?oaiiyi yeeo iiaeia aaaaeaoe
ai?iaaaeaeaiiy o aeeooy eiaeaeno caeii?a “Oaeoi?uei” (702). ?acoeueoaoii
?aoi?i aeyaeeiny noai?aiiy a ssiii?? ?iia?nueei-iiia?o?/ii?
aea?aeaaiino?, iiaoaeiaaii? ia canaaeao oioaeueii-ieaiiaiai
oeea?eueii-ath?ie?aoe/iiai eiiaiaeii-aaei?i?no?aoeaiiai oi?aae?iiy a
eeoaenueei-eiioooe?ainueeiio aeon?. I?ioa a oiiaao n?ioi-aoaeae?enueeiai
?ae?a?eii-?aeaieia?/iiai aeoae?cio, ?ae?eo?a nenoaie aeaiaeaaeaey oa
iia’ycaii? c oeei a?aeiinii? (a ii??aiyii? c Eeoa?i) oeoeino? e
iaaeinoaoiuei? noaa?eueiino? i?noeaaeo iie?oe/ieo ?inoeooo?a,
?acoeueoaoe ianooaaieo i?ieeoaenueeeo ?aoi?i ae?oai? iieiaeie OI no.
i?aee??ieee nooo?aei niaoeeo?/iei iiaiaaaaeaiiyi: aeieo?eiith ??oeo?uei
eieea (“i?aaiai? aea?aeaae”). Naia c oeo /an?a aei ooiaeaiaioaeueieo
i?eioeei?a, ia yeeo a?oiooaaeany o?aaeeoe?eia yiiinueea aea?aeaai?noue,
oa?eoea aeieo?eia aaniethoiiai aa?oiaainoaa ?nioth/eo caeii?a,
iaia’yceiaeo ia eeoa aeey i?aeaeaieo, aea e aeey aieiaea??a (ine?eueee
a?aeoaia? aoaeue-ye? oeace e ianoaiiae inoaii?o ia iiaee iii?iaeueii
i?ioe??/eoe eaa?oeiiei ianoaiiaai eiaeaeno).

Ii?aoi?iaio ?iia?aoi?nueei-iiia?o?/io aea?aeaai?noue ae?oai? iieiaeie
OI-O??? no. iiaeia ?icaeyaeaoe o?eueee ye ?acoeueoao ooo/ii? aieueiai?
aeoeaiino? iaaieo e?aea??a. Aiia ia aoea iane?aeeii i?e?iaeii?
nioe?aeueii? aaiethoe??, a oiio ia a?aeiia?aeaea ai? aeeaeiiei
iiia?aaei?i o?aaeeoe?yi ?icaeoeo ino??aii? nioe?aeueii-iie?oe/ii?
nenoaie, ai? i?noeaaei i?e?iaeii-ainiiaea?nueeei oiiaai, ai? iioi/iei
ai?iii-aeeieiiaoe/iei aeiiaai, ui eaaeue ia ne?i/eeiny e?aoii
?iia?aoi?nueei? aeeiano?? oa ai?iaaaeaeaiiyi a “E?a?i? A?ai?oiueiai
Niioey” ?aaeeio aoaeae?enueei? oaie?ao?? o 760-o ??. Oei/aniaei aeoiaeii
?c nioe?aeueii-iie?oe/ii? e?ece e?ioey OO no. noaei a?ae?iaeaeaiiy a
iie?oe/i?e nenoai? e?a?ie ?inoeoooo aeaiaeaaeaey o oi?i?
a?enoie?aoe/ii-ath?ie?aoe/ii? aeeeoaoo?e eeaio Ooaec?aa?a (784-1072),
ye? i?e caa?aaeaii? ?ae?a?eii-oea?aiii?aeueieo ooieoe?e oaiii, eaa?oeiii
e aeneethceaii cae??ieee ca i?aaenoaaieeaie o?eueee nai?? ?iaeeie on?
eeth/ia? o?yaeia? iinaaee (?aaaioa, eaioeea?a, a?eueoino? i?i?no??a ?
?aaeiee?a), /ei cina?aaeeee o aeanieo ?oeao iiaiioo aea?aeaaii? aeaaee.
I?e?iaeiei noiooieeii aeeaieeo iie?oe/ieo ci?i aeyaeeany ea?aeeiaeueia
eiiea yiiinueei? ainiiaea?nueei? nenoaie (ieaiiao
eiiaiaeii-aaei?i?no?aoeaio aeiiii?eo cai?ieea nenoaia iai?ai?eaaoieo
nueiai?a) oa ?ae?a?eii-?aeaieia?/ieo iniia noni?eueiiai aeeooy (c
ia?aoiaeii a?ae n?ioi-aoaeae?enueeiai ?ae?a?eiiai aeoae?cio aei
aeieo?eie n?ioi-aoaeae?enueeiai neie?aoecio). Iaeiae i?eieieaoe oeyoii
ianiai? aa?a?ii? i?eaaoecaoe?? aeiiii?/iee niaae oa ciyaoe aaeaeith
?aeaieia?/iith iie?oeeith caa?ico ?ae?a?eieo ai?i, ?aaeei
?aaaio?a-eaioeea??a Ooaec?aa?a ia coi?a aeaanoe nioe?oi ?c o?eaaei?
iie?oe/ii? e?ece, yea i?iyaeeany o iani?iiiaeiino? oeea?eueieo
a?enoie?aoe/ieo oi?aae?ioe?a i?ioan?eii-a?aiioii ea?oaaoe e?a?iith, o
ianiaiio c?inoaii? cei/eiiino? oa e?ei?iae?caoe?? naii? aeaaee,
iaaaeaeeo a?eiao ? iineeaii? iaaeinoaoiuei no?oeoo?iaaii?, a oiio
caa?iceeai? aeey nioe?aeueii? nenoaie no?aeiiai oeio noni?eueii-iaeiiai?
aeeoa?aioe?aoe?? na?aae i?aeaeaieo. Oea na?ae/eei i?i i?aai?/io
iaiiaeeea?noue ii?iaeueiiai ooieoe?iioaaiiy o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei?
aea?aeaaiino? a oiiaao ooo/ii iaa’ycaii? ?e oeea?eueii-ath?ie?aoe/ii?
aeaaeii? iiaeae? eeoaenueei-eiioooe?ainueeiai oeio.

