15
I?I?NOA?NOAI INA?OE OE?A?IE
OE?A?INUeEEE O?AINII?OIEE OI?AA?NEOAO
E?ANOUessIIIEUe Ieaia Aiaoie??aia
OAeE 629.114.001.5
IAIAA?AI?NOUe OA NO?EE?NOUe ?OOO AAOIII?CAeA C NAIIANOAIIAETHAAEUeIITH
A?NNTH IAI?AI?E*AIA
Niaoe?aeuei?noue 05.22.02 – aaoiiia?e? ? o?aeoi?e
Aaoi?aoa?ao
aeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai
nooiaiy
eaiaeeaeaoa oaoi?/ieo iaoe
Ee?a-1999 ?.
Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien
?iaioa aeeiiaia ia eaoaae?? “Aaoiiia?e?” Oe?a?inueeiai o?ainii?oiiai
oi?aa?neoaoo.
Iaoeiaee ea??aiee – aeieoi? oaoi?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani? Naoii Aieiaeeie?
I?ioi?iae/, caa?oaa/ eaoaae?e “Aaoiiia?e?” Oe?a?inueeiai o?ainii?oiiai
oi?aa?neoaoo.
Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe: aeieoi? oaoi?/ieo iaoe, i?ioani?,
caneoaeaiee aeiao?aeiee Oe?a?ie Aeiiyi ?oaai Aaaa?iae/, aeaaeai?e
O?ainii?oii? aeaaeai?? Oe?a?ie
eaiaeeaeao oaoi?/ieo iaoe caa?aeoaa/ naeoi?a ii?iaoeaii-oaoi?/ii?
aeieoiaioaoe?? aeine?aeieoeueei-aenia?eiaioaeueieo ?ia?o
Aea?aeaaoio?ainIAe?i?iaeo Aaa?a Aieiaeeie? Ai?eniae/
I?ia?aeia i?aai?caoe?y – Iaoe?iiaeueiee aa?a?iee
oi?aa?neoao
Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny “_14”aeiaoiy 1999 ?. i 10_aiaeei? ia
can?aeaii? niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Ae26.059.01 aeey caoenoo
aeena?oaoe?e ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy eaiaeeaeaoa oaoi?/ieo iaoe
i?e Oe?a?inueeiio o?ainii?oiiio oi?aa?neoao? (252010, Ee?a-10, aoe.
Noai?iaa,1) a aoaeeoi??? 333-a.
3 aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoeny o iaeia?e a?ae?ioaoe? Oe?a?inueeiai
o?ainii?oiiai oi?aa?neoaoo (aoe. E?ea?aeca, 40)
Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee “_14_”_aa?aniy_ 1999?.
A/aiee nae?aoa? niauae?ciaaii?
a/aii? ?aaee, i?ioani?
I.I.Aeieo???a
Aeooaeuei?noue oaie.
A oiiaao c?inoath/eo u?eueiinoae o?ainii?oieo iioie?a,
ca?eueoaiiy e?eueeino? aaeeeiaaaiaeo e?oiiiaaaa?eoieo aaoiiia?e?a ?
aaoiii?cae?a ia aei?iaao e?a?ie iiaeeea?noue iiaeaeueoiai i?aeaeuaiiy
i?iaeoeoeaiino? AOC ca ?aooiie ?inoo na?aaei?o oaeaeeinoae ?ooo
?noioii iaiaaeaia aeiiaaie aaciaee. O ca’yceo c oeei ia?niaeoeaiei
? aeei?enoaiiy aaoiii?cae?a aaeeei? aaioaaeii?aeeiiiino? a neeaae?
n?aeaeueieo oyaa/?a ? o?ea?nieo iai?ai?e/ai?a, ni?iiiaeieo ia?aaiceoe
??ciiiai?oi? aaioaae? ye o i?noeaaiio, oae ? i?aei?nueeiio ?
i?aeia?iaeiiio niieo/aiiyo. Iaiao?aei?noue aeio?eiaiiy inueiaiai
iaaaioaaeaiiy, iaoiiaeaiiai o?ainii?oiei caeiiiaeaanoaii e?a?ie,
ciooo? ca?eueooaaoe /enei inae, iiaeiaaeoaaoe iai?ai?e/?i, a oea
iia??oo? aienoaai?noue aaoiii?caea a iiai?io. Ca?eueoaiiy aaaa?eoii?
nioae ?ooo /AN?/ noai?th? iaaaciaeo aeey cono??/iiai o?ainii?oo,
oo?oaeith? i?i?cae o i?nueeeo oiiaao ?, a inoaoi/iiio i?aenoieo, cieaeo?
na?aaeith oaeaee?noue ?ooo. Ine?eueee iie?ioaiiy aienoaaiino?
aaoiii?caea a iiai?io ca ?aooiie ea?iaaieo inae (eie?n) a?cea
iai?ai?e/aia iia??oo? no?ee?noue i?yiie?i?eiiai ?ooo, oi a ?o
eiino?oeoe?? iaiao?aeii ia?aaeaa/eoe i?eno?i?, ui ciaioothoue aeeyiiy
i?e/?iieo eaiie.
A?aeiii, ui aeiaeaoeiaee iaaaoeaiee aieea ia no?ee?noue ?ooo
cae?enith? nenoaia ea?oaaiiy eieanaie iai?ai?e/aia. Oiio i?e i?aeoe/i?e
?aae?caoe?? i?eaiaeo oi?aae?iiy aaoiii?caea ?c caiianaiiaethaaeueiith
a?nnth iai?ai?e/aia (oiaoi a?nnth, eiaeia eieani yei? iiaea iiaa?oaoeny
iaaeiei nai?? in? oeai?iy, i?e/iio eieana c’?aeiai? i?ae niaith ca
aeiiiiiaith ?oeueiai? o?aiaoe?? ?c noaa?e?coth/ei i?eno?i?i) iaiao?aeiee
anaa?/iee aiae?c ??ciiiai?oieo oaeoi??a ye oeo, ui ni?eythoue iiai?ioo
eie?n naiianoaiiaethaaeueii? in?, oae ? oeo, ui iiai?ioo
ia?aoeiaeaeathoue.
Ca’ycie ?iaioe c iaoeiaeie i?ia?aiaie. ?iaioo aeeiiaii a iaaeao
aea?aeathaeaeaoii? oaie “I?aeaeuaiiy no?eeino? ?ooo aaoiiia?e?a ?
aaoiii?cae?a ca ?aooiie a?eueo iiaiiai iae?eo ia?aiao??a nenoaie
“Aaoiiia?eue – iaaeieeoi? na?aaeiaeua”, ui ?ic?iaey?oueny eaoaae?ith
“Aaoiiia?e?” (oaia caoaa?aeaeaia Oe?a?inueeei o?ainii?oiei oi?aa?neoaoii
I?i?noa?noaa ina?oe Oe?a?ie, iaeac ?12 a?ae 23.01.1996 ?.)
Iaoa ? caaea/? ?iaioe. Iaoith ?iaioe ? i?aeaeuaiiy iieaciee?a
iaiaa?aiino? ? no?eeino? ?ooo aaoiii?caea c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith
a?nnth iai?ai?e/aia.
