?INOEOOO O?CE*II? IIOEEE
I?I?NOA?NOAI INA?OE OE?A?IE
AAeAI?A
Aieiaeeie? Oaiaei?iae/
OAeE 535.37,551;539.371;548.55
IIOEEI-O?CE*I? AEANOEAINO?
IIIIE?ENOAE?A AaA2I4,
AE?IUAIEO O (- OA (-OACAO
01.04.05 – iioeea, eaca?ia oiceea
AAOI?AOA?AO
aeena?oaoei? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy
eaiaeeaeaoa oiceei-iaoaiaoe/ieo iaoe
Eueaia – 1999
Aeena?oaoei?th ? ?oeiien
?iaioa aeeiiaia a ?inoeoooi oice/ii? iioeee Iiiinoa?noaa inaioe Oe?a?ie,
i. Eueaia.
Iaoeiaee ea?iaiee:
aeieoi? oiceei-iaoaiaoe/ieo iaoe, noa?oee iaoeiaee niia?iaioiee,
caaiaeoaa/ eaai?aoi?i? ?inoeoooo oice/ii? iioeee
Aeio ?inoeneaa I?anoiae/
Ioioeieii iiiiaioe:
aeieoi? oiceei-iaoaiaoe/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? eaoaae?e aenia?e-iaioaeueii?
oiceee Eueaianueeiai aea?aeaaiiai oiiaa?neoaoo ii. ?. O?aiea
Aiae?i?anueeee Aiaaeai Aieoi?iae/
aeieoi? oiceei-iaoaiaoe/ieo iaoe, noa?oee iaoeiaee niia?iaioiee,
caaiaeoaa/ eaai?aoi?i? ?inoeoooo oice/ii? iioeee
Eioee Aiae?ie Aaneeueiae/
I?iaiaeia onoaiiaa:
*a?iiaaoeueeee aea?aeaaiee oiiaa?neoao ii. TH. Oaaeueeiae/a, oice/iee
oaeoeueoao, eaoaae?a iioeee i niaeo?ineiii?.
Caoeno aiaeaoaeaoueny “28” aa?aniy 1999 ?ieo i 15 aiae. 30 oa. ia
caniaeaiii niaoeiaeiciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Ae 35.071.01 i?e ?inoeoooi
oice/ii? iioeee ca aae?anith: 290005, i. Eueaia, aoe. Ae?aaiiaiiaa, 23.
C aeena?oaoei?th iiaeia iciaeiieoenue a aiaeiioaoei ?inoeoooo oice/ii?
iioeee ca aae?anith: 290005, i. Eueaia, aoe. Ae?aaiiaiiaa, 23.
Aaoi?aoa?ao ?icineaiee “26” na?iiy 1999 ?.
A/aiee nae?aoa?
niaoeiaeiciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee
eaiaeeaeao oic.-iao. iaoe, aeioeaio Eeeiia ?.I.
CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE
Aeooaeueiinoue oaie. Iaeii?th ic oeaio?aeueieo i?iaeai ?icaeoeo
eaaioiai? aeaeo?iiiee i eaca?ii? oaoiiee ? iio?aaa o iiaeo aoaeoeaieo
iaeiiieii-iioe/ieo e?enoaeao, i?ici?eo a oeueo?aoiieaoiaie iaeanoi
niaeo?o i c aenieei iioe/iei ii?iaii ?oeioaaiiy. Iiiie?enoaee aaoa
ai?aoo aa?ith (-AaA2I4 (AAI) aiaee?eee eean ai?aoieo e?enoaeia, yei
aeicaieythoue caeienithaaoe aenieiaoaeoeaia ia?aoai?aiiy /anoio
eaca?iiai aei?iiiithaaiiy aiae iio?a/a?aiiiai aei aeaeaeiai
oeueo?aoiieaoiaiai aeiaiaciiia niaeo?o i iathoue aeoaea aenieo i?iiaiaao
noieeinoue. Oiio, a ieaii i?aeoe/iiai canoinoaaiiy iiiie?enoaeia AAI
aeey aaia?aoei? aeueo iioe/ieo aa?iiiie i oaoiieiai? ?o ae?iuoaaiiy
aeinyaiooi cia/ii oniioe.
Iacaaaeath/e ia aaeeeee iioa?an aei i?aeoe/iiai canoinoaaiiy, /a?ac ?o
iaiaaeaio aeinooiiinoue, aeanoeainoi iiiie?enoaeia AAI aeini
caeeoathoueny aea/aieie iaaeinoaoiuei. Iiiie?enoaee ae SYMBOL 97 \f
“Symbol” \s 12 -AaA2I4 (AAI) aeini iaeaea ia aeineiaeaeoaaeenue. A oie
aea /an, aac aeeaieeo aeineiaeaeaiue anio iioeei-oice/ieo aeanoeainoae,
aaaeei ci?iaiicoaaoe oeyoe iiaeaeueoiai i?ia?ano a aaeoci i?aeoe/iiai
canoinoaaiiy iiiie?enoaeia ai?aoo aa?ith iaio oac. *a?ac oa eiiieaenii
aeineiaeaeaiiy oe?ieiai niaeo?o aeanoeainoae iiiie?enoaeia AAI i AAI
aeooaeueii ye c iaoeiai?, oae i c i?aeoe/ii? noi?iie. Oaei
aeineiaeaeaiiy aeicaieythoue iiaeaeueoe aoaeoeaiinoue ?o canoinoaaiiy a
o?aaeeoeieiie noa?i iaeiiieii? iioeee, a oaeiae iioe?eoe ia iioi iaeanoi
i?aeoe/iiai canoinoaaiiy.
Iaoith aeena?oaoeieii? ?iaioe ? ae?iuoaaiiy oa eiiieaenii
aeineiaeaeaiiy iioeei-oice/ieo aeanoeainoae iiiie?enoaeia ai?aoo aa?ith
iaio no?oeoo?ieo oac – iecueeioaiia?aoo?ii? (AAI) i aenieioaiia?aoo?ii?