Inoaiiueith ni?iaith a?yooaaoe nenoaio oeea?eueii-ath?ie?aoe/ii?
aea?aeaaiino? a ssiii?? noaei noai?aiiy iie?oe/iiai ?aaeeio ?inae –
i?aaey/eo aen-?iia?aoi??a-iiiao?a aoaeae?enueeiai a??iniia?aeoaaiiy
(1072-1156), ye? ia ii?oooth/e eaiii?a ??oeo?uei eieea ni?iiiaeeny
ia?aa?aoe ia naaa on? aeaaeii-oi?aae?inuee? ooieoe?? /a?ac noai?aiiy
ia?aeaeueiiai o?yaeo. Aeei?enoaaoe iie?oe/io ?ia?oi?noue Ooaec?aa?a oa
nie?ath/enue ia i?aeo?eieo n?ioi?nonueeeo ? aoaeae?enueeeo o?ai?a, a?i??
e /eiiaieoeoaa, ?ina? coi?ee iai?. O? no. ia?aoiieoe aeaaeo o
eiio?ieueiaaiiai ?aaaioaie e eaioeea?aie ?iia?aoi?nueeiai o?yaeo, i?ioa
e?ao aea?aeaaii? iaae?eueii? nenoaie caeeoea aen-?iia?aoi?nueeee o?yae
aac iaae?eii? o?iainiai? aace, a i?iaae eiai iaiiioey?ii? aeiiii?/ii?
iie?oeee ni?e/eiea iania? nioe?aeuei? caai?ooaiiy. Aeene?aaeeoaoe?th
nenoaie ?ina?anueeiai i?aae?iiy aeiaa?oeee ai?ii? iaaa?acaee o aeoaao c
aeiaie. Oea i?aeoaa?aeeei iie?oe/io iani?iiiaei?noue oa
aacia?niaeoeai?noue i?noeaaiai ?aaeeio oeea?eueii-ath?ie?aoe/ii? aeaaee
e noai?eei ia ii/. OI no. an? oiiae aeey ia?aoiaeo o?aaeeoe?eii?
yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? o ?aaeei a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aeeeoaoo?e.

O /aoaa?oiio ?icae?e? “Ca?iaeaeaiiy naio?aenoaa oa ai?i?ciaaieo
aea?aeaaieo ?inoeooo?a” aiae?co?oueny iioiaeaeaiiy naio?aenoaa (aon?) oa
naio?aenueeeo eeai?a, aeine?aeaeo?oueny ?icaeoie o?aaeeoe?eii?
yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? a oiiaao ia?oi? a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei?
aeeeoaoo?e Oae?a, ?ice?eaathoueny i?e/eie e?aoo aeaaeiiai ?aaeeio
“/a?aiieo” naio?a?a oa ooai?aiiy nueiaoiaoo I?iaiioi.

I?e/eiith ca?iaeaeaiiy a?enueeiai-naio?aenueeiai noaio aoa ae?ae
iecueeee aieiaee iioaioe?ae oa oaeoe/iee ?iceeaae nenoaie ca?ieieo nee
yiiinueei? aea?aeaae, ui eiiieaeooaaeeny ca ?aooiie caaaeueii?
a?enueeiai? iiaeiiino?, a oiiaao e?aoo iia’ycaii? c iath aea?aeaaii?
iaae?eueii? nenoaie, anaa?/iiai caiaiaaeo nenoaie
oeea?eueii-ath?ie?aoe/ii? aea?aeaaiino? oa iani?iiiaeiino? yiiinueei?
a?i?? noa?iai c?acea aoaeoeaii aeeiioaaoe nai? ooieoe?? ii caoenoo
?nioth/eo ei?aeii?a oa cae?eniaiith iaiao?aeieo caaithaaiue. Aeaea?aeaie
oi?ioaaiiy naio?aenoaa aenooiaee: /anoeia eieeoi?o a?enoie?aoe/ieo
eeai?a (eoaa), ui i?ia?aee ai?ioueao ca aeaaeo a noieeoe? oa aoee
aeo?niai? ia neoaeao aei i?ia?ioe??, a oaeiae /anoeia auein? –
i?ea?eaeiaaieo a?enueeiaeo iinaeaioe?a, iiyaa yeeo aoea naiai /ano
?ini??iaaia aea?aeaaith aeey caoenoo oa ?icoe?aiiy ei?aeii?a ssiii?? a
oiiaao e?ece iiia?aaeiuei? a?i?enueei? nenoaie. Iiyaa naio?aenueeeo
eeai?a iia’ycaia c i?e?oa?ecaoe??th caaaeaieo a?enoie?aoe/ieo ?iae?a,
yea a?aeaoeany aiane?aeie neeaaeiiai nioe?aeueiiai i?ioeano ai?i?caoe??
?iae?a eoaa, ui aeaeeee o i?ia?ioe?? oeyoii ci?ie “i?io?eth
ae?yeueiino?” ia a?enueeiaee naieo a?enoie?ao?a ? /anoeiai ?oi?o neoa, c
iaeii/aniei aeeth/aiiyi aei neeaaeo oeeo eeai?a /anoeie auein?. Oea
ni?e/eieei nioe?aeueio iooaoe?th oaeeo eeai?a ?c a?enoie?aoe/ieo o
naio?aenuee? oa i?ecaaei aei iiyae iai?. X – ia ii/. O? no. o
noni?euei?e no?oeoo?? ssiii?? iiaiai noaio i?ioan?eieo niaaeeiaeo
a?enueeiaeo – aon? (naio?aenoaa).

Aeiaaeueia noni?eueii-iie?oe/ia oa o?iainiai-aeiiii?/ia e?eca, a yeo
caaaei e?a?io i?aae?iiy ?ina?a, ia?aeiiaea yiiioe?a o iaiao?aeiino?
aoaeoaaoe ye?nii ?io?, iia? nenoaie aea?aeaaiono?ith, ye? ciiaee a
caaacia/eoe ino??ai?e oeea?e?caoe?? iie?oe/io ?aei?noue, aeiiii?/io
noaa?euei?noue, noni?eueiee niie?e, iaae?eiee caoeno ? aaaeaia
?icoe?aiiy ei?aeii?a oa aiaeii/an aa?aiooaaee a aeinoieia o?iainoaaiiy
(a ioaea e aa?iii?eiee ?icaeoie) iaoe?iiaeuei?e eoeueoo?? ? iaooe?. O OI
no. ?aeeiith neeith, yea aoea aioiaa ? aeyaeeany o ciic? acyoe ia naaa
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca ?ica’ycaiiy oeeo aieth/eo i?iaeai, a?ae/oee naaa
a?enueeiai-naio?aenuee? eeaie. Oiio aaea o ia?o?e iieiaei? OI no. aiie
acyee eo?n ia anoaiiaeaiiy a e?a?i? i?e?oa?ii? aeeeoaoo?e.

Ia?oith ni?iaith ai?iaaaeaeaiiy a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino?
iiaeia aaaaeaoe aeeeoaoo?o i?e?oa?iiai eeaio Oae?a (1156-1185). Aeaiee
??ae aoa e?aea?ii (? oiio i?aaenoaaeya ?ioa?ane) i?aaeaiii-cao?aeieo
“/a?aiieo” naio?a?a, aeieeiaiiy yeeo iia’ycaia c ioi?iiith ieaai?/ieo
ii?o?a, ui c’?aeioaaee a?o?iaeaa c eiioeiaioii, oa c ai?ioueaith
yiiioe?a ca iiaiee eiio?ieue iaae ino?iaaie Ethnth, N?eieo,
i?aaeaiii-cao?aeiith ie?a?iith ino?iaa Oiicth e a?o?iaeaaii ?theth.
I?e/iio i?eo?ae naia ?iaeeie Oae?a aei aeaaee o caaaeueiiyiiinueeiio
ianooaa? coiiaeaiee ca oeeo ianoaaei ia no?eueee caaaeueieie i?e/eiaie
ia’?eoeaiiai oa?aeoa?o, ne?eueee noa’?eoeaieie /eiieeaie:
ai?iii-iie?oe/iei oenoii ?oiueiai e?aea?a E?eiii??, iaaeaae?noth
eiieo?oth/eo naio?aenueeeo eeai?a, aaia?ao?/iith a?ae??aai?noth
i?ai?/ii-no?aeieo “a?eeo” naio?aenueeeo ?iae?a a?ae noiee/ieo i?iaeai
“aeniei? iie?oeee”, iaiao?aei?noth aeey “a?eeo” aon? aanoe ia?aeaeueii c
i?aenaio?aenueeeie ca?ieieie eiioe?eoaie iino?ei? aeniaaeeea? a?eie c
aeiaie oiui.