Aeey aeinyaiaiiy iinoaaeaii? iaoe a ?iaio? iinoaaeai? oae?
caaea/?:
1. Aeoiaey/e ?c ae?th/eo ii?iaoea?a aecia/eoe iaeneiaeueio aeiaaeeio
aaoiii?caea c iaea?iaaiei iai?ai?e/aiii ? aaoiii?caea c
naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth iai?ai?e/aia.
2. ?ic?iaeoe iaoaiaoe/io iiaeaeue ieineiia?aeaeueiiai ?ooo
aeaioeaieiaiai aaoiii?caea c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth
iai?ai?e/aia ? iaoiaeeeo aecia/aiiy iieaciee?a eiai iaiaa?aiino?.
3. Iaa?oiooaaoe eooe onoaiiaee eie?n naiianoaiiaethaaeueii? in?
iai?ai?e/aia.
4. Aeeiiaoe eiii’thoa?ia iiaeaethaaiiy ?ooo aaoiii?caea c
naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth iai?ai?e/aia ? i?iaanoe aiae?c aieeao
eiino?oeoeaieo ? aenieoaoaoe?eieo ia?aiao??a ia eiai aienoaai?noue a
iiai?io ? no?ee?noue ?ooo.
5. I?iaanoe aenia?eiaioaeuei? aeine?aeaeaiiy iaeaoa aaoiii?caea ?
anoaiiaeoe aaeaeaaoi?noue iaoaiaoe/ii? iiaeae? ieineiia?aeaeueiiai ?ooo
?aaeueiei i?ioeanai.
6. ?ic?iaeoe ?aeiiaiaeaoe?? uiaei i?aeoe/iiai aeei?enoaiiy ?acoeueoao?a
aeine?aeaeaiiy c iaoith i?aeaeuaiiy iieaciee?a no?eeino? ?ooo
aaoiii?caea c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth iai?ai?e/aia.
Iaoiaee aeine?aeaeaiue ia?aaeaa/aee iaoaiaoe/ia iiaeaethaaiiy
i?yiie?i?eiiai ? e?oaiaiai ?oo?a aaoiii?caea, aaaaoiaa??aioi?
?ic?aooiee ia AII oa aenia?eiaioaeuei? aeine?aeaeaiiy iaeaoa
aaoiii?caea c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth iai?ai?e/aia.
Iaoeiao iiaecio ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy neeaaeathoue:
– iaoaiaoe/i? iiaeae? ieineiia?aeaeueiiai ?ooo aeaioeaieiaiai
aaoiii?caea c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth iai?ai?e/aia c ??ciei
nooiaiai ?aeaae?caoe?? iiaeae? aaoiii?caea ? aeanoeainoae eiai eie?n;
– iaoiaeeea aecia/aiiy e?eoe/ii? ? a?aie/ii? oaeaeeino? ii/aoeo
eieeaaeueii? iano?eeino? aaoiii?caea c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth
iai?ai?e/aia, yea aeicaiey? i?aeae?aoe oa iioei?coaaoe ia?aiao?e
eie?niiai iiaeoey iai?ai?e/aia oa aaoiii?caea a oe?eiio, caaaeyee /iio
caaacia/o?oueny no?ee?noue eiai ?ooo a iaaeao aenieoaoaoe?eieo
iaaaioaaeaiue oa oaeaeeinoae;
– iaoiaeeea aecia/aiiy eoo?a iaoeeo in? oeai?iy
naiianoaiiaethaaeueieo eie?n iai?ai?e/aia, ui caaacia/o? iaiao?aei?
iieacieee iaiaa?aiino? oa no?eeino? ?ooo aaoiii?caea.
Aeinoia??i?noue ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy caaacia/aia ei?aeoiei
aeei?enoaiiyi ?nioth/eo iaoaiaoe/ieo iaoiae?a ? iniiaieo iieiaeaiue
oai?aoe/ii? iaoai?ee ? oai??? aaoiiia?ey, canoinoaaiiyi no/anii?
eiio?ieueii-aei??thaaeueii? aia?aoo?e ? cania?a iaoaiaoe/iiai
ii?aoethaaiiy ?acoeueoao?a aenia?eiaioaeueieo aeine?aeaeaiue iaeaoa
aaoiii?caea ? i?aeoaa?aeaeo?oueny caaeia?eueiei ca?aii ?acoeueoao?a
aiae?oe/ieo ? aenia?eiaioaeueieo aeine?aeaeaiue, a oaeiae ocaiaeaeaiiyi
?o ?c ?acoeueoaoaie, io?eiaieie ?ioeie aaoi?aie.
I?aeoe/io oe?ii?noue ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiiy neeaaeathoue
?ic?iaeai? iaoaiaoe/i? iiaeae? ?ooo aaoiii?caea c
naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth iai?ai?e/aia, ye? aeicaieythoue ca
caaeaieie eiino?oeoeaieie ia?aiao?aie i?iaiicoaaoe iaiaa?ai?noue ?
no?ee?noue aaoiii?caea ia noaae?? i?iaeooaaiiy, nei?i/oth/e i?e
oeueiio /an ? aeo?aoe ia noai?aiiy iiaeo ? iiaea?i?caoe?th ?nioth/eo
aaoiii?cae?a; eooe onoaiiaee naiianoaiiaethaaeueieo eie?n iai?ai?e/aia,
ye ooieoe?? eiai aaiiao?e/ieo, eiiiiioaaeueieo, ?ia?oe?eieo ?
aenieoaoaoe?eieo ia?aiao??a. Oe? ooieoe?? aecia/ai? ca oiiae
caaacia/aiiy iaiao?aeieo iieaciee?a no?eeino? ?ooo aaoiii?caea i?e eiai
i?yiie?i?eiiio ? e?eaie?i?eiiio ?ooao (i?e a?aeiinii iaeeo cia/aiiyo
?aae?ona e?eaecie o?a?eoi???).
Canoinoaaiiy naiianoaiiaethaaeueii? in? iai?ai?e/aia aeicaiey?
ciaioeoe ?aae?on iiai?ioo aaoiii?caea a na?aaeiueiio ia 20 % (??cieoey a
cia/aiiyo ?aae?on?a iiai?ioo ea?iaaiiai ? iaea?iaaiiai aaoiii?cae?a i?e
??ciiiai?oieo cia/aiiyo eooa iiai?ioo ia?aaei?o eie?n oyaa/a
eieeaa?oueny a?ae 17 aei 24 %%).
?aae?caoe?y ?iaioe. Iaoa??aee aeena?oaoe?? i?eeiyo? aei
aeei?enoaiiy I?iaeoii- iiooeiaei ? eiino?oeoi?nueei-oaoiieia?/iei
?inoeoooii “Ee?anueeee aoaei?iaeo” – o ?ic?iaeao aaoiii?cae?a c
naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth iai?ai?e/aia.