(AAI). Aeey aeinyaiaiiy iinoaaeaii? iaoe iaiaoiaeii aoei ae?ioeoe oaei
caaaeaiiy:
– anoaiiaeoe iioeiaeueii aeoiaeii oii?aaeoeae i niinia neioaco ?inoiai?
oeooe aeey ae?iuoaaiiy iiiie?enoaeia AAI i AAI;
– aeineiaeeoe aieea oaoiieiai/ieo ia?aiao?ia ae?iuoaaiiy iiiie?enoaeia
ia ?o iioe/io yeinoue;
– i?iaanoe aeineiaeaeaiiy iaoaii/ieo i aeaeo?ioice/ieo aeanoeainoae a
oe?ieiio oaiia?aoo?iiio iioa?aaei;
– i?iaanoe aeaoaeueii aeineiaeaeaiiy i’?ciiioe/iiai oa
i?oaeiueiiioe/iiai aoaeoia a iiiie?enoaeao AAI;
– aecia/eoe eiaoioei?ioe aeonoiiioe/ii? yeinoi e?enoaeia AAI;
– aeineiaeeoe i ii?iaiyoe ethiiianoeaioii aeanoeainoi iiiie?enoaeia iaio
oac;
– aeineiaeeoe ii?inoeeioeeyoeieii aeanoeainoi e?enoaeia AAI;
– ia neiao?ieiiio ?iaii aeynieoe i?e?iaeo ia?aoiaeo c (- a (-oaco.
Iaoeiaa iiaecia:
– anoaiiaeaiee iioeiaeueiee aa?iaio neioaco aeoiaeii? ne?iaeie aeey
?inoo iiiie?enoaeia AAI i AAI;
– ae?iuaii iiiie?enoaee AAI aaciina?aaeiuei ic ia?aioieiaeaeaiiai
?icieaao noaoiiiao?e/iiai neeaaeo iaoiaeii aacoeaaeueii? ciiii? ieaaee
i?e iaa?iaaiii naioeiaei io/eii;
– io?eiaii oaiia?aoo?ii caeaaeiinoi eiaoioei?ioia eiiieiiai oaieiaiai
?icoe?aiiy (EEO?) i aeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoi iiiie?enoaeia AAI i AAI a
oe?ieiio iioa?aaei oaiia?aoo? (100-1070 E) i (293-900 E), aiaeiiaiaeii,
i?iaiaeiciaaii ?o aiaeiiiiinoi, iia’ycaii c aiaeiiiiinoyie no?oeoo?e;
– aeyaeaia aiicio?iiiy iie?ioaa?aeinoi oa e?eoeinoi iiiie?enoaeia AAI;
– aia?oa aecia/aii ani i’?ciiioe/ii i i?oaeiueiiioe/ii eiaoioei?ioe
iiiie?enoaeo AAI, i ia ?o iniiai i?iaiaeiciaaii ia?aiao?e eiai
aeonoiiioe/ii? yeinoi;
– i?iaaaeaii ii?iaiyeueii aeineiaeaeaiiy ethiiianoeaioieo aeanoeainoae
iiiie?enoaeia AAI i AAI, ae?iuaieo c ne?iaeie, neioaciaaii? c iaeieo i
oeo aea ?aaeoeaia. Aeineiaeaeaii niaeo?e aeacothoue ia aiaeiiiiinoi
e?enoaei/ii? no?oeoo?e iaio oac;
– aeineiaeaeaia O-i?iiaiaaa ethiiianoeaioeiy e?enoaeia AAI i iieacaia
ia?niaeoeaiinoue ?ic?iaee ia ?o iniiai aeaoaeoi?ia iiiicoth/iai
aei?iiiithaaiiy;
– aia?oa aeyaeaia ii?iaeaeo?e/ia noeeioeeyoeiy a iiiie?enoaeao AAI a
oe?ieiio oaiia?aoo?iiio iioa?aaei (77-400 E);
m – naaiaoiaeanoeeaie, i?e/iio i?aoaca aieiaei? neiao?i?th m3m.
I?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy iaea?aeaieo ?acoeueoaoia:
– iieacaia i?eioeeiiaa iiaeeeainoue ae?iuoaaiiy iiiie?enoaeia AAI
aaciina?aaeiuei c ia?aioieiaeaeaiiai noaoiiiao?e/iiai ?icieaao iaoiaeii
aacoeaaeueii? ciiii? ieaaee c iaa?iaaiiyi naioeiaeie i?iiaiyie;
– aeyaeaiee oe?ieee iaeneioi aiicio?iii? EEO? a iioa?aaei oaiia?aoo?
500-600 E aeicaiey? ?ic?iaeoe iioeiaeueiee ?aaeei iiney?inoiaiai
ioieiaeaeaiiy iiiie?enoaeo AAI aeey ciaioaiiy aioo?ioiio iai?oaeaiue;
– a?aooaaiiy aeaieo EEO? aeicaiey? i?aaeeueii iiaeia?aoe ?aaeeie
aenieoaoaoei? iaeiiieiiiioe/ieo aeaiaioia;
– i?iaaaeaii aeineiaeaeaiiy iie?ioaa?aeinoi i iie?ie?eoeinoi
aeicaieythoue i?aaeeueii iiaeia?aoe ?aaeeie ?icee i ia?iaee ae?iuaieo
iiiie?enoaeia;
– ?ic?aoiaaiee ca i?oaeiueiiioe/ieie eiaoioei?ioaie aenieee
aeonoiiioe/iee ia?aiao? I2 aeicaiey? i?iiiioaaoe iiiie?enoaee AAI aeey
canoinoaaiiy a aeonoiiioe/ieo i?eno?iyo;
– aenieee naioeiaee aeoiae O-i?iiaiaai? ethiiianoeaioei? iiiie?enoaeia
AAI aeicaiey? cai?iiiioaaoe ?o aeey aeaoaeoi?ia iiiicoth/iai
aei?iiiithaaiiy.