Aeeeoaoo?a naio?aenueeiai eeaio Oae?a ni?iiiaeany aei?noeeie ae?yie a
ei?ioeee oa?i?i ?ica’ycaoe oe?eo ieceo iaa?aeeeaaeieo aeey oiai/anii?
yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? i?iaeai (a?aeaoaeiaa ea?iaaiino? aea?aeaaiiai
i?aai?cio, i?eieiaiiy ainiiaea?nueeiai caiaiaaeo, ia?iaeieo aoio?a ?
e?ei?iaeueiiai aaccaeiiiy, iiiiaeaiiy oe?ieeo eoeueoo?ii-aeiiii?/ieo ?
aoii-iie?oe/ieo eiioaeo?a c iaoa?eeiaeie oeea?e?caoe?yie oiui), ye?
aeyaeeeny “ia ii coaao” oeea?eueii-ath?ie?aoe/iei ?aaeeiai iiia?aaei?o
noie?oue. Oea cana?ae/eei, ui ?aeeiei oeyoii aei aeoiaeo ?c o?eaaei?
noni?eueii-iie?oe/ii? e?ece iiaei aooe o?eueee ai?iaaaeaeaiiy
a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aeeeoaoo?e. I?ioa oaoaeueiei aeey Oae?a noaei
ii?ooaiiy ieie eaiii?a ? eaa?oeiieo i?eioeei?a ??oeo?uei eieea, a
nenoai? yei? o?aaeeoe?eia yiiinueea noni?euenoai ooieoe?iioaaei c OO
no., ui c?iaeei eeai Oae?a, iii?e an? caaaeai? iiceoeai? c?ooaiiy,
iaiaaenieie aeey an?o yiiioe?a oco?iaoi?aie. Iane?aeeii naia oaeiai
iie?oe/iiai i?i?aooieo noaa e?ao o 1185 ?. oae??anueei? aeeeoaoo?e ?
iaeaea iiaia cieuaiiy naiiai eeaio “/a?aiieo” naio?a?a, ui iciaiaioaaei
e?ea?aeaoe?th ?aaeeio iaeaa?oeiii? a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aeeeoaoo?e.

Iaioaaiiy “/a?aiieo” naio?a?a cieueee neeith ca?i? i/ieai? eeaiii
I?iaiioi “a?e?” naio?a? I?ai?/ii-No?aeii? ssiii??, oiio oe?eeii
i?e?iaeii, ui iiaei aeeeoaoi?ii ssiii?? noaa e?aea? “a?eeo” aon?
I?iaiioi Ei??oiii. Oa eiai aieiaia caneoaa ye iaeiiai c ooiaeaoi??a
a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino? iieyaa? a oiio, ui, a?aooaaaoe
noiiee aeina?ae nai?o iiia?aaeiee?a, a?i ia noaa ?oeioaaoe ?nioth/?
?inoeoooe ??oeo?uei eieea, a iaaiaee – aia?oa ni?iaoaaa aeei?enoaoe ?o
aeey inay/aiiy oa ci?oeiaiiy ?aaeeio i?e?oa?ii? aeeeoaoo?e a ssiii??.
?acoeueoaoii icia/aiiai eo?no noaei iaeaaeiei /eiii caeiiiaeaa/i
ioi?ieaia cai?iaaaeaeaiiy o 1192 ?. iie?oe/ii? nenoaie nueiaoiaoo (yi.
Aaeooo), a iaaeao yei? eeoa io?oe?eiei, oea?aiii?aeueiei aeaaith
yiiinueei? aea?aeaae caeeoaany oaiii, a oie /an ye ony iie?oe/ia,
aeiiii?/ia oa noaeiaa aeaaea ca /eiiei caeiiiaeaanoaii aoea ia?aaeaia
nueiaoio – eaa?oeiiiio a?enueeiaiio aeeeoaoi?o. I?e/iio ca iaa’ycaieie
aaeooo caeiiaie oey iinaaea aei?noei cae??iethaaeany o?eueee ca
i?aaenoaaieeaie ?iaeo I?iaiioi, ui a?aeiia?aeaei o?aaeeoe?yi eeaiiai?
“i?aaiai? aea?aeaae” ? iiaeiii aoei, c oi/ee ci?o I?iaiioi Ei??oiii,
caaacia/eoe noaa?euei?noue iiainoai?aii? nenoaie eaa?oeiii?
a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino? ia iaeaooi?.

O i’yoiio ?icae?e? “?icaoaeiaa oa ooaa?aeaeaiiy nenoaie eaa?oeiii?
a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino? a na?aaeiueia?/i?e ssiii??”
aiae?co?oueny noni?eueii-iie?oe/ia aaiethoe?y Eaiaeo?nueeiai nueiaoiaoo,
i?e/eie eiai caiaiaaeo ? e?aoo, aeine?aeaeo?oueny ooai?aiiy ae?oaiai
nueiaoiaoo Io?iiao? oa i?ioean caaa?oaiiy oi?ioaaiiy eaa?oeiii?
a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino? a na?aaeiueia?/i?e ssiii?? ye
oe?e?nii? noni?eueii-iie?oe/ii? nenoaie.

Iie?oe/i? ?aoi?ie I?iaiioi Ei??oiii (ai?iaaaeaeaiiy
ai?iii-aeeeoaoi?nueei? iinaaee nueiaoia, noai?aiiy o?yaeo aaeooo oa
aeaaeii? aa?oeeae? i?e?oa?iiai oeio ia i?ia?ioe?eiiio, iia?oiaiio oa
oeaio?aeueiiio ??aiyo oiui) o?eueee ?icii/aee ?icaoaeiao eaa?oeiii?
a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino?, i?ioa ?aioiaa caaeaaeue ia?oiai
nueiaoia (1199) ia aeicaieeea eiio aeiaanoe aei e?ioey oe? ia?niaeoeai?
ia/eiaiiy. Ao?aoa aaoi?eoaoiiai e?aea?a a oiiaao ai?iieo iaaa?acae?a,
iacaaa?oaieo ?aoi?i, i?ioenoiyiiy aon? e eoaa oa i?aeeeaiiaeo
naio?aenueeeo noia?a/ie caaaaeeea ?iaeei? I?iaiioi iaae?eii cae??ieoeny
ia aa?oei? aeaaeii? i??ai?aee oa noaoe noaa?eueiith eaa?oeiiith
aeeiano??th i?aaey/eo ai?iieo aeeeoaoi??a. I?aaaea, a iaaeao
?aoi?iiaaiiai Ei??oiii i?aaiaiai iiey ??oeo?uei eieea iinaaea nueiaoia
aoea th?eaee/ii cae??ieaia ca i?aaenoaaieeaie eeaio I?iaiioi, i?ioa ia
ii/. OO no. ?aaeuei? aeaaei? iiaiiaaaeaiiy nueiaoia caciaee nooo?aiai
caoaeaiiy i?ae oeneii ?ioiai a?enueeiai-naio?aenueeiai eeaio Oiaecuei,
e?aea? yeiai (Oie?ioia) anoea ia eeoa neeith nai?o naio?a?a ia?aa?aoe ia
naaa onth iiaiioo ai?iii-iie?oe/iiai eiio?ieth iaae e?a?iith, aea e
cai?iaaaeeoe o 1203 ?. oa caeiiiaeaa/i cae??ieoe ca nai?i eeaiii iinaaeo
n?eeaia (“aea?aeaoaey aeaaee”) – ananeeueiiai eaioeea?a i?e aeai??
nueiaoia a Eaiaeo?? (ii oeio ?aaaio?a-eaioeea??a Ooaec?aa?a i?e
?iia?aoi?nueeiio aeai?? a E?ioi).