I a c a o e n o a e i i n y o ue n y: iaoaiaoe/i? iiaeae?
ieiceiia?aeaeueiiai ?ooo aeaioeaieiaiai aaoiii?caea c
naiianoa-iiaethaaeueiith a?nnth iai?ai?e/aia; iaoiaeeea ??oaiiy caaea/?
i?i e?oaiaee ?oo oaeiai aaoiii?caea; ?acoeueoaoe eiii’thoa?iiai
iiaeaethaaiiy ?ooo aaoiii?caea oa aiae?c aieeao eiino?oeoeaieo ?
aenieoaoaoe?eieo ia?aiao??a ia aienoaai?noue aaoiii?caea a iiai?io;
?acoeueoaoe aenia?eiaioaeueieo aeine?aeaeaiue no?eeino? ?ooo iaeaoa
aaoiii?caea; ?aeiiaiaeaoe?? uiaei aecia/aiiy eoo?a iaoeeo in? oeai?iy
eie?n naiianoaiiaethaaeueii? in? iai?ai?e/aia, ye? caaacia/othoue
iaiao?aei? iieacieee iaiaa?aiino? e no?eeino? ?ooo aaoiii?caea.
Iniaenoee aianie caeiaoaa/a. Caeiaoaa/ai ?ic?iaeaii iaoiaeeeo
aecia/aiiy iaeneiaeueii? aeiaaeeie iaea?iaaiiai aaoiii?caea oa
aaoiii?caea c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth iai?ai?e/aia; iaoaiaoe/io
iiaeaeue ieineiia?aeaeueiiai ?ooo aeaioeaieiaiai aaoiii?caea a
iae?i?ei?e iinoaiiaoe?, yea aeicaieeea aecia/eoe e?euee?noue
noaoe?iia?ieo ?oo?a aaoiii?caea ? oa?aeoa? ?o no?eeino?; iaoiaeeeo
aecia/aiiy eoo?a iaoeeo in? oeai?iy naiianoaiiaethaaeueieo eie?n
iai?ai?e/aia, ui caaacia/o? iaiao?aei? iieacieee iaiaa?aiino? e
no?eeino? ?ooo aaoiii?caea.
Ai?iaaoe?y ?acoeueoao?a aeena?oaoe??. Iniiai? ?acoeueoaoe
aeine?aeaeaiue aeiiia?aeaeenue ia eiioa?aioe?yo i?ioani?nueei
aeeeaaeaoeueeiai neeaaeo Oe?a?inueeiai o?ainii?oiiai oi?aa?neoaoo (1998,
1999 ?.?.), ia i?aeia?iaeieo iaoeiai-oaoi?/ieo eiioa?aioe?yo
“Oaeineiiaeaiiy eiino?oeoeaieo oa aenieoaoaoe?eieo iieaciee?a
aaoiiia?e?a ? aei?iaei?o iaoei (i.Ee?a 1998, 1999 ?.?.) oa “Metody
obliczeniowe i badawcze w rozwoju pojazdow samochodowych i maszyn
roboczych samojezdnych” (Iieueua, AEaooa, 1998 ?.), Y I?aeia?iaeiiio
neiiic?oi? ?iaeaia??a-iaoai?e?a o Eueaia? (1999 ?.).
Ioae?eaoe??. Iaoa??aee aeena?oaoe?eii? ?iaioe aena?oeai? a 7
ioae?eaoe?yo.
No?oeoo?a aeena?oaoe??. Aeena?oaoe?y neeaaea?oueny ?c anooio, 4
?icae?e?a, aeniiae?a, nieneo aeei?enoaieo aeaea?ae, yeee iae?/o? 164
iaeiaioaaiiy. Iiaiee ia’?i aeena?oaoe?? noaiiaeoue 165 noi??iie, c ieo
90 noi??iie iniiaiiai oaenoo, 61 ?enoiie ia 51 noi??ioe?, 8 oaaeeoeue ia
9 noi??ieao, nienie aeei?enoaieo aeaea?ae ia 15 noi??ieao.
INIIAIEE CI?NO
O anooi? iaa?oioiao?oueny aeooaeuei?noue oaie, oi?ioeththoueny iaoa
? caaea/? aeine?aeaeaiue.
Ia?oee ?icae?e i?enay/aiee iaeyaeo oa aiae?co ii?iaoeaieo iaiaaeaiue
ianiaeo ? aaaa?eoieo ia?aiao??a aaoiii?cae?a, a oaeiae iaoiae?a
i?aeaeuaiiy ?o iaia?aiino? oa no?eeino? ca ?aooiie canoinoaaiiy ye
nenoai oi?aae?iiy i?e/?iieie eaieaie, oae ? aeei?enoaiiy
naiianoaiiaethaaeueieo inae iai?ai?e/ai?a.
Iaeyae a?o/eciyieo ? ca?oa?aeieo ioae?eaoe?e ii aeine?aeaeaiith
nenoai ea?oaaiiy aaoiiia?e?a ? aaoiii?cae?a ? aeeiai?/ii? iiaaae?iee
?oi?o eaiie iieaco?, ui a aeaiee /an iaia? caaaeueiii?eciaieo
iaeiaeiaeo i?aeoiae?a i? aei ?ic?iaee iaoaiaoe/ii? iiaeae?, i? aei
iaoaiaoe/iiai aia?aoo aeey ?? aiae?co. Oiio neacaoe cacaeaeaa?aeue, ye
iiai?io eie?n iai?ai?e/aia aieeia ia ea?iaai?noue ? no?ee?noue
aaoiii?caea i?e ?on? c aaeeeith oaeaee?noth a caaaeueiiio o?ainii?oiiio
iioioe?, ia aeeiiaa a?aeiia?aeieo aeine?aeaeaiue iaiiaeeeai. An?
oe? ianoaaeie ? ciaeoee nai? a?aeia?aaeaiiy a caaea/ao aeine?aeaeaiiy
iaiaa?aiino? ? no?eeino? aaoiii?caea c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth
iai?ai?e/aia.
Ae?oaee ?icae?e i?enay/aii aecia/aiith iaeneiaeueii? aeiaaeeie
iaea?iaaiiai aaoiii?caea, a oaeiae iieaciee?a iaiaa?aiino?, noaoe/ii? ?
aeeiai?/ii? iiai?ioeino? ye iaea?iaaiiai aaoiii?caea, oae ? aaoiii?caea
c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth iai?ai?e/aia.
Iaeneiaeueii i?eionoei? aace iaea?iaaieo iai?ai?e/ai?a, ye i?aaeei,
ioe?iththoueny ii aaaa?eoi?e nioc? ?ooo aaoiii?caea ii ia?ao?aeiei
e?eaei aei??a ? ia ia?ao?anoyo.
Ia ?en.1 iiaeaia ?ic?aooieiaa noaia ia??aiii??iiai iiai?ioo o?ea?niiai
a?cea iai?ai?e/aia c caaeiueith naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth
iai?ai?e/aia. Neee, ui ae?thoue ia a?cie i?e iiai?io?, i?eaiaeyoueny aei
iiia?a/ieo /a?/ieo/ P?, ?ia?oe?eieo Pj? ? iiaeiaaei?o Pf? , i?eeeaaeaieo
aei na?aaeei an?o inae, ? ooiaoath/i? neee Pii , a iiiaioe – aei
noia?iiai iiiaioo iii?o iiai?ioo Mc, ?ia?oe?eiiai iiiaioo Mj ?
iiaa?oaeueiiai iiiaioo eie?n naiianoaiiaethaaeueii? in? – Ii.