Iniaenoee aianie aeena?oaioa. Oaoiieiai/ii aeineiaeaeaiiy neioaco oa
ae?iuoaaiiy iiiie?enoaeia ?icieie iaoiaeaie, aeineiaeaeaiiy ?inoiaeo
aeaoaeoia ae?iuaieo iiiie?enoaeia aeeiiaii caeiaoaa/ai iniaenoi.
Aeineiaeaeaiiy aeaeo?ioice/ieo, iaoaii/ieo, i’?ciiioe/ieo oa
ethiiianoeaioieo aeanoeainoae i?iaaaeaii o niiaaaoi?noai c
niia?iaioieeaie ?inoeoooo oice/ii? iioeee oa Eueaianueeiai
aea?aeoiiaa?neoaoo. Iaaiai?aiiy oa aiaeic io?eiaieo ?acoeueoaoia
i?iaiaeeany ?acii c iaoeiaei ea?iaieeii.
Ai?iaaoeiy ?acoeueoaoia aeena?oaoei?. ?acoeueoaoe ?iaioe
aeiiiaiaeaeenue i iaaiai?thaaeenue ia:
– VIII Ananithciie eiioa?aioei? c ?inoo e?enoaeia (Oa?eia, 1992);
– THaieaeiie iaoeiaie eiioa?aioei?, i?enay/aiie 40-?i//th oice/iiai
oaeoeueoaoo Eueaianueiiai aea?aeaaiiai oiiaa?neoaoo ii. ?. O?aiea
(Eueaia, 1993);
– Caioiie iaoeiaie eiioa?aioei? Eueaianueeiai aea?aeaaiiai oiiaa?neoaoo
ii. ?.O?aiea ca 1998 ?ie (Eueaia, 1999);
– 9-oie ?a?iiaenueeie eiioa?aioei? c oiceee naaiaoiaeaeo?eeia (*aoiy,
I?aaa, 1999);
– Ia?oie Oe?a?inueeie oeiei-naiiia?i c oiceee naaiaoiaeaeo?eeia oa
nii?iaeiaieo iaoa?iaeia (Eueaia, 1999).
Ca’ycie ?iaioe c iaoeiaeie i?ia?aiaie, ieaiaie oa oaiaie.
Aeena?oaoeieia ?iaioa aeeiioaaeanue a ?aieao iaoeiai-aeineiaeii? oaie
?OI-12 “Iaeiiieii-iioe/ii i?eno?i? aeey iiooaeiiai eaca?iiai
aei?iiiithaaiiy” (01.01.93 ?. – 31.12.95 ?.)
Ioaeieaoei?. ?acoeueoaoe aeena?oaoeieii? ?iaioe aeeeaaeaii a 10
ioaeieaoeiyo o iaoeiaeo aeaeaiiyo, ia?aeie yeeo aea?oueny iai?eeiioei
aaoi?aoa?aoo.
No?oeoo?a i ia’?i aeena?oaoei?. Aeena?oaoeieia ?iaioa neeaaea?oueny c
anooio, /ioe?ueio ?icaeieia, aeniiaeia, oa nieneo eioa?aoo?e. Aiia
ia?aoiao? 149 noi?iiie, a oiio /enei 42 ?enoiee, 18 oaaeeoeue oa 168
aiaeiia?aoi/ieo iaca.
INIIAIEE CI?NO ?IAIOE
O anooii iaa?oioiaaii aeooaeueiinoue oaie, aecia/aii iaoo ?iaioe, ??
iaoeiao i i?aeoe/io oeiiiinoue.
Ia?oee ?icaeie ia? iaeyaeiaee oa?aeoa?. A iueiio iaaaaeaii eioa?aoo?ii
aeaii c ae?iuoaaiiy iioe/ii yeinieo iiiie?enoaeia ai?aoo aa?ith iaio oac
– AAI i AAI, i?aeoe/iiai canoinoaaiiy iiiie?enoaeia AAI a iaeiiieiie
iioeoei oa ?acoeueoaoe iiia?aaeiio aeineiaeaeaiue ?o iioe/ieo
aeanoeainoae.
Iacaaaeath/e ia oa, ui ia?oi iiaiaeiieaiiy i?i iiiie?enoaee AaA2I4
c’yaeeenue ia ii/aoeo 80-o ?ieia, ae?iuoaaiiy iioe/ii /enoeo
iiiie?enoaeia, iniaeeai (-oace, caeeoa?oueny cia/iith i?iaeaiith aei
oaia?ioiueiai /ano. C?iaeaii ni?iae i?enei?eoe i?ioean ?inoo e?enoaeia
AAI oeyoii ia?aoiaeo aei ae?iuoaaiiy i?yiei iaoiaeii *io?aeuenueeiai c
ia?aioieiaeaeaiiai noaoiiiao?e/iiai ?icieaao.
E?ii oeueiai aeoaea aaaaoi oaaae a iaoeiaie eioa?aoo?i i?eaeieaii
aeineiaeaeaiith iaeiiieiiiioe/ieo oa?aeoa?enoee e?enoaeia AAI i ?o
i?aeoe/iiio canoinoaaiith a ?iciiiaiioieo noaiao ia?aoai?aiiy /anoio
eaca?iiai aei?iiiithaaiiy.
?ioi iioeei-oice/ii aeanoeainoi e?enoaeia AAI aeineiaeaeaii iaaaaaoi
iaioa, iniaeeai neaai aeineiaeaeaii iiiie?enoaee aenieioaiia?aoo?ii?
oace AAI. Iaaioue ia oaiiiaiieiai/iiio ?iaii ia c’yniaaia i?e?iaea
ia?aoiaeo c (- a (-oaco.
O ae?oaiio ?icaeiei i?aaenoaaeaii ?acoeueoaoe oaoiieiai/ieo
aeineiaeaeaiue ae?iuoaaiiy iiiie?enoaeia iaio iiaeeoieaoeie AaA2I4 – AAI
i AAI.