TH?eaee/iei aeoii, yeee inoaoi/ii caoaa?aeea eaa?oeiiee noaoon oa
aioo??oith no?oeoo?o o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? a oiiaao
naio?aenueei-aeeeoaoi?nueeiai ?aaeeio Eaiaeo?nueeiai nueiaoiaoo, iiaeia
aaaaeaoe eiaeaen “Aecueiae n?e?iieo” (1232), yeee i?ney neeiaiai
i?eaeooaiiy inoaii?o caeeoe?a iiiceoe?eii-a?enoie?aoe/iiai iii?o eoaa
cae??iea o o?aaeeoe?yo eeaiiai? ??oeo?uei eieea eiiieaen caeiiiaeaa/eo
ia?aoai?aiue, ui ?o ia?aaeeea ssiii?y i?ney iiaaeaiiy oae??anueei?
aeeeoaoo?e: cai?iaaaeaeaiiy iinaae nueiaoia e n?eeaia, ?iciaaeoaaiiy
?oi?o iiaiiaaaeaiue c iiaiiaaaeaiiyie oaiii e ?inay, noai?aiiy
ai?i?ciaaiiai oeaio?aeueiiai o?yaeo i?e?oa?eciaaii? aeaaeii? aa?oeeae?
ia i?noeyo (aeeth/ath/e ?oi? iiaiiaaaeaiiy) oiui. Ci?oeiaiith nenoaie
eaa?oeiii? a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aeeeoaoo?e Eaiaeo?nueeiai aaeooo
ni?eyee oaeiae aaeae? iie?oeei-th?eaee/i? e?iee n?eeai?a Oiaecuei uiaei
i?io?eaeoeee iiaeeeaeo aioeaeeeoaoi?nueeeo aenooi?a o iaeaooiueiio,
na?aae yeeo aa?oi aeae?eeoe ainaeea (?iciiae?e ia i’youe a?eie) aeiio
Ooaec?aa?a oa ooo/ia ooai?aiiy aeaio aeeianoe/ieo a?eie a
?iia?aoi?nuee?e ?iaeei?, ui oaacia/eei n?eeai?anueeee ?aaeei a?ae
caa?ice iiaeeeai? ?aeiino? i?i?iia?aoi?nueeeo nee.

A oiiaao eiiieaenii? th?eaee/ii? caoeuaiino?, ai?iii-iie?oe/iiai
?ica?iio aai ?ic’?aeiaiiy eiieo?aio?a, neeiaiai i?eaeooaiiy ei?oioe?? e
cei/eiiino? oa iia’ycaiiai c oeei eoeueoo?ii-ainiiaea?nueeiai
i?aeianaiiy Eaiaeo?nueeee nueiaoiao aeia?a aeeoo?caeaoi?noue nenoaie
eaa?oeiii? i?e?oa?ii? aeeeoaoo?e a oiai/ani?e ssiii??, i?ioa ?yae
oaeoi??a ia aeicaieea n?eeai?anueeiio ?aaeeio iaaooe noaoono noaa?eueii?
a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aeeeoaoo?e. Aei oaeeo /eiiee?a iiaeia a?aeianoe
eaoaai?e/io iaaioiai?noue aeciaoe ?nioth/? ii?yaeee eaa?oeiieie c aieo
nooo?ai? /anoeie eoaa ? iaa?oue aeayeeo naio?aenueeeo eeai?a (ine?eueee
?o Oiaecuei th?eaee/ii iicaaaeee iaa?oue iaae?? ia aenie? aeaaei?
ia?niaeoeae), iaaeinoaoith i?aaiao a?aoiaioiaai?noue neeiaiai ?iceieo
?iaeo oaiii, a oaeiae e?aeith caieooai?noue aea?aeaaii? aeeeoaoi?nueei?
iaoeie, ui aoea iane?aeeii th?eaee/ii? iaiiaeeeaino? ?? ea?aeeiaeueiiai
ni?iuaiiy aac ii?ooaiiy i?aaiaeo ianoaiia ??oeo?uei eieea (ine?eueee
inoaii? caa?iaeoaaei a Oiaecuei ua a?eueoeie iie?oe/ieie iai?e?iiinoyi).
Inoaii?i oaeoi?ii, yeee caaaeaa nia?oaeueiiai oaea?o Eaiaeo?nueeiio
nueiaoiaoo, noaea eiai aeniaaeeeaa ai?ioueaa c iiiaieuenueeeie
aa?ani?aie. ? oi/a ia?aiiaa, caeiaooa iaae ?ioa?aaioaie, ui iaiaaaeeny
aaea?oeny ia ino?iae o 1274 oa 1281 ??., aeiaaea aenieo
iai?iiicaeaoi?noue Eaiaeo?nueei? ssiii??, iane?aeeii oeueiai aeaiaith
aeyaeeiny i?eaianaiiy a onoaeaio nenoaio i?e?oa?ii? aeeeoaoo?e ?oei?aieo
oaiaeaioe?e, ye? ni?e/eieee nii/aoeo caiaiaae, a iio?i ? e?ao ia?oiai
nueiaoiaoo. Aei oaeeo /eiiee?a iaeaaeaee: aeniaaeaiiy a oiiaao
c?inoath/eo ai?iieo aeaeaoe?a i?noeaai? aeiiii?ee, ?icaae nenoaie
ae??aiiai e na?aaeiueiai caieaaieiae?iiy i?e iino?eii c?inoath/eo
iiaeaoeao, iaaei??ia ?icoa?oaaiiy na?aae aon?, ii?ooaiiy
noa?aa?iiaeueii? ??aiiaaae a e?a?i?, iineeaiiy iiceoe?e n?ioi?cio a
nenoai? ?aeaieia?/iiai aeeooy yiiinueeiai noni?euenoaa oa iia’ycaia c
oeei a?ae?iaeaeaiiy iie?oe/ieo iiceoe?e ?iia?aoi?nueeiai ?iaeo oa eeai?a
i?eaeai?ii? a?enoie?ao??, ai?iaeeo aei aaeooo.