??aiyiiy e?iaoinoaoeee iai?ai?e/aia i?e oiia?, ui e?iaiaoe/i? ia?aiao?e
?ooo ia caeaaeaoue a?ae oyaiai? aeeiai?ee aaoiii?caea, caienai? o
aeaeyae?:
x = 0 – Pf1-Pf2-Pf3 +Pii – Pj1 – P3 (c+3)+P3c- Pj2 -Pj3=0
y = 0 – P1-P2-P3+P1+P2+P3cosc+Pfcc+Pj3(c +3 =0
(1)
M =0 Mc + Mj- Ii + P2(L – l) + P3L+ PfccL+ Pj3(c+3) )+ P3 (c+3)L-
– P2(L – l) = 0
I?e onoaeaiiio iiai?io? a?aeoeaio?ia? neee inae P1, P2, ? P3=0. A
oeueiio aeiaaeeo ni?eueiee ?ica’ycie ??aiyiue (1) aecia/a? ia?aiao?e
noaoe/ii? iiai?ioeino? iai?ai?e/aia – e?eaecio o?a?eoi??? (?aae?on
iiai?ioo), cnoa oeaio?a iiai?ioo ? eoo neeaaeaiiy aaoiii?caea:
wmetafile8? ??;???????????
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?MathType??`[email protected]??????A i?eaaaeaieo ??aiyiiyo d12, d13, d14 –
noae? eiao?oe??ioe, ye? aecia/athoueny eiino?oeoeaieie ia?aiao?aie
iai?ai?e/aia.
Io?eiai? ??aiyiiy aoee iieeaaeai? a iniiao ?ic?aooie?a ia?aiao??a
noaoe/ii? iiai?ioeino? iai?ai?e/aia. ?ic?aooiee aeeiiai? aeey aeaio
noai?a naiianoaiiaethaaeueieo eie?n: caaeieiaai? oa ?icaeieiaai?; i?e
?on? c iaeith onoaeaiith oaeaee?noth, eiee a?aeoeaio?ia? neee iiaeia ia
a?aoiaoaaoe. O aeiaaeeo ?ooo c ?icaeieiaaieie eieanaie aaaaeaeiny, ui
aiie naiianoaiiaeththoueny ? eioyoueny aac eiacaiiy, a a?/i? ?aaeoe??
ia ieo iaaeeaeathoueny aei ioey.
Aeo?aeieie aeaieie aeey ?ic?aooieo aaoiii?caea o neeaae?
aaoiiia?ey-oyaa/a E?AC-6444 oa VOLVO FH-12 ? o?ea?niiai iai?ai?e/aia c
oeiaie ?ici??o 365/80/R20 neoaoaaee: eiao?oe??io iii?o aieiaiio
a?aeaaaeaiith eie?n ia?aaeiuei? in? oyaa/a 167, na?aaeiuei? ? caaeiuei?
– 296, inae iai?ai?e/aia – 195 eI/?aae , aaca aaoiiia?ey-oyaa/a –
4080+1400 (E?AC) ? 2900+1300 ii (VOLVO), aaca iai?ai?e/aia
6390+1310+1310 ii.
?acoeueoaoe ?ic?aooieo, ?en.2, iieacaee: oe?eia aaaa?eoii? nioae ?ooo
aaoiii?caea c aeieiaaieie eieanaie iai?ai?e/aia i?e ?aae?on? iiai?ioo
12,5 i neeaaea? 8,28 i (E?AC) ? 7,78 i (VOLVO). I?e ?icaeieiaaieo
eieanao aiia ciaioo?oueny a?aeiia?aeii aei 7,21 ? 6,67 i, ui, i/aaeaeii,
aeieaco? ia?aaaae eiino?oeoe?? c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth
iai?ai?e/aia.
A aeo?aeieo aeaieo aeey ?ic?aooieo iiai?ioo c ?icaeieiaaieie eieanaie
i?eeiaeiny, ui a?/i? ?aaeoe?? ia ieo a?aenooi? (Rac==0). I?ioa
?acoeueoao ?ic?aooieo aeaa cia/aiiy a?/ii? ?aaeoe?? aeecueei Rac=1,98
eI, ui iaeaea ia ii?yaeie iaioa, i?ae i?e caaeieiaaieo eieanao. I?e
oeueiio ? ia eieanao ia?aaeiuei? in? aiia ciaioo?oueny a 1,69 ?aca.
Oaeei /eiii, i?e ?on? aaoiii?caea c ?icaeieiaaieie eieanaie
?iciiae?e a?/ieo iaaaioaaeaiue a?eueo ni?eyoeeaee, ioaea, ciin oei –
iaioa.
O i?ioean? ?ic?aooie?a aoei i?iaiae?ciaaii aieea aaee/eie iiiaioo
iii?o iiai?ioo ia e?iaiaoe/i? ia?aiao?e iiai?ioo. Cie?aia, aoei
anoaiiaeaii, ui aeiiae aei oeueiai iiiaioo ? noia?a/eeaeie: aeey
caaeia?eueii? noaa?e?caoe?? ? no?eeino? ea?iaaieo eie?n a?i iiaeiai
aooe iaeneiaeueiei, a aeey caaacia/aiiy iaeaaeieo iieaciee?a
iaiaa?aiino? – i?i?iaeueiei. Eiii?ii?nia ??oaiiy ciaoiaeeoueny ca
?aooiie eoo?a iaoeeo in? oeai?iy o iicaeiaaei?e ? iiia?a/i?e ieiueiao,
ca yeeo iiiaioe iii?o iiai?ioo ? a?/ieo ?aaeoe?e caeeaeathoueny i?ae
niaith.
Ia ?en.3 iaaaaeai? ?acoeueoaoe ?ic?aooie?a iiiaio?a iii?o iiai?ioo ?
a?/ieo ?aaeoe?e ia eieanao naiianoaiiaethaaeueii? in? iai?ai?e/aia a
caeaaeiino? a?ae eoo?a iaoeeo in? oeai?iy. Aiae?c i?iaaaeaieo
?ic?aooie?a aeicaieea anoaiiaeoe iioeiaeuei? cia/aiiy eoo?a iaoeeo in?
oeai?iy, ye? aeey iai?ai?e/aia, ui ?icaeyaea?oueny, neeaee: – eoo iaoeeo
in? oeai?iy o iicaeiaaei?e ieiuei? o = – 0,035; – eoo iaoeeo in? oeai?iy
a iiia?a/i?e ieiuei? o =0,115 ?aae.
I?e aecia/aii? ia?aiao??a aeeiai?/ii? iiai?ioeino? iai?ai?e/aia ??aiyiiy
e?iaoinoaoeee aeey iaonoaeaiiai ?ooo i?eaiaeyoueny aei aeaeo:
wmetafile8? ??u????????????