Aenia?eiaioaeueii anoaiiaeaii, ui iaeiei ic aeoaea aaaeeeaeo iiiaioia a
oaoiieiai? ae?iuoaaiiy iioe/ii yeinieo iiiie?enoaeia ai?aoia aa?ith iaio
iiaeeoieaoeie ? aeai? aeoiaeieo oii?aaeoeaia i i?ioean neioaco ?inoiai?
oeooe. Iaeaeioeieueiioei aeyaeeinue aeei?enoaiiy aeey neioaco oeooe
ea?aiiaoia (AaNI3, Na2CO3) i ai?ii? eeneioe (I3AI3). Neioac ?inoiai?
oeooe iaee?aua i?iaiaeeoe aaaaoinooiii/aoei i?ioeanii iaa?iaaiiy iaeaea
aei oaiia?aoo?e ieaaeaiiy c /a?aoaaiiyi aoaiia iiaeaeuaiiy oaiia?aoo?e i
coieiie i?e oaiia?aoo?ao 150(N, 250(N i 500(N aeey caaacia/aiiy iiaiiai
?iceeaaeo I3AI3 i ea?aiiaoia.
Iiiie?enoaee AAI aeiaiao?ii 25 ii i aeiaaeeiith 20-25 ii ae?iuoaaeenue
eeane/iei iaoiaeii *io?aeuenueeiai c noaoiiiao?e/iiai ?icieaao AaA2I4.
Iiiie?enoaee AAI aeiaiao?ii aei 65 ii i aenioith aei 15 ii
ae?iuoaaeenue c ?icieaao-?ic/eio neeaaeo 78% AaA2I4 i 22% Na2O
(iieueieo) iiaeeoieiaaiei iaoiaeii *io?aeuenueeiai. Ae?iuoaaiiy
e?enoaeia AAI aeniei? iioe/ii? yeinoi i?iaiaeeeinue ia niaoeiaeueii
iiaeeoieiaaiie caaiaenueeie ?inoiaie onoaiiaoei c iaeneiaeueiei
caaacia/aiiyi oaiia?aoo?ii? noaaieueiinoi iiae /an i?ioeano ?inoo.
I?aaenoaaeaii onoaiiaeo ?inoo e?enoaeia iaoiaeii aacoeaaeueii? ciiii?
ieaaee c iaa?iaaiiyi naioeiaei io/eii i i?iaeaiiino?iaaii iiaeeeainoue
ae?iuoaaiiy ia iie iiiie?enoaeia AAI c ia?aioieiaeaeaiiai
noaoiiiao?e/iiai ?icieaao AaA2I4. Aeaiei iaoiaeii aoee ae?iuaii
iiiie?enoaee AAI ?icii?aie 4 ii a aeiaiao?i i 10 ii aeiaaeeiith.
Oeiiaeie ?inoiaeie aeaoaeoaie a e?enoaeao AAI ? iie?iii?iaeieie,
aieueoinoue c yeeo iathoue aioo?ioith ia?aieo i iiaeooue o?aeooaaoenue,
ye aiae’?iii e?enoaee, caiiaiaii caeeoeaie ?icieaao-?ic/eio.
Iaee?aui, ca iioe/iith yeinoth, iiiie?enoaee AAI i AAI io?eiothoueny
i?e ae?iuoaaiii ia cao?aaee, i?i?ioiaaii a iai?yieo iioe/ii? ini.
O o?aoueiio ?icaeiei iaaaaeaii ?acoeueoaoe aeineiaeaeaiue oaieiaeo,
iaoaii/ieo i aeaeo?ioice/ieo aeanoeainoae iiiie?enoaeia iaio oac AaA2I4.
EEO? iiiie?enoaeia AAI i AAI aeii?thaaeenue iaoiaeii ?iiiniiai
aeeeaoiiao?a. Iie?ioaa?aeinoue oa e?eoeinoue e?enoaeia
aeineiaeaeoaaeenue noaiaea?oiei iaoiaeii iie?iiiaeaiooaaiiy.
Aeaeo?i-i?iaiaeiinoue iiiie?enoaeia iaio oac aeii?thaaeanue o aaeooii
5(10-2 Oi? i?e iinoieiiio no?oii.
Oaiia?aoo?ii caeaaeiinoi EEO? iiiie?enoaeia AAI i AAI a iioa?aaei
100-1070 E nooo?ai aiae?iciythoueny. sseui aeey e?enoaeia AAI
caeaaeiinoi (11(O) i (33(O) iathoue iaeaea eiiieiee oa?aeoa?, oi aeey
e?enoaeia AAI oaiia?aoo?ia caeaaeiinoue eiaoioei?ioo (33 ia?
eoiieiiiaeiaiee aeaeyae c iaeneioiii i?e O = 573 E. ?, yeui iieaciee
aiicio?iii? (( aeey AAI iiiioiiii c?inoa? c ?inoii oaiia?aoo?e, oi a AAI
aii ia? iaeneioi i?e 573 E.
m).
I?e eiiiaoiie oaiia?aoo?i (11 = 4(10-6 E-1 i (33 = 46(10-6 E-1 aeey AAI
i (11 = 3.8(10-6 E-1 i (33 = 12(10-6 E-1 aeey AAI e?enoaeia. Aeey AAI
i?e 573 E (33 = 75(10-6 E-1. Iayaiinoue oaei? neeueii? aiicio?iii? EEO?
a e?enoaeao AAI iaiaoiaeii a?aoiaoaaoe i?e ?o iiney?inoiaiio
ioieiaeaeaiii aeey iiiiiicaoei? aieeao oa?iiiai?oaeaiue ia iioe/ii
ia?aiao?e.