??cea iineaaeaiiy Eaiaeo?nueeiai nueiaoiaoo ia ii/. O?O no., iciaeaie
yeiai iiaeooue neoaeeoe ainiiaea?nueeee caiaiaae, aeoea?caoe?y
e?ei?iaeueieo aeaiaio?a (cie?aia i??ao?a aaei), iani?iiiaei?noue o?yaeo
Oiaecuei oni?oii caaa?oeoe caaithaaiiy ino?ia?a ?theth oa iineeaiiy
naia?aoenonueeeo iano?i?a na?aae iaaiao?a aeaeiuei, cioneei aeeeoaoi??a
a?aeeeiooe a oi?aae?ii? e?a?iith iaoiaee “i?aaiai? aea?aeaae” oa ia?aeoe
aei iaeaa?oeiieo aeoe?e iaaecae/aeiiai oa?aeoa?o: aeaeaiiy oeac?a i?i
neanoaaiiy on?o naio?aenueeeo caai?aiaaiinoae, ia?aianaiiy aeaaeieo
ooieoe?e a?ae caeiiieo o?yaeiaeo no?oeoo? aei eeaiiaeo cai??a ?iaeo
Oiaecuei oiui. Oee iinaa?eei n?eeai?a ?c aieeaiaeie oi?aiai-?ai?nie/eie
oa eeoaa?nueeeie eieaie, a?aeooiaoioei a?ae aaeooo o?nii iia’ycaia c
ieie i?aaeaiii-cao?aeia naio?aenoai oa iineeeei aaoi?eoaoi?noue aeaaeieo
i?aoaic?e eoaa, ine?eueee naia aiie ia?oeie noaaeee i?ae noii?a
eaa?oeii?noue a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aeeeoaoo?e ye oaei?. A oiiaao,
eiee ?aaeei aaeooo ii/aa ii?oooaaoe iei naiei cai?iaaaeaeai? caeiie, oea
iinoaaeei eiai iica caeiiii, ui ia iiaei ia caaa?oeoeny aeey iueiai
e?aoii a oiiaao ??oeo?uei eieea. Iane?aeeii oioaeueiiai ?icaaeo ?
aca?iieo i?aoaic?e noaei oi?ioaaiiy ia ii/aoeo O?O no. a ssiii??
oei/aniaiai, aeoaea iao?eaeiai cna?aaeeie, aea ?aeeiiai a aaaeaii?
cieueoe Eaiaeo?nueeee ?aaeei iie?oe/iiai aeieo, caniiaaiiai ia
aaoi?eoao? ?iia?aoi?nueei? ?iaeeie, a?enueeia?e nee? “/a?aiiiai”
naio?aenoaa, o?iainao oi?aiaoe?a ? eeoaa??a i?ae aa?aeith n?ioi?cio,
ea??aieeii yeiai noaa oaiii Aiaeaeai (1288-1329).

Icia/aia noni?eueii-iie?oe/ia e?eca aoea ni?eeiyoa iciaeith no?aoaa?/ii?
iiieeeiaino? eo?no ia ai?i?caoe?th yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino?, oiio
aeene?aaeeoaoe?y aaeooo caaa?oeeany i?e?iaeiei e?aoii Eaiaeo?nueeiai
nueiaoiaoo oa ?anoaa?aoe??th o 1333 ?. ?iia?aoi?nueei-iiia?o?/ii?
oeea?eueii-ath?ie?aoe/ii? nenoaie aea?aeaaiono?ith (“?anoaa?aoe?y
Eaiio”). I?ioa oei/aniaee caiaiaae ai?iii-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino?
aeyaeany iao?eaaeei (1333-1336), ine?eueee a?enoie?ao?y, ia yeo nie?aany
a nai?e iie?oeoe? Aiaeaeai, oaeaeei aeyaeea aaniethoio iie?oe/io
aacii?aaei?noue ? aacnee?noue, a ?? ?iia?aoi?nueeee o?yae – oe?eeiaeoo
iani?iiiaei?noue eiiiaoaioii ea?oaaoe e?a?iith /a?ac oi?aae?inueeee
iai?ioan?iiae?ci, ainiiaea?nueei-aeiiii?/io aaca?aiioi?noue oa
ia’?eoeaio iaiiaeeea?noue ianaaeaeaiiy a e?a?i? ?aaeeio, ui ?nioaaa o
/ane Ia?nueei? iiia?o?? (645-784) ? aeaaii ae/a?iaa na?e ?ano?n.
Aeene?aaeeoaoe?th ?aea? ?iia?aoi?nueei-iiia?o?/ii? ?anoaa?aoe??
aeiaa?oea o?iainiaee e?ao ?aaeeio Eaiio oa iia’ycaiee c iei ia?ao?ae
Aiaeaeai aei iaeaa?oeiii? “iaaecae/aeueie” a aaeoc? iie?oeee, aeiiii?ee
oa noinoie?a c naio?aenoaii.

A?aeo?ae Aiaeaeai a?ae eaiii?a “i?aaiai? aea?aeaae” oa ?yae eiai
i?eioeeiiaeo iiieeie noa’?eoeaiiai oa?aeoa?o ia?aeiiaee yiiinueea
noni?euenoai a oiio, ui ii?iaeueiee ?icaeoie i?noeaai? aea?aeaaiino?
iiaeeeaee eeoa ca oiiae iiiiaeaiiy ?aaeeio eaa?oeiii? naio?aenueei?
aeeeoaoo?e. Oea i?ecaaei aei e?aoo o 1336 ?. ?aaeeio Eaiio oa
a?aeaoaeiae nenoaie aaeooo, e?aea?ii oa eaa?oeiiei ooiaeaoi?ii yei? noaa
oaia? naio?aenueeee eeai An?eaaa, ui caeiaoa aeaaeo neeith, a
iaa?oiooaaa caeiii? i?aaa ia aeeeoaoi?noai ?aaeueii ?nioth/eie
?iaeeiieie ca’yceaie c I?iaiioi. I?ioa i?e a?ae?iaeaeaii? on?o
iie?oe/ieo ?inoeooo?a nueiaoiaoo oe?eeii o iaaeao i?aaiaiai iiey
??oeo?uei eieea An?eaaa oieeee iio?aae a i?ecia/aii? n?eeaia, ine?eueee
ca caeiiii oey iinaaea cae??iethaaeany ca ?iaeeiith Oiaecuei, yeo
iiaieiaii ae??caee a iiiaio e?ea?aeaoe?? Eaiaeo?nueeiai nueiaoiaoo a
1333 ?. Oea ca?eueieei An?eaaa a?ae iaiao?aeiino? eaa?oeiii ae?eeoe
aeaaeo c aoaeue-yeei ?ioei eeaiii, ciaioeei (a ioaea caeaoaaeei) aia?ao
aaeooo, caaacia/eei aaniethoia th?eaee/ia oa ai?iii-iie?oe/ia
?aeeiiaeaaeaey an?eaa?anueeeo aeeeoaoi??a o nenoai? ae?oaiai nueiaoiaoo
Io?iiao?.