???????????yyy????.????1?????????????A?
???&??yyyy?????Ayyy§yyyA??g?????&?
?MathType??0????u?th??????wmetafile8? ??a???????????
???????????yyy????.????1?????????????
@????&??yyyy?????Ayyy1/2yyyA??y?????&??MathType??a?
???u?????????”????-?????H???8???@???5???u
y??????aea A,B, C,D, E, F – noae? eiao?oe??ioe, ui aecia/athoueny
ia?aiao?aie iai?ai?e/aia ? ?aaeeiii ?ooo aaoiii?caea
Oey nenoaia ??aiyiue i?ney ?yaeo ia?aoai?aiue i?eaiaeeoueny aei
iae?i?eiiai aeeoa?aioe?aeueiiai ??aiyiiy ae?oaiai ii?yaeeo
wmetafile8? ??C???????????
???????????yyy????.????1?????????????
?`???&??yyyy?????Ayyy!yyy ??!?????&?
?MathType??P????u?th????????oaiiy aeaiiai ??aiyiiy caienaii o
aeaeyae?:
wmetafile8? ??????????????
???????????yyy????.????1?????????????
aA!???&??yyyy?????Ayyy°yyy?!??
?en.1,2
wmetafile8? ??I???????????
???????????yyy????.????1?????????????
?a4???&??yyyy?????Ayyy¤yyy 4??$?????&?
?MathType??a???u?yTH????? aea N1 ? N2.- noae? eiao?oe??ioe, ui
aecia/athoueny ?c ii/aoeiaeo oiia.
Aeine?aeeii oiiae, ca yeeo iai?ai?e/?i aoaeao cae?enithaaoe no?eeee ?oo
aac eooiaeo iiia?a/ieo ai?eciioaeueieo eieeaaiue.
I?e noaeeo eiao?oe??ioao A,B, C,D, E, F ?oo a?cea iai?ai?e/aia aoaea
no?eeei o oiio aeiaaeeo, eiee a caaaeueiiio ?ioaa?ae? ??oaiiy iiaiiai
aeeoa?aioe?aeueiiai ??aiyiiy neeaaeiaa a?ae /anoeiaiai ??oaiiy aoaea
iaaeeaeaoeny aei ioey, oiaoi
wmetafile8? ??u????????????
???????????yyy????.????1?????????????
???&??yyyy?????AyyyAyyya??`?????&?
?MathType??0????u?th??????aea ?1 ? ?2 – ei?ai? oa?aeoa?enoe/iiai
??aiyiiy
Oea iiaeeeai oiae?, eiee
wmetafile8? ??’???????????
???????????yyy????.????1?????????????a?
???&??yyyy?????Ayyy?yyy@??”?????&??MathType??
????u?th?????? Oiiaa, ca yei? aeeiio?oueny oey ia??ai?noue, iiaea
aooe ciaeaeaia i?ney i?aenoaiiaee cia/aiue eiao?oe??io?a B, C, D, E.
I?e oeueiio iaiao?aeii a?aecia/eoe, ui oe? eiao?oe??ioe ia i?noyoue
/eai?a, ui oa?aeoa?ecothoue e?iaiaoeeo iiai?ioa iai?ai?e/aia. Ioaea,
io?eiai? ??aiyiiy ni?aaaaeeea? ye aeey ea?iaaieo iai?ai?e/ai?a, o oiio
/ene? ? c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth, oae ? iaea?iaaieo a?ce?a
iai?ai?e/ai?a.
Aeey aecia/aiiy iaae? i?ae no?eeei ? iano?eeei ?ooii a?cea iai?ai?e/aia
i?eeiaii a inoaiiueiio ae?ac? e?ao /anoeio ??aiith ioeth. Ae??ooth/e
io?eiaia a oaeee niin?a ??aiyiiy uiaei Vo, i?ney ianeeaaeieo
ia?aoai?aiue iaea?aeeii:
Io?eiaia e?eoe/ia oaeaee?noue ?ooo ii no?eeino? ia i?noeoue ia?aiao??a
e?eaie?i?eiiai ?ooo ? oiio ia iiaea aooe aeei?enoaia aeey ioe?iee
no?eeino? aaoiii?caea ii e?ea?e ieaio aaoiiia?eueii? aei?iae.
Ia?aiao?e no?eeino? aaoiii?caea c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth
iai?ai?e/aia o oeueiio aeiaaeeo aoee aecia/ai? i?ney ??oaiiy ia IAII
aeo?aeii? nenoaie aeeoa?aioe?aeueieo ??aiyiue.
?ic?aooiee aoee i?iaaaeai? aeey oeo aea aeo?aeieo aeaieo.
?acoeueoaoe ?ic?aooie?a aeicaieeee c?iaeoe oae? aeniiaee.
– i?e iaeiiio ? oiio ae naiiio eoo? iiai?ioo eie?n
naiianoaiiaethaaeueieo in? e?eaecia o?a?eoi??? a?cea iai?ai?e/aia
aeinyaa? naiai i?i?ioio o aeiaaeeo, eiee E3 > E2 ? iaeneioio, eiee E3
Ey1 ? ?noioii aieeaa? ia e?eaecio, oaeaee?noue
ci?ie e?eaecie ? /an ia?ao?aeiiai i?ioeano i?e Ey3 ? ??±????????????
???????????yyy????.????1?????????????
`???&??yyyy?????Ayyyayyy ????????&?
?MathType??0????u?th??????Oey ae nenoaia ??aiyiue aeei?enoiaoaaeany
aeey ioe?iee aieeao iae?i?eiino? a?/ieo ?aaeoe?e ia eieanao inae a?cea
o ooieoe?? eoo?a a?aeaaaeaiiy ia iieacieee no?eeino? iai?ai?e/aia. O
?acoeueoao? ?ic?aooie?a ia IAII aoei anoaiiaeaii, ui e?eaecia
o?a?eoi??? ? oaeaee?noue ?? ci?ie ia iaeeo oaeaeeinoyo ?ooo (aei 5 i/n)
? ?aae?on? e?oaiai? o?a?eoi??? 50... 100 i (eooe a?aeaaaeaiiy eie?n
inae ia ia?aaeuothoue wmetafile8? ???????????????
???????????yyy????.????1?????????????
a????&??yyyy?????Ayyy?yyy@??”?????&??MathType??
????u?th??????Aeey iai?ai?e/ai?a c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth
e?eoe/ia oaeaee?noue ?ooo i?e aeei?enoaii? iae?i?eieo caeaaeiinoae aeey
eoo?a a?aeaaaeaiiy neeaea 14,4 i/n, ui ia 12,2% iaioa, i?ae i?e
aeei?enoaii? aeey ieo e?i?eieo caeaaeiinoae (16,4 i/n). Oiio e?i?eia
iinoaiiaea i?aaii??ia eeoa aeey iiia?aaeiuei? ioe?iee no?eeino?
iai?ai?e/aia e aaoiii?caea a oe?eiio.