Iie?ioaa?aeinoue i e?eoeinoue iiiie?enoaeia AAI oaeiae i?iyaeythoue
cia/io aiicio?iiith aeey iniiaieo e?enoaeioice/ieo ieiuei – X i Z
(ieiueie ia?iaiaeeeoey?ii aiaeiiaiaeii aei ini X i Z). Oae, aeey ieiueie
Z ani aiaeaeoee iiaeaioi?a aiaeiiaiaeathoue iaeaeuiio aaeo e?eoeinoi –
V, a aeey ieiueie X – aaeo ???. Iaaeii?ia e?eoeinoue aeicaiey? aecia/eoe
oieueee ieaeith iaaeo iiaeeeaiai cia/aiiy iie?ioaa?aeinoi aeey
i?i?ioaoei? Z, yea noaiiaeoue 2 YIa. Aeey i?i?ioaoei? O iie?ioaa?aeinoue
ciiith?oueny aiae 16 YIa aei 2 YIa i?e caieueoaiii iaaaioaaeaiiy aiae
0.2 I aei 2.0 I. I?iaaaeaii oaeiae neea?iiao?e/ii aeineiaeaeaiiy iaio
iniiaieo ieiuei e?enoaeo AAI.
Cia/ii neaaoa aiicio?iiiy iiae iai?yieaie O i Z niinoa?iaa?oueny a
oaiia?aoo?ieo caeaaeiinoyo aeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoi iaio e?enoaeia AAI i AAI
o anueiio oaiia?aoo?iiio iioa?aaei 300-900 E. Ii?iaeaeo?e/iee aoaeo a
iiiie?enoaeao AAI caaaaea? aeii?thaaiith oaiia?aoo?ii? caeaaeiinoi
aeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoi ieae/a 580 E. E?eai ln( = ((103/T) aeey iaio
e?enoaeia ieae/a oaiia?aoo?e 720 E aeineoue iiaeiaii i aeicaieythoue
aeaeieeoe eieueea i?yiieiiieieo aeieyiie i ?ic?aooaaoe aeey ieo aia?ai?
aeoeaaoei?. Aeua 720 E aeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoue e?enoaeia AAI no?iiei
c?inoa?, ui iiaea aooe coiiaeaii iiiaie Na+, i?enooiinoue yeeo a AAI
ni?e/eiaia aeei?enoaiiyi Na2O, ye ?ic/eiieea i?e ae?iuoaaiii
iiiie?enoaeo. ?acoeueoaoe aeinaeiaeaeaiue aeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoi
i?eaiaeyoue aei aeniiaeo, ui aeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoue iaio iiaeeoieaoeie
AaA2I4 ieae/a 500 E ia? aeaeo?iiiee oa?aeoa?, a i?e oaiia?aoo?ao aeueo,
iiae 700 E ia?aaaaea? iiiia neeaaeiaa i?iaiaeiinoi. Cia/aiiy
aeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoi noaiiaeyoue: ( = 10-10 Ii-1i-1 aeey iaio iai?yieia
iaeaeaio e?enoaeia i?e eiiiaoiie oaiia?aoo?i; (11 ( 10-5 Ii-1i-1 i (33 (
10-6 Ii-1i-1 aeey iiiie?enoaeo AAI i ( ( 10-1 Ii-1i-1 aeey iaio
iai?yieia iiiie?enoaeo AAI i?e oaiia?aoo?i 850 E.
O /aoaa?oiio ?icaeiei i?aaenoaaeaii ?acoeueoaoe aeineiaeaeaiue iioe/ieo
aeanoeainoae iiiie?enoaeia AAI i AAI, cie?aia iieacieeia caeiieaiiy,
i’?ciiioe/iiai oa i?oaeiueiiioe/iiai aoaeoia i ethiiianoeaioieo
aeanoeainoae.
Aeineiaeaeaia aeenia?niy iieacieeia caeiieaiiy ia? ii?iaeueiee oa?aeoa?
o aeaeeiie iaeanoi niaeo?o.
Aeii?thaaiiy i’?ciiioe/iiai aoaeoo i?iaiaeeeenue ia niaoeiaeueiie
aenia?eiaioaeueiie onoaiiaoei ia aaci iioa?oa?iiao?a Iaoa-Oeaiaea?a,
eio?a aeicaieyea aeii?thaaoe aac ciiie iieiaeaiiy c?acea aaniethoii
i’?ciiioe/ii eiaoioei?ioe (im iioa?oa?iiao?e/iei niiniaii i i’?ciiioe/ii
eiaoioei?ioe iiaeoeiaaiiai aeaicaeiieaiiy (*km iiey?ecaoeieii-iioe/iei
niiniaii. Iayaiinoue ieiueie neieo a AAI cioooaaea, i?e aecia/aiii ((ikm
aeey aeayeeo iai?yieia, i?iaiaeeoe ?a?no?aoeith iioa?iieyoeieiei
iaoiaeii oienaoei? cnoao iioa?oa?iiao?e/ii? ea?oeie. Aeii?thaaiiy ((ikm
a iiey?ecaoeieii-iioe/iie noaii i?iaiaeeeinue aiaeiiei iaoiaeii
Naia?iiia.
I?e ?ic?aooieo aieiaieo i iaaieiaieo i’?ciiioe/ieo eiaoioei?ioia aoee
i?iaiaeiciaaii i iaeneiaeueii a?aoiaaii ani iiaeeeai iioeaee aeey anio
aaiiao?ie aeii?thaaiiy. A ?acoeueoaoi, aeey iiiie?enoaeo AAI aoee
?ic?aoiaaii ani 8 iacaeaaeieo i’?ciiioe/ieo eiaoioei?ioia. A oaae.1
iaaaaeaii ona?aaeiaii cia/aiiy ?ic?aoiaaieo i’?ciiioe/ieo eiaoioei?ioia
i?e iinoieiie iiaeoeoei? (Dim oa iinoieiiio aeaeo?e/iiio iiei (Aim i
cia/aiiy i?oaeiueiiioe/ieo eiaoioei?ioia ?Ain.