TH?eaee/ia ia?aiiaa naio?aenueeeo aeeeoaoi??a An?eaaa aoea i?aee??ieaia
ai?iiei ?ica?iiii a?enoie?aoe/ii? iiiceoe?? o “a?ei? aeaio aeeiano?e”
(1336-1392), a?aeaoaeiaith a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? oi?aae?inueei?
no?oeoo?e, e?ea?aeaoe??th caeeoe?a aea?aeaaiiai iaae?eueiiai
caieaaieiae?iiy (eieeoiueiai ooiaeaiaioo ?iia?aoi?nueei-iiia?o?/ii?
aea?aeaaiino?), a?aeiiaeaiiyi ?ae?a?eii-?aeaieia?/iiai ??aiii?aa’y
n?ioi, aoaeaeecio e eiioooe?ainoaa oa ea?aeeiaeueiith ci?iith anoaoe/ieo
eaiii?a eoeueoo?iiai aeeooy (i?enoiniaaieo a?aeoaia? i?ae niaoeeo?/i?
caieoe i?e?oa?ieo oacy?a e?a?ie). Oea iciaiaioaaei caaa?oaiiy i?ioeano
ia?aaoaeiae an?o noni?eueieo ?inoeoooe?e o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei?
oeea?e?caoe?? ia canaaeao a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino?,
na?ae/eei i?i ia?aiiao ?? i?eioeei?a ia eeoa a iie?oeoe? oa i?aa?, aea e
o aeiiii?oe?, ?aeaieia??, eoeueoo??, iaa?oue ethaenuee?e na?aeiiino?.
Oiio naia e?iaoeue O?O no. iiaea ?icaeyaeaoeny a yeino? o?iiieia?/ii?
iaae?, yea ia?eo? caaa?oaiiy i?ioeano iiaoaeiae c??ei?
a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino?, a ?aaeei? yei? ssiii?y
?icaeaaeany i?ioyaii i’yoe ianooiieo noie?oue.

AENIIAEE

1. I?iaeaia iioiaeaeaiiy a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino? iaiiaii
?, ye i?aaeei, iaaaeaeaaoii i?aaenoaaeaia o na?oia?e ?noi??ia?ao??, ui
i?iyaeeiny o canoa??e?e ?a?iiioeaio?enonuee?e
eiioeaiooaeueii-oai?aoe/i?e iniia? aeine?aeaeaiue, ?aii?oaaii?
no?aeii-cao?aeii? oeea?e?caoe?eii? aeeoioii?? na?oiaiai ?noi?e/iiai
i?ioeano oa iaaeiioe?ioe? oaiiiaio ??oeo?uei eieea i?e aiae?c?
noni?eueii-iie?oe/ii? aaiethoe?? “E?a?ie A?ai?oiueiai Niioey” a na?aaei?
a?ee.

2. Iioiaeaeaiiy o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? aeaoo?oueny
?oaaaeai i.a., eiee i?ae aieeaii nioe?aeueieo ?aeae oa oaoiieia?/ieo
caeiaooe?a eiioeiaioaeueieo i?eoaeueoe?a yiaoi iie?aoi?/ia ni?eueiioa
ssiii?? ia?aoioea iaaeo ia?a?niino?, i?e/iio ?? iiaeaeueoa
oeea?e?caoe?eia aaiethoe?y a?aeaoaaeany a ?aieao no?aeiiai oeyoo
nioe?i?noi?e/iiai ?icaeoeo. Niaoeeo?/iith iciaeith o?aaeeoe?eii?
yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? iae?aco noaa ?? eeaiiaee ooiaeaiaio, coiiaeaiee
neioaciei oeiii ino??aii? oeea?e?caoe??, a?aeiia?aeieie iniaeeainoyie
i?e?iaeii-ee?iaoe/iiai, ainiiaea?nueei-oaoiieia?/iiai oa
ai?iii-iie?oe/iiai oa?aeoa?o.

3. Ia oeyoo aei noai?aiiy nenoaie c??ei? a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei?
aea?aeaaiino? ssiii?y ieioea i’youe aoai?a o nai?io ?icaeoeo:

– aoai aeiaea?aeaaiiai ooieoe?iioaaiiy (aei na?aaeeie ? oen. aei i.a.),
?acoeueoaoii yeiai noaei noai?aiiy i?aeaaeei oeea?e?caoe?? cao?aeiiai
oeio, i?ioa oaeoi? oei/aniaiai nioe?i?noi?e/iiai a?aenoaaaiiy ssiii??
a?ae iaoa?eeiaeo non?ae?a c?iaea a?eueo?noue oiai/anieo aai?eaaiieo
noni?eueieo no?oeoo? ino??a’yi iaaecae/aeii a?aceeaith ia?aae eeoeai
ciai?oiuei? oeea?e?caoe?eii? aeniain??;

– aoai i?ioiaea?aeaaii? ?aiiueioeea?e?caoe?eii? aaiethoe?? (na?aaeeia ?
oen. aei i.a. -O no. i.a.), nooi?noth yeiai noaei ai?iaaaeaeaiiy a
ssiii?? caiice/aieo c eiioeiaioo /a?ac aaaec?i eoeueoo?e iaoaeiia?iaee
oa ?en?aieoeoaa ? aeieeiaiiy ia ino?iaao ia?oeo aiaeae?anoa, ui a
eiiieaen? iaaeeceei “E?a?io A?ai?oiueiai Niioey” aei noaiaea?o?a
eeoaenueei-eiioooe?ainueeiai na?oo e aei?noei aecia/eei caaaeuei?
eii?aeeiaoe ?? iaeaooiueiai noni?eueii-iie?oe/iiai ?icaeoeo o iaaeao
aeaeaeino?aeiiai oeio no?aeiiai oeyoo nioe?aeueii? aaiethoe??;

– aoai ca?iaeaeaiiy e ?icaoaeiae eeaiiai? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino? (O
no. – 645), ii/aoie eio?iai iia’ycaiee c iiyaith ia ino?iaao ienoaoeoaa
cae?ciia?iaee, ui ni?e/eieei ye?nia i?enei?aiiy i?noeaaeo
iie?oeei-?ioaa?aoe?eieo i?ioean?a, iaeyne?aa?oei i?eeeaaeii yeeo iiaea
neoaeeoe ca?iaeaeaiiy ia i?aaei? Oiinth eeaiiai? aea?aeaae ssiaoi ia
aac? ii?aeiaiiy iaoe?iiaeueieo yiiinueeeo aea?aeaaieoeueeeo oaiaeaioe?e
? oai??e eeoaenueei-eiioooe?ainueei? iie?oe/ii? aeieo?eie c i?e?iaeiei
ooaa?aeaeaiiyi aiane?aeie oeueiai iie?oe/iiai ?inoeoooo aeaiaeaaeaey;

– aoai oi?ioaaiiy oa ooieoe?iioaaiiy o?aaeeoe?eii? yiiinueei?
oeea?eueii-ath?ie?aoe/ii? aea?aeaaiino? eeoaenueei-eiioooe?ainueeiai
oeio (645-1156), o iaae?ao yei? aoea ?ic?iaeaia oa ai?iaaaeaeaia o
aeeooy aeieo?eia eeaiiai? “i?aaiai? aea?aeaae” (??oeo?uei eieea);

– aoai ooaa?aeaeaiiy nenoaie a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino?
(1156-1392), noai?aiiy yei? a?aeaoaaeiny o ai?iouea? a?enoie?aoe/ieo
eeai?a eoaa, ni?yiiaaieo ia aioecaeiiio i?e?oa?io aeeeoaoo?o “/a?aiieo”
naio?aenueeeo eeai?a i?aaeiy oa “a?eeo” naio?aenueeeo eeai?a i?aii/?,
ye? aenooiaee ca ai?iaaaeaeaiiy a ssiii?? ocaiaeaeaiiai c eaiiiaie
eeaiiai? “i?aaiai? aea?aeaae” ?aaeeio eaa?oeiii?
a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino? (nueiaoiaoo aai aaeooo).

4. Ai?ioueaa ca noai?aiiy a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino? o
o?aaeeoe?ei?e ssiii?? caaa?oeeany o 1392 ?. iiaiith ia?aiiaith “a?eeo”
naio?a?a oa ?oiueiai iie?oe/iiai eo?no.