O o?aoueiio ?icae?e? ?icaeyiooa no?ee?noue ?ooo ia iniia? iaoaiaoe/ii?
iiaeae? aaoiii?caea c o?aooaaiiyi ea?oth/iai eie?niiai iiaeoey
aaoiiia?ey-oyaa/a ? eie?n naiianoaiiaethaaeueii? in? iai?ai?e/aia,
i?aaenoaaeaieo oaeiae o aeaeyae? ie?aiiai iiaeoey.
Caaaeueiee aeae aaoiii?caea iieacaiee ia ?en.4. Oyaa/ i?aaenoaaey?
niaith o?ea?niee aaoiiia?eue, oiiaii ?icae?eaiee ia aeaa iiaeoe? -
ea?oth/ee eie?niee (EEI) ? inoia.
EEI i?noeoue o nia? i?eaaaeaia ea?oth/a ia?aaei? eieani, ?oeueiaa eieani
oa aeaiaioe ?oeueiaiai ea?oaaiiy, ui ciaoiaeyoueny i?ae ieie (?oeueiaee
i?ea?ae, ?oeueiaee iaoai?ci oiui). Inoia - oea ei?ion aaoiiia?ey c
aeaiia caaei?ie iaea?iaaieie inyie.
O?ea?niee iai?ai?e/?i oiiaii ?icae?eaiee oaeiae ia aeaa iiaeoe? - inoia
iai?ai?e/aia ? a?nue ?c naiianoaiiaethaaeueieie eieanaie (NEI).
NEI - oea i?eaaaeaia eieani, ui ia? iaeio nooi?iue a?eueiino? a?aeiinii
inoiaa iai?ai?e/aia - iiai?io iaaeiei in? oai?iy.
I?ney aecia/aiiy oaeaeeinoae ? i?enei?aiue ie?aieo eaiie aaoiii?caea ?
eoo?a a?aeaaaeaiiy eie?n eiai inae aoee neeaaeai? aeeoa?aioe?aeuei?
??aiyiiy ?ooo iaoiaeii ia?a??c?a. Oe? ??aiyiiy caienai? o aeaeyae?:
wmetafile8? ??A???????????
???????????yyy????.????1?????????????
?9???&??yyyy?????AyyyµyyyA8??U?????&?
?MathType??P???u?th??????wmetafile8? ??TH ???????????
???????????yyy????.????1?????????????
@`:???&??yyyy?????Ayyy?yyy :??u?????&??MathType??
???u?th??????wmetafile8? ??d???????????
???????????yyy????.????1?????????????
@ ;???&??yyyy?????Ayyy¶yyy`;??oe?????&??MathType??
???u?th??????
?en.3,4
wmetafile8? ??TH ???????????
???????????yyy????.????1??????????????
@3???&??yyyy?????Ayyy?yyy?3??(?????&?
?MathType?? ???u?th??????(8)
?ica’ycie aeo?aeii? nenoaie ??aiyiue cae?eniaii ia IAII ca aeiiiiiaith
i?ia?aiiiai caaacia/aiiy MathCAD 8.0. I?e aecia/aii? iieaciee?a
no?eeino? ?ooo nii/aoeo aeei?enoiaoaaeany e?iaa?eciaaia nenoaia
??aiyiue. Oey nenoaia aeicaieeea aecia/eoe ?aaeoe?? eaiie aaoiii?caea
i?e iaeeie/iiio cao?aii? (??ceee iiai?io ?oeueiaiai eieana
aaoiiia?ey-oyaa/a), a oaeiae e?eoe/io oaeaee?noue aaoiii?caea.
A ?acoeueoao? ?ic?aooie?a aoei io?eiaii, ui eoo neeaaeaiiy iaea?iaaiiai
aaoiii?caea a 2,1 ?aca ia?aaeuo? eoo iiai?ioo ea?iaaieo eie?n oyaa/a,
a oie aea /an aeey aaoiii?caea c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth oea
a?aeiioaiiy neeaei o?eueee 1,47. Ci?ia eooa neeaaeaiiy aeey
iaea?iaaiiai aaoiii?caea a?aeaoaa?oueny ii aia??iaee/iiio caeiio, ui
na?ae/eoue i?i no?ee?noue eiai ?ooo. No?eeee ?oo aaoiii?caea c
naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth ia? i?noea o?eueee ia oaeaeeinoyo aei 15
i/n. Ia?aaeuaiiy oe??? oaeaeeino? i?eaiaeeoue aei iano?eeiai ?ooo
aaoiii?caea.
sse?nii oae? ae ?acoeueoaoe aoee io?eiai? i?e ?ioaa?oaaii? ??aiyiue
?ooo ? aeei?enoaii? iae?i?eieo caeaaeiinoae a?/ieo ?aaeoe?e ia eieanao
inae aaoiii?caea a?ae eoo?a a?aeaaaeaiiy. I?e iaaaeeeeo oaeaeeinoyo
?ooo ( v=5 i/n) ? iaeeo ii/aoeiaeo cao?aiiyo ( d/dt=o=0,01 n-1) ci?ia
eooa neeaaeaiiy aaoiii?caea c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth
iai?ai?e/aia, a?/ia ? eooiaa oaeaeeino? aaoiiia?ey-oyaa/a iacia/ii
a?ae??ciythoueny a?ae ?oi?o cia/aiue, io?eiaieo o e?i?ei?e iinoaiiaoe?
caaea/?. Iaeiae ?c ca?eueoaiiyi oaeaeeino? ?ooo aei 15 i/n ?
ii/aoeiaeo cao?aiue ( d/dt=o=0,1 n-1) aia??iaee/iee oa?aeoa? ci?ie
ia?ai?iieo , u, ia?aoai?th?oueny a eieeaaeueiee, ui na?ae/eoue i?i
ii?ooaiiy no?eeino? ?ooo aaoiii?caea c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth
iai?ai?e/aia. Aeey iaea?iaaiiai aaoiii?caea o anueiio ae?aiacii?
oaeaeeinoae caa??aa?oueny aia??iaee/iee caeii ci?ie iacaaieo ci?iieo,
oiaoi eiai ?oo no?eeee.
O /aoaa?oiio ?icae?e? iaaaaeai? ?acoeueoaoe aenia?eiaioaeueieo
aeine?aeaeaiue.
Iaoith aenia?eiaioaeueieo aeine?aeaeaiue aoea ia?aa??ea aaeaeaaoiino?
?ic?iaeaii? iaoaiaoe/ii? iiaeae? ? aeo?aeieo iieiaeaiue, iieeaaeaieo a
iniiao ?ic?aooieo ia?aiao??a no?eeino? aaoiii?caea c
naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth iai?ai?e/aia.