Oaaeeoey 1
Cia/aiiy i’?ciiioe/ieo eiao?oe??io?a i?e iino?ei?e ?iaeoeoe?? oa
iino?eiiio aeaeo?e/iiio iie? ? ?ic?aoiaai? cia/aiiy i?oaeiueiiioe/ieo
eiao?oe??io?a
Iicia/aiiy
?iaeaen?a im
aai in
11
12
13
31
33
14
41
44
Eiao?oe??ioe
(Dim, A? -1,7 -1,35 1,75 -1,6 3,7 -2,0 -2,03 -26,3
(Eim, A? -1,6 -1,46 1,73 -1,6 3,7 -1,54 -2,02 -26,3
pEin -0,195 -0,197 -0,059 -0,112 -0,039 -0,005 -0,007 -0,078
Aeineoue aeniei cia/aiiy i?oaeiueiiioe/iiai eiaoioei?ioa a AAI a
noeoiiinoi c iaeith aonoeiith (( = 3.85 a/ni3) i oaeaeeinoth caoeo
iiia?a/ieo oaeeue (vxz = 811 i/n, vyz = 900 i/n) caaacia/o? eiio aenieo
aeonoiiioe/io yeinoue. ?ic?aoiaaiee eiaoioei?io aeonoiiioe/ii? yeinoi
noaiiaeoue I2 ( 129.0(10-18 n3/a. Aeniea i?iiaiaaa noieeinoue
iiii-e?enoaeia AAI (iioe/iee ii?ia ?oeioaaiiy ( 4 YAo/ni2 i?e ( = 1.079
iei) i aeia?i aeonoiiioe/ii aeanoeainoi aeicaieythoue i?iiiioaaoe oei
e?enoaee aeey aeaioiaeaiiy aeonoiiioe/ieo iiaeoeyoi?ia aeey eaca?ieo
io/eia aeoaea aaeeei? iiooaeiinoi.
Ca ?acoeueoaoaie aeineiaeaeaiue O-i?iiaiaai? ethiiianoeaioei?
iiiie?enoaeia AAI i AAI c?iaeaii aeniiaie i?i ia?niaeoeaiinoue
canoinoaaiiy AAI, ye aeaoaeoi?ia iiiicoth/iai aei?iiiithaaiiy, caaaeyee
aenieiio naioeiaeoiaeo. Aeii?yii niaeo?e O-i?iiaiaai? ethiiianoeaioei?,
oa?iinoeioeueiaaii? ethiiianoeaioei?, oioiethiiianoeaioei? aeey iaio
e?enoaeia – AAI i AAI – canaiae/eee aieea iniaeeainoae e?enoaei/ii?
no?oeoo?e ia i?ioeane aeieeiaiiy oa ?iciaaeo aeaeo?iiieo caoaeaeaiue oa
no?oeoo?o iiaeeiath/eo i aei?iiiithth/eo oeaio?ia a e?enoaeao c
oioiaeiii oiii/iei neeaaeii i ae?iuaieo c iaeaioe/ieo oii?aaeoeaia.
Aia?oa aeyaeaia a ii?iaeaeo?e/ieo e?enoaeao AAI ii?inoeeioeeyoeiy o
anueiio aeineiaeaeoaaiiio iioa?aaei oaiia?aoo? (80-400 E) naiae/eoue
i?i aeieeiaiiy neeueieo aeaeo?e/ieo iieia i ?ic?yaeia ia iiaa?oii i?e
ciiii oaiia?aoo?e.
m – naaiaoiaeanoeeaie, i?e/iio i?aoaca aieiaei? neiao?i?th m3m.
INIIAI? ?ACOEUeOAOE OA AENIIAEE
1. Aenia?eiaioaeueii anoaiiaeaii, ui iioeiaeueiee neioac aeoiaeii? oeooe
i?e ?inoi iiiie?enoaeia (-AaA2I4 i (-AaA2I4 aiaeaoaa?oueny i?e ?iceeaaei
ea?aiiaoia aa?ith, iao?ith i ai?ii? eeneioe, iaa?ioeo iaeaea aei
oaiia?aoo?e ieaaeaiiy. ?aaeoeiy neioaco i?ioiaeeoue i?e oaiia?aoo?ao
ieae/eo, iiae oaiia?aoo?e ?iceeaaeo ie?aieo ea?aiiaoia.
2. Ae?iuaii iiiie?enoaee (-AaA2I4 iiaeeoieiaaiei iaoiaeii
*io?aeuenueeiai c ?icieaao-?ic/eio ?icii?aie – 65 ii a aeiaiao?i i 15
ii aenioith oa iiiie?enoaee (-AaA2I4 eeane/iei iaoiaeii *io?aeuenueeiai
aeiaiao?ii 25 ii i 23 ii aenioith. Aia?oa io?eiaii iiiie?enoaee (-AaA2I4
c ia?aioieiaeaeaiiai noaoiiiao?e/iiai ?icieaao iaoiaeii aacoeaaeueii?
ciiii? ieaaee ic naioeiaei iaa?iaii ?icii?aie – 4 ii a aeiaiao?i i 10
ii aeiaaeeiith.
3. I?iaaaeaii aeineiaeaeaiiy iie?ioaa?aeinoi, iie?ie?eoeinoi,
eiaoioei?ioia eiiieiiai oaieiaiai ?icoe?aiiy oa aeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoi
iiiie?enoaeia (-AaA2I4 i (-AaA2I4. Iieacaii, ui o e?enoaeao (-AaA2I4
inio? iaeneioi aiicio?iii? EEO? a iaeanoi 500-600 E. Aeyaeaii, ui
oaa?aeinoue ieiueie ia?iaiaeeeoey?ii? aei ini O e?enoaeia (-AaA2I4 ?
aieueoith, iiae ieiueie ia?iaiaeeeoey?ii? aei ini Z. Iieacaii, ui i?e
oaiia?aoo?ao aeueo, iiae 700 E aeaeo?ii?ia?aei?noue (-AaA2I4 c?inoa?
iaaaaaoi oaeaeoa, i?ae a (-AaA2I4. I?e oaiia?aoo?ao ( 500 E aeey iaio
iiaeeoieaoeie e?enoaeo aeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoue ia? aeaeo?iiiee oa?aeoa?, a
i?e oaiia?aoo?ao ( 700 E ia?aaaaea? iiiia neeaaeiaa i?ia?aeiino?.