Aeena?oaoe?ei? aeniiaee caaa?oothoue aaoi?nuee? ?aeiiaiaeaoe?? uiaei
aeei?enoaiiy iiceoeaiiai aeina?aeo eeane/iiai yiiinueeiai
aea?aeaaioai?aiiy a ?aoi?ioaaii? noni?eueii-iie?oe/ii? no?oeoo?e
no/anii? Oe?a?ie.

NIENIE I?AOeUe CAeIAOAA*A, IIOAE?EIAAIEO CA OAIITH AeENA?OAOe??

Iiiia?ao??:

1. ?noi??y na?aaeiueia?/iiai Noiaeo: Iaa/. iin?aiee.-E.: Eea?aeue,
?997.- 464 n.

2. ssiiinueea oeea?e?caoe?y: o?aaeeoe?eia noni?euenoai ?
aea?aeaai?noue.-E.: Aea?eii – I?an, 1997.- 256 n.

Noaoo?:

3. A?ae?iaeaeaiiy neioi?cio a ssiii?? OO-O?O no.: i?e/eie ? iane?aeee //
Ieoaiiy iiai? oa iia?oiuei? ?noi???.- E.: ?i-o nenoaiieo aeine?aeaeaiue
ina?oe, 1994.- Aei. 40.- N. 85-90.

4. E?oaaaoaea O?eaoona – iiai?iee iiai? yiiinueei? aea?aeaaiino?//
No?aeiee na?o.- 1994.- ?1-2.- N. 73-79.

5. Eeai Io?aeai?-Aaiaec? a iie?oe/i?e nenoai? ssiii?? O?-O?O no.//
A?niee Ee?anueeiai oi?aa?neoaoo. ?noi??y.- E.: AIOe “Ee?anueeee
oi?aa?neoao”, 1994.- Aei. 22.- N.174-179.

6. ?anoaa?aoe?y Eaiio oa i?e/eie ?? e?aoo// A?niee Ee?anueeiai
oi?aa?neoaoo. ?noi??y.- E.: AIOe “Ee?anueeee oi?aa?neoao”, 1995.-Aei.
33.-N. 3-9.

7. Na?aaeiueia?/ia ssiii?y ia oeyoo a?enueeiai? aeeeoaoo?e. Aeeeoaoo?a
Oae?a// No?aeiee na?o.- 1995.- ?1.-N. 68-75.

8. ssiii?y a aiioo “aeaio aeeiano?e”. Ooai?aiiy nueiaoiaoo An?eaaa oa
eiai eoeueoo?ii-?aeaieia?/i? iane?aeee// Ieoaiiy iiai? oa iia?oiuei?
?noi???.- E.: ?i-o nenoaiieo aeine?aeaeaiue ina?oe, 1995.- Aei. 41.-N.
3-11.

9. Na?aaeiueia?/iee No?ae o eiai no/ani?e ?ioa?i?aoaoe?? // ?noi??y a
oeieao Oe?a?ie. – 1996.- ? 1.- N. 8-11.

10. Noa?iaeaaiy ssiii?y// E?eaeai?anueeee I.I. ?noi??y Noa?iaeaaiueiai
Noiaeo: Iaa/. iin?aiee.- E.: Eea?aeue, 1996.- N. 442-451.

11. Aei ieoaiiy i?i iioiaeaeaiiy naio?aenueeiai noaio a na?aaeiueia?/i?e
ssiii??// A?niee Ee?anueeiai oi?aa?neoaoo. ?noi??y.-E.: AIOe “Ee?anueeee
oi?aa?neoao”, 1997.- Aei. 36.- N.101-112.

AIIOAOe??

?oaaeue A.A. Iioiaeaeaiiy a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei? aea?aeaaiino? o
o?aaeeoe?ei?e ssiii?? (na?aaeeia ? oen. aei i.a. – O?O no. i.a.). –
?oeiien.

Aeena?oaoe?y ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy aeieoi?a ?noi?e/ieo iaoe ca
niaoe?aeuei?noth 07.00.02 – anana?oiy ?noi??y. – ?inoeooo noiaeiciaanoaa
?i. A. E?einueeiai IAI Oe?a?ie, Ee?a, 1999.

Aeena?oaoe?th i?enay/aii oaiiiaio iioiaeaeaiiy a?enueeiai-naio?aenueei?
aea?aeaaiino? ye ?acoeueoaoo eiiieaenii? oeea?e?caoe?eii? aaiethoe??
o?aaeeoe?eii? ssiii??. Ia iniia? aiae?co aooaioe/ieo yiiinueeeo ?
ia?aeeaaeaieo aeieoiaio?a aeiaaaeaii, ui ?aaeei eaa?oeiii? naio?aenueei?
aeeeoaoo?e noi?ioaaany o 1392 ?. ia a yeino? e?aeiueiai caniao
caa?aaeaiiy e?eciai? aea?aeaaiino? (ui i?eoaiaiii oeiia?e a?enueeia?e
aeeeoaoo??), a ye i?e?iaeiee ?acoeueoao i’yoeaoaiiiai aaiethoe?eiiai
noni?eueii-iie?oe/iiai ?icaeoeo eeane/ii? ssiii?? a oiiaao ia?iaiaioiiai
aaaaoiaeaaeaey, eeaiiai? “i?aaiai? aea?aeaae” oa iaaoaeoeaiino?
i?noeaaiai ??ciiaeaeo oeea?e?caoe?eii? nenoaie
eeoaenueei-eiioooe?ainueeiai oeio. A ?iaio? aeneiaeai? ?aeiiaiaeaoe??
noiniaii aeei?enoaiiy iiceoeaiiai aeina?aeo eeane/iiai yiiinueeiai
aea?aeaaioai?aiiy a ?aoi?ioaaii? noni?eueii-iie?oe/ii? no?oeoo?e
no/anii? Oe?a?ie.

Eeth/ia? neiaa: ssiii?y, naio?ae, a?enueeiaa aeeeoaoo?a, i?aaiaa
aea?aeaaa, aaaaoiaeaaeaey, iioiaeaeaiiy.

?oaaeue A.A. I?ienoiaeaeaiea aiaiii-naio?aeneie ainoaea?noaaiiinoe a
o?aaeeoeeiiiie ssiiiee (na?aaeeia ? oun. aei i.y. – O?O a.
i.y.).-?oeiienue.

Aeenna?oaoeey ia nieneaiea o/aiie noaiaie aeieoi?a enoi?e/aneeo iaoe ii
niaoeeaeueiinoe 07.00.02 – anaiauay enoi?ey. – Einoeooo ainoieiaaaeaiey
ei. A. E?uineiai IAI Oe?aeiu, Eeaa, 1999.