Aenia?eiaioaeuei? aeine?aeaeaiiy i?iaaaeai? a aeaa aoaie. Ia ia?oiio
aoai? a eaai?aoi?ieo oiiaao aecia/aeeny oa?aeoa?enoeee a?/iiai
a?aeaaaeaiiy eie?n iaeaoa a?cea iai?ai?e/aia, eiai iiiaio ?ia?oe?? ?
ia?aaeaoi/ia a?aeiioaiiy ?oeueiai? o?aiaoe??. Ia ae?oaiio aoai? oeyoii
aei?iaei?o aei?iaoaaiue aecia/ai? iieacieee iaiaa?aiino? oa no?eeino?
ia iaeao? aaoiii?caea, ui neeaaeaany ?c aaoiiia?ey-oyaa/a AAC-66,
iai?ai?e/aia ? eiai a?cea, aeeiiaiiai ia aac? oan? aaoiiia?ey OAC-452.
Aeey aecia/aiiy eoo?a iiai?ioo ea?iaaieo eie?n oyaa/a, neeaaeaiiy
aaoiii?caea, a oaeiae naiianoaiiaethaaeueieo eie?n iai?ai?e/aia aoee
canoiniaai? iioaioe?iiao?e/i? aeao/eee eooiaeo ia?ai?uaiue IO-616 ?
IOI-1, ye? oa?aeoa?ecothoueny aenieith iaae?ei?noth ? aeinoaoiuei? aeey
??oaiiy iinoaaeaieo caaea/ oi/i?noth, a aeey aecia/aiiy oaeaeeino?,
oeyoo oa /ano ?ooo aaoiii?caea – i?eeaae “i’yoa eieani”.
?a?no?aoe?y an?o ia?aiao??a ? ?o ii?aoethaaiiy cae?enithaaeiny ca
aeiiiiiaith aei??thaaeueiiai eiiieaeno, noai?aiiai ia aac?
ia?niiaeueii? ii?oaoeaii? IAI - noi?nii? AII IE-300. E??i oiai,
aoea iiaeeea?noue cae?enithaaoe ?a?no?aoe?th an?o ia?aiao??a
inoeeeeia?aoii E12-22.
O i?ioean? aenia?eiaioaeueieo aeine?aeaeaiue aecia/aeeny e?iaiaoe/i?
ia?aiao?e ? a?aeoeeaiiy o?a?eoi??e eaiie i?e noaeiio e?oaiaiio ?on?,
i?e iiai?ioao aaoiii?caea ia 900, 1800 ? S-iiae?aiiio; i?e ?on? c
"ia?anoaaeith" ? ii "ci?eoe?" , a oaeiae i?e i?yiie?i?eiiio ?on?.
Oaeaee?noue ?ooo aaoiii?caea ci?ithaaeanue o iaaeao a?ae 5 aei 30 ei/a
i?e aeeiiaii? iaiaa??a ? a?ae 15 aei 50 ei/a - i?e ?on? ii i?yi?e.
A?aeoeeaiiy o?a?eoi??? ?ooo aaoiiia?ey-oyaa/a a?ae caaeaii?
a?aoiaoaaeeny i?e ii?aoethaaii? oioia?ao?e o?a?eoi??e ? inoeeeia?ai.
I?e e?oaiaiio ?on? aaoiii?caea ?aae?onii 12 i a?aeoeeaiiy o?a?eoi???
a?cea i?e oaeaeeino? ?ooo 15 ei/a neeaee 1,85 i, iaeiae aaoiii?cae ia
aeeoia ca iaae? nioae ?ooo. Ni?anoaaeaiiy aeaieo aiae?oe/ieo ?
aenia?eiaioaeueieo aeine?aeaeaiue iieacaei ia caaeia?eueio ca?aei?noue
?acoeueoao?a. Iaeneiaeuei? a?aeoeeaiiy o aecia/aii? ?aae?ona
o?a?eoi??? iaa?oue i?e aeei?enoaii? ieinei? iiaeae? ia ia?aaeueee -
9,3%.
I?e iiai?ioao aaoiii?caea ia 900, 1800 ? S-iiae?aiiio aoei anoaiiaeaii,
ui c? ca?eueoaiiyi oaeaeeino? ?ooo aaoiii?caea ciai?oi? a?aeoeeaiiy
ca?eueoo?oueny, a aioo??oi? – ciaioo?oueny, i?e/iio ?acoeueoaoe cai???a
oe?eeii caaeia?eueii ni?aiaaeathoue c aeaieie aiae?oe/ieo
aeine?aeaeaiue. ?ica?aei?noue ia ia?aaeuo? 8...12% ia aoiae? ? 7...9%
- ia aeoiae? c iiai?ioo.
I?e ?on? ii “ci?eoe?” oa “ia?anoaaoe?” aoei anoaiiaeaii, ui aaee/eia ?
iai?yiie a?aeoeeaiue a?cea ?aeaioe/i? ?icaeyiooei ?ai?oa i?e
S-iiae?aiiio iiai?io?, oiio ui inoaii?e ? ie?aiei aeiaaeeii
"ia?anoaaee". Aiaeia?/i? ?acoeueoaoe io?eiai? ? i?e ?on? aaoiii?caea
ii "ci?eoe?".
Cia/ii a??o? ?acoeueoaoe aeine?aeaeaiue no?eeino? aaoiii?caea i?e
ianoaeiio ?on?. Oae, /an ia?ao?aeiiai i?ioeano (eooa iiai?ioo eie?n
a?cea) a caeaaeiino? a?ae oaeaeeino? ?ooo aaoiii?caea neeaa 3…5 n, a
eieeaaeuei? i?ioeane iaee i?noea aaea i?e oaeaeeinoyo 45...50 ei//. I?e
i?yiie?i?eiiio ?on? aaoiii?caea aoei aeyaeaii ca?eueoaiiy na?aaeiueiai
eaaae?aoe/iiai cia/aiiy eooiaeo a?aeoeeaiue iai?ai?e/aia c
naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth o ii??aiyii? c iaea?iaaiei, ui i?eaaei
aei ca?eueoaiiy e?eaecie eiai o?a?eoi??? ? ye iane?aeie - aei
iia??oaiiy no?eeino? ?ooo iai?ai?e/aia.
AENIIAEE ? ?AEIIAIAeAOe??
1. ?ic?iaeaii iaoaiaoe/i? iiaeae? ??ciiai nooiaiy neeaaeiino? aeey
aaoiii?caea c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth iai?ai?e/aia, ye?
aeicaieythoue ca caaeaieie eiino?oeoeaieie ia?aiao?aie i?iaiicoaaoe
iieacieee iaiaa?aiino? oa no?eeino? ?ooo aaoiii?caea ia noaae??
i?iaeooaaiiy aoce?a ? nenoai iai?ai?e/aia.
2. Iieacaii, ui aeei?enoaiiy naiianoaiiaethaaeueii? in? iai?ai?e/aia
iie?ioo? aienoaai?noue aaoiii?caea a iiai?io ? aeicaiey? ciaioeoe
?aae?on eiai iiai?ioo a na?aaeiueiio ia 20%.