4. O iiiie?enoaeao (-AaA2I4 aia?oa aecia/aii cia/aiiy anio i’?ciiioe/ieo
eiaoioei?ioia (im iioa?oa?iiao?e/iei iaoiaeii oa eiaoioei?ioe
iiaeoeiaaiiai aeaicaeiieaiiy (*km iiey?ecaoeieii-iioe/iei iaoiaeii. C
a?aooaaiiyi aoi?eiii? aeaeo?iiioe/ii? aeiaaaee aei i’?ciiioe/ieo
eiaoioei?ioia i?e iinoieiie aeaeo?e/iie iiaeoeoei? ?ic?aoiaaii ciae i
aaniethoia cia/aiiy anio i?oaeiuei-iioe/ieo eiaoioei?ioia i?e iinoieiiio
aeaeo?e/iiio iiei aeey iiiie?enoaeia (-AaA2I4.
5. Aecia/aiee eiaoioei?io aeonoiiioe/ii? yeinoi e?enoaeia (-AaA2I4, yeee
noaiiaeoue I2 ( 129.0(10-18 n3/a. Iieacaii, ui e?enoaee (-AaA2I4 ?
ia?niaeoeaiei aeonoiiioe/iei iaoa?iaeii.
6. I?iaaaeaii ii?iaiyeueii aeineiaeaeaiiy ethiiianoeaioieo aeanoeainoae
iiiie?enoaeia (-AaA2I4 i (-AaA2I4, ae?iuaieo c oeo naieo aeoiaeieo
oii?aaeoeaia. Aeineiaeaeaii niaeo?e oa?iinoeioeueiaaii? ethiiianoeaioei?
oa oioiethiiianoeaioei?, yei aeacothoue ia aiaeiiiiinoi e?enoaei/ii?
no?oeoo?e iaio oac. Aeyaeaiee cia/iee naioeiaeoiae O-i?iiaiaai?
ethiiianoeaioei? iiiie?enoaeia (-AaA2I4. Iieacaii ia?niaeoeaiinoue
?ic?iaee ia iniiai e?enoaeia (-AaA2I4 aeaoaeoi?ia iiiicoth/iai
aei?iiiithaaiiy.
m – naaiaoiaeanoeeaie, i?e/iio i?aoaca aieiaei? neiao?i?th m3m.
INIIAI? ?ACOEUeOAOE AeENA?OAOe?? AEEEAAeAI? A ?IAIOAO:
1. Aaeaiea A.O., Ao?ae ss.A., Aeiaaee ss.I., Eeoue E.A. Oiiiiiue aeeaae
a yeaeo?iiioe/aneee yooaeo iiiie?enoaeeia (-AaA2I4. // AEIN. -1991.
-o.54, ?1. -N. 92-97.
2. Aaeaiea A.O., Ao?ae ss.A., Aeiaaee ss.I., Eeoue E.A. Aeenia?ney
oaciaiai neio?iiecia iaeeiaeiiai e?enoaeea (-AaA2I4. // E?enoaeeia?aoey.
1991. -o.36. Aui.1. -N. 229-231.
3. Aaeaiia A.O., Aa?ei O.E., Eioee ?.A., Ao?ae ss.A., Aeaeaea A.?.,
Aeiaaee ss.I., Ii?ic ?.?. I?i oiiiiii niaeo?e iiiie?enoaeia ai?aoia. //
OOAE. 1992. -o.37, ? 3. -N. 368-373.
4. Eo?eei ?.A., Ao?ae ss.A., Aaeaiia A.O. Oiceei-iaoaii/ii aeanoeainoi
iiiie?enoaeia (-AaA2I4. // OOAE. -1997. -o.42, ? 7. -N. 837-840.
5. Aaeaiea A.O., Ao?ae ss.A., Iaianthe I.?., Oanethe E.I.
Ie?iyeaeo?iethieianoeaioeey iiiie?enoaeeia aaoa-ai?aoa aa?ey. // Ienueia
a AEOO. -1998. -o.24, ? 4. -N. 62-65.
6. Aaeaiia A.O. Neioac i ae?iuoaaiiy iiiie?enoaeia (-AaA2I4 c ?ic/eio a
?icieaai. // Oace aeiiiaiaeae. i. Eueaia, EAeO, Oe?a?ia. -1993. -N. 86.
7. Aaeaiea A.O., Ao?ae ss.A., Oanethe E.I. Iae?ineiie/aneea ?inoiaua
aeaoaeou iaeeiaeiuo e?enoaeeia (-AaA2I4 e LiB3O5. // Oacenu 8-e
Ananithciie eiioa?aioeee ii ?inoo e?enoaeeia. a. Oa?ueeia, Oe?aeia.
-1992. -o. 2, /anoue ?. -N. 178-179.
8. Andrushchak A., Sydoryk I., Martynyuk-Lototska I., Krupych O., Adamiv
V., Burak Ya., Vlokh R. The anisotropy of piezo- and elastooptic effect
in (-AaA2I4 crystals. //Abstracts of the 9-th European Meeting on
Ferroelectricity. Czech Republik, Praha. -1999. -P. 61.
9. Aaeaiia A.O., Aiae?ouae A.N., Ao?ae ss.A., Aeio ?.I. Ae?iuoaaiiy oa
oioii?oaeii aeanoeainoi e?enoaeia AaA2I4 a naaiaoiaeaeo?e/iie oa
naaiaoiaeanoe/iie oacao // Oace Ia?oi? Oe?a?inueei? oeiee-naiiia?o c
oiceee naaiaoiaeaeo?eeia oa nii?iaeiaieo iaoa?iaeia. i. Eueaia, Oe?a?ia.
-1999. -N. 61.
10. Aaeaiia A.O., Ao?ae ss.A., Aa?aiei ?.A., Aeio ?.I. Aeaeo?ioice/ii
aeanoeainoi iiiie?enoaeia iaoaai?aoo aa?ith. // Oace Ia?oi? Oe?a?inueei?
oeiee-naiiia?o c oiceee naaiaoiaeaeo?eeia oa nii?iaeiaieo iaoa?iaeia. i.