Aeenna?oaoeey iinayuaia oaiiiaio i?ienoiaeaeaiey aiaiii-naio?aeneie
ainoaea?noaaiiinoe eae ?acoeueoaoa eiiieaeniie oeeaeeecaoeeiiiie
yaiethoeee o?aaeeoeeiiiie ssiiiee. Ia iniiaa aiaeeca yiiineeo
aooaioe/iuo e ia?aaaaeaiiuo aeieoiaioia aeieacaii, /oi ?aaeei eaaeoeiiie
naio?aeneie aeeeoaoo?u noi?ie?iaaeny ia a ea/anoaa e?aeiaai niiniaa
nio?aiaiey e?eceniie ainoaea?noaaiiinoe (/oi i?enoua oeie/iie aiaiiie
aeeeoaoo?a), a eae caeiiiia?iia neaaenoaea anoanoaaiiiai
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneiai ?acaeoey eeanne/aneie ssiiiee, oiae eioi?iai
iiae?acaeaeyaony ia iyoue iniiaiuo yoaiia:

– yoai aeiainoaea?noaaiiiai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey (aei na?aaeeiu ? oun. aei
i.y.), eoiaii eioi?iai noaei nicaeaiea iniia oeeaeeecaoeee caiaaeiiai
oeia;

– yoai i?ioiainoaea?noaaiiie ?aiiaoeeaeeecaoeeiiiie yaiethoeee (na?.
? oun. aei i. y. – O a. i.y.), nouiinoueth eioi?iai noaei aiaae?aiea
a ssiiiee caeinoaiaaiiuo ec eiioeiaioa iin?aaenoaii yiaoi eoeueoo?u
iaoaeeiia?aaioee e ?eniaiaenoaa, a oaeaea aicieeiiaaiea ia ino?iaao
ia?auo aiaeaeanoa, /oi a eiiieaena i?eaeeceei “No?aio Ainoiaeyuaai
Nieioea” e noaiaea?oai eeoaenei-eiioooeeaineiai ie?a e aeanoei
i?aaeii?aaeaeeei iauea eii?aeeiaou aa aoaeouaai
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneiai ?acaeoey ?aieaie aeaeueiaainoi/iiai oeia
ainoi/iiai iooe nioeeaeueiie yaiethoeee;

– yoai ca?iaeaeaiey e no?ieoaeuenoaa eeaiiaie yiiineie
ainoaea?noaaiiinoe (O a. – 645), ia/aei eioi?iai naycaii n iiyaeaieai ia
ino?iaao eneonnoaa ia?aaioee aeaeaca, /oi niinianoaiaaei ea/anoaaiiiio
onei?aieth ianoiuo iieeoeei-eioaa?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia. Eo y?/aeoei
i?eia?ii iiaeao neoaeeoue iiyaeaiia ia thaa Oiinth eeaiiaiai
ainoaea?noaa ssiaoi, aicieeoaai ia iniiaa niaaeeiaiey iaoeeiiaeueiuo
yiiineeo i?iainoaea?noaaiiuo oaiaeaioeee e oai?ee
eeoaenei-eiioooeeaineie iieeoe/aneie iunee n anoanoaaiiui ooaa?aeaeaieai
a ?acoeueoaoa iieeoe/aneiai einoeoooa iiiaiaeanoey;

– yoai oi?ie?iaaiey e ooieoeeiie?iaaiey o?aaeeoeeiiiie yiiineie
a?aaeaeainei-ath?ie?aoe/aneie ainoaea?noaaiiinoe
eeoaenei-eiioooeeaineiai oeia (645-1156), a iaae?ao eioi?ie auea
?ac?aaioaia e aiaae?aia a aeeciue aeieo?eia eeaiiaiai “i?aaiaiai
ainoaea?noaa”;

– yoai ooaa?aeaeaiey nenoaiu aiaiii-naio?aeneie ainoaea?noaaiiinoe
(1156-1392), nicaeaiea eioi?ie i?ienoiaeeei a ai?ueaa a?enoie?aoe/aneeo
eeaiia eoay (noi?iiieeia ath?ie?aoe/aneie iiia?oee
eeoaenei-eiioooeeaineiai oeia), “e?aniuo” naio?aeneeo eeaiia thaa
ssiiiee, aunooiaaoeo ca onoaiiaeaiea a no?aia aiaiiie aeeeoaoo?u
/?acau/aeiiai oa?aeoa?a io?eoeathuae neiaeeaoothny
ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiaoth nenoaio, e “aaeuo” naio?aeneeo eeaiia naaa?a,
eioi?ua noaaeee naiae oeaeueth iino?iaiea a ssiiiee iieeoe/aneiai no?iy
eaaeoeiiie aiaiii-naio?aeneie aeeeoaoo?u, niaeaniaaiiiai n
aeaenoaothueie eaiiiaie eeaiiaiai “i?aaiaiai ainoaea?noaa”. Aiaeec
enoi/ieeia iicaieyao ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi caaa?oaiea i?ioeanna
oi?ie?iaaiey c?aeie aiaiii-naio?aeneie aeeeoaoo?u iaiaoiaeeii
aeaoe?iaaoue eiioeii O?O a., eiaaea aeaiiay ai?ueaa ieii/eeanue iieiie
iiaaaeie “aaeuo” naio?aaa e eo iieeoe/aneiai eo?na ia oieueei a iieeoeea
e i?aaa, ii e a yeiiiieea, eaeaieiaee, eoeueoo?a e aeaaea a ianniaii
niciaiee.

A ?aaioa eceiaeaii aaoi?neia iiieiaiea iauanoaaiiuo enoi/ieeia,
nioeeaeueiie iaoaieee e o?iiieiaee aicieeiiaaiey naio?aenoaa e
naio?aeneeo eeaiia, a oaeaea i?aaenoaaeaia i?eaeiaeueiay eiioeaioeey
iiieiaiey nouiinoe n?aaeiaaaeiauey eae yiioe aeiaaeueiiai
aiaiii-iieeoe/aneiai, eoeueoo?iiai, yeiiiie/aneiai e
iao/ii-oaoiieiae/aneiai i?aaaee?iaaiey ainoaea?noaaiii-eieeaeoeaenoneie
ainoi/iie iiaeaee iauanoaaiiie yaiethoeee iaae eiaeeaeaeoaeenoe/aneie
caiaaeiie.

A auaiaeao ii aeenna?oaoeee auneacaiu ?aeiiaiaeaoeee eanaoaeueii
aiciiaeiiai eniieueciaaiey iiceoeaiiai iiuoa eeanne/aneiai yiiineiai
ainoaea?noaaiiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa a ?aoi?ie?iaaiee
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneie no?oeoo?u nia?aiaiiie Oe?aeiu.

Eeth/aaua neiaa: ssiiiey, naio?ae, aiaiiay aeeeoaoo?a, i?aaiaia
ainoaea?noai, iiiaiaeanoea, i?ienoiaeaeaiea.

Rubel V.A. Origin of the military samurai State system
in Traditional Japan (middle I millennium B.C. – XIV cent. A.D.).
– Manuscript.

Thesis for a doctor‘s degree for speciality 07.00.02 – universal
history.- A. Krymsky Institute of Oriental Studies of National Academy
of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 1999.

The dissertation is devoted to phenomenon of origin of the military
samurai State system as a result of the complex civilization’s evolution
in Traditional Japan. On the base of authentic Japanese and translated
document’s analysis, it’s proved that legitimate dictatorship of samurai
was formed in 1392 as a not extreme means for preservation of the crisis
State system. It was not typical army dictatorship, but a natural result
of the Classical Japan’s five-phases evolutionary social political
development in conditions of permanent multiple authority, clan’s
“lawful state” and uneffective local variety of the Chinese-Confucianist
civilization’s system. The recommendations about utilization of the
Classical Japan’s building-up of the State’s experience are proposed for
the present-day social political structure’s reforms of Ukraine.

Key words: Japan, samurai, army dictatorship, lawful state, multiple
authority, origin.

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