Eueaia, Oe?a?ia. -1999. -N. 87.
Aaeaiia A.O. Iioeei-oice/ii aeanoeainoi iiiie?enoaeia AaA2I4, ae?iuaieo
o (- oa (-oacao. – ?oeiien.
Aeena?oaoeiy ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy eaiaeeaeaoa
oiceei-iaoaiaoe/ieo iaoe ca niaoeiaeueiinoth 01.04.05 – iioeea, eaca?ia
oiceea – ?inoeooo oice/ii? iioeee Iiiinoa?noaa inaioe Oe?a?ie, Eueaia,
1999.
m – naaiaoiaeanoeeaie, i?e/iio i?aoaca aieiaei? neiao?i?th m3m.
Eeth/iai neiaa: ai?ao aa?ith, iiiie?enoae, i’?ciiioeea, aeonoiiioeea,
ethiiianoeaioeiy, ii?iaeaeo?ee, iie?ioaa?aeinoue, oaieiaa ?icoe?aiiy.
Aaeaiea A.O. Iioeei-oece/aneea naienoaa iiiie?enoaeeia AaA2I4,
au?auaiiuo a (- e (-oacao. – ?oeiienue.
Aeenna?oaoeey ia nieneaiea o/aiie noaiaie eaiaeeaeaoa
oeceei-iaoaiaoe/aneeo iaoe ii niaoeeaeueiinoe 01.04.05 – iioeea,
eaca?iay oeceea – Einoeooo oece/aneie iioeee Ieienoa?noaa ia?aciaaiey
Oe?aeiu, Eueaea, 1999.
m – naaiaoiyeanoeeaie, i?e/ai i?aoaca aeaaeaao neiiao?eae m3m.
Eeth/aaua neiaa: ai?ao aa?ey, iiiie?enoaee, iueaciiioeea, aeonoiiioeea,
ethieianoeaioeey, ie?iyeaeo?ee, iee?ioaa?aeinoue, oaieiaia ?anoe?aiea.
Adamiv V.T. Optical and physical properties of BaB2O4 single crystals
grown in (- and (-phases. – Manuscript.
Thesis for Candidate of Science Degree in Physics and Mathematics by
speciality 01.04.05 – optics, laser physics – Institute of Physical
Optics, Ministry of Education of Ukraine, Lviv, 1999.
The dissertation is devoted to growth and complex investigations of
optical and physical properties of BaB2O4 single crystals for both
structural phases – low-temperature noncentrosymmetrical (-BaB2O4 (BBO)
and high-temperature centrosymmetrical (-BaB2O4 (ABO), devided by the
phase transition at 925(C. The growth method for these crystals
including all peculiarities of the process is studied in details.
It is shown that the choise of starting chemical agents and the
synthesis process of growth mixture are very important moments for
growth technology of optically qualitative BaB2O4 single crystals for
both modifications. The most expedient reagents for synthesis are BaCO3,
Na2CO3 and H3BO3. The synthesis of growth mixture by the method of
solid-state reaction with graded heating process is fulfilled. The
optically best BBO and ABO single crystals are obtained by the
top-seeding in the optical axis direction. Microcavities are the typical
defects for the crystals; the majority of them have internal cut and can
be interpreted as negative crystals, filled up with remains of
melt-solution.
The results of investigations of mechanical, thermal and
electrophysical properties for single crystals of both phases are
presented. The considerable anisotropy between the main
crystallophysical planes for microhardness and fragility of BBO crystals
is determined. The excessive fragility gives the possibility do
determine only the lower boundary of suitable value of microhardness for
the plane perpendicular to c-axis, which equals 2 GPa. The knowledge of
these values allows to elaborate a cutting technology and machining for
single crystal samples with high optical quality. The temperature
dependences of linear thermal expantion for BBO and ABO single crystals
in temperature region 100 – 1070 K differ essentially. For ABO crystals
the dependences (11(T) and (33(T) have almost linear character, while
for BBO crystals the dependence (33(T) has cupola-like form. The
negative values of (11 for both crystals are explained on the basis of
their pseudolayered structure and the differences in (33(T) dependences
are connected with differences in phonon spectra. With the aim of
minimization of thermal stress influence on optical parameters and in
the operation of nonlinear optical elements in correspondent devices it
is nesessary to take into account the existence of so strong anisotropy
of linear thermal expansion in BBO crystals in the process of postgrowth
cooling. The temperature dependences of electroconductivity for both
crystals in 300 – 900 K region are investigated. The conductivity
mechanism is ascertained and the small difference between (11 and (33
coefficients is determined.
The measurements of piezooptical effect in BBO crystal on the special
experimental installation, which allows to measure all piezooptical
coefficients (im without changes of the sample position by the
interferometric method are fulfilled. The coefficients of induced
birefringence ((km by polarisation-optical method are measured also. In
result for BBO the eight independent piezooptical coefficients at
constant induction and electric field and the magnitudes of
elastooptical coefficients are calculated. Rather high values of
elastooptical coefficients in BBO together with small density and sound
velocity of transversal waves ensure its high acoustooptical quality (I2
( 129.0(10-18 s3/g). High radiational stability of BBO single crystals
(the optical damage threshold ~4 GW/cm2 at (=1.079 (m) and good
acoustooptical characteristics allow to suggest these crystals for
designing of acoustooptical modulators for powerful laser beams.
The comparative investigations of luminescent properties of BBO and ABO
single crystals which were grown from the same chemical agents are
fulfilled. The conclusion about possible prospects for use of ABO
detectors of ionised radiation is made over results of investigations,
because the ligh efficiency of X-ray luminescence is high in comparison
with known crystals.
The pyroelectric scintillation in (-BaB2O4 crystals in 77-400 K
temperature region, which shows the appearance of strong electric fields
and electric discharges on the crystal surface, is ascertained.
m symmetry phase – ferroelastics, moreover the parent phase possesses
m3m symmetry.
Key words: barium borate, single crystal, piezooptics, acoustooptics,
luminescence, pyroelectric, microhardness, thermal expansion.
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