3. Aeei?enoaiiy ??aiyiue, ui aecia/athoue aeeiai?/io iiai?ioe?noue
iai?ai?e/aia, ? iae?i?eieo caeaaeiinoae a?/ieo ?aaeoe?e a?ae eoo?a
a?aeaaaeaiiy aeey aecia/aiiy e?eaecie o?a?eoi??? iieacaei, ui aaoiii?cae
c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiiith a?nnth iai?ai?e/aia aieiae?? iaaeeeoeiaith
iiai?ioe?noth ? aeey iueiai ?nio? e?eoe/ia oaeaee?noue i?yiie?i?eiiai
?ooo. Aaee/eia oe??? oaeaeeino? eaaeeoue o iaaeao 12,1 - 15,6 i/n ?
caeaaeeoue a?ae i?noey ?icoaooaaiiy ia?oeo aeaio inae, i?oaeieo
oa?aeoa?enoee oei oeeo inae, ?ia?oe?eieo oa?aeoa?enoee inoiaa oa
naiianoaiiaethaaeueii? in?, ii?iaeueiiai iaaaioaaeaiiy ia in?.
4. ?icoaooaaiiy naiianoaiiaethaaeueii? in? iai?ai?e/aia ii
a?aeiioaiith aei iaea?iaaieo inae ? ?? ia?aiao?e cia/ii aieeaa? ia
ia?ao?aei? i?ioeane i?e i?yiie?i?eiiio ?on?. Anoaiiaeaia iioeiaeueia
a?aenoaiue i?ae oeeie inyie. Io?eiai? ni?aa?aeiioaiiy, ui
aeicaieythoue aea?aoe iaea?eueoa ?aoe?iiaeueio aeey aeaieo oiia
eiiiiioaaeueio noaio oa eooe iaoeeo in? oeai?iy eie?n oe??? in?.
5. O ?ic?iaeai?e iaoaiaoe/i?e iiaeae? ieineiia?aeeaeueiiai ?ooo
aeaioeaieiaiai aaoiii?caea a?aoiaaii aeiaeaoeiaee nooi?iue a?eueiino?,
iaoiiaeaiee eooiaeie eieeaaiiyie naiianoaiiaethaaeueieo eie?n
iai?ai?e/aia. C aeei?enoaiiyi io?eiaii? nenoaie aeeoa?aioe?aeueieo
??aiyiue cao?aiiai ?ooo aecia/ai? e?eoa??? no?eeino? aeey aeiaaeeo,
eiee iacao?aiei ? i?yiie?i?eiee ?oo aaoiii?caea c? noaeith oaeaee?noth.
Ia?aaaaith io?eiaieo ??aiyiue ? aeei?enoaiiy a yeino? ao?aeiiai
neaiaeo aeey iiaeaethaaiiy ?ooo aaoiii?caea caeaaeiino? eooa iiai?ioo
ea?iaaieo eie?n oyaa/a o ooieoe?? /ano.
6. Aaaaoiaa??aioieie ?ic?aooieaie, aeeiiaieie ia IAII ?c
aeei?enoaiiyi i?ia?aiiiai caaacia/aiiy Mathcad - 8 aecia/aii aieea
ianiai-aaiiao?e/ieo, eiino?oeoeaieo ? aenieoaoaoe?eieo ia?aiao??a ia
no?ee?noue ?ooo aaoiii?caea. Anoaiiaeai? nooo?a? ? ianooo?a?
ia?aiao?e. Cie?aia, iieacaii, ui nooo?aee aieea ia iieacieee
no?eeino? aaoiii?caea iathoue eooe anoaiiaeaiiy in? oai?iy eie?n
naiianoaiiaethaaeueii? in?, aei?noe?noue aeaoaeae ?oeueiaiai i?eaiaeo,
eiao?oe??ioe iii?o a?aeaaaeaiiy ? noaa?e?caoe?? oei, iieiaeaiiy oi/ee
c/?iee, iaaaioaaeaiiy ia in? iai?ai?e/aia. O oie aea /an eiao?oe??io
ayceiai oa?oy a i?eaiae? eie?n naiianoaiiaethaaeueii? in? iai?ai?e/aia,
iiiaioe ?ia?oe?? oe??? in? ? iai?ai?e/aia a oe?eiio aieeaathoue o?eueee
ia oa?aeoa? eieeaaeueieo i?ioean?a nenoaie.
7. Aeeiiaii ii??aiyeueiee aiae?c no?eeino? ?ooo aaoiii?caea c
iaea?iaaiei iai?ai?e/aiii ? iai?ai?e/aiii ?c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith
a?nnth. Anoaiiaeaii, ui no?eeee e?oaiaee ?oo iaea?iaaiiai aaoiii?caea
iiaeeeaee ia on?o oaeaeeinoyo i?e aoaeue-yeeo cia/aiiyo eooa iiai?ioo
ea?iaaieo eie?n oyaa/a. A oie aea /an aeey aaoiii?caea ?c
naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth iai?ai?e/aia c eiai iaaeeeoeiaith
iiai?ioe?noth ?niothoue iaiaaeaiiyi ye ii oaeaeeino? ?ooo, oae ? eooo
iiai?ioo ea?iaaieo eie?n oyaa/a.
8. Aei?iaei? aei?iaoaaiiy iaeaoa aaoiiia?eueiiai ii?caea
i?aeoaa?aeeee aeinoia??i?noue ?acoeueoao?a eiii'thoa?iiai iiaeaethaaiiy
ye iieaciee?a noaoe/ii? ? aeeiai?/ii? iiai?ioeino? ? iaiaa?aiino?,
oae ? no?eeino? eiai ?ooo. I?e iaeiaeiaiio ye?niiio oa?aeoa??
aenia?eiaioaeueieo ? aiae?oe/ieo caeaaeiinoae iaeneiaeuei? a?aeoeeaiiy
aiie?ooae eieeaaiue aeine?aeaeoaaieo ia?aiao??a ia ia?aaeuoaaee 10%, ui
i?aeoaa?aeaeo? aeinoaoith aaeaeaaoi?noue ?ic?iaeaii? iaoaiaoe/ii?
iiaeae?.
9. Iaoiaeeea aeai?o oa iaa?oiooaaiiy ianiai-aaiiao?e/ieo ?
eiino?oeoeaieo ia?aiao??a aaoiii?caea c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth
iai?ai?e/aia ca e?eoa??yie iaiaa?aiino? e no?eeino? i?yiie?i?eiiai
?ooo i?eeiyoa aei ai?iaaaeaeaiiy I?iaeoii-iiooeiaei ?
eiino?oeoi?nueei-oaoiieia?/iei ?inoeoooii "Ee?anueeee aoaei?iaeo" o
eiino?oeoe?yo iai?ai?e/ai?a, i?ecia/aieo aeey eiio?aeea?ieo ia?aaacaiue
aaioaae?a.
Iniiai? iieiaeaiiy aeena?oaoe?? iioae?eiaai? a ?iaioao.
1. E?anoueyiiieue A.A. E ii?aaeaeaieth onoie/eainoe iieoi?eoeaia n
naiionoaiaaeeaathuaeny inueth //Nenoaiii iaoiaee ea?oaaiiy,
oaoiieiaiy oa i?aaiicaoeiy ae?iaieoeoaa, ?aiiioo ? aenieoaoaoe??
aaoiiia?e?a. Ca??iee iaoeiaeo i?aoeue. - Ee?a, OOO, OAO, 1998 -
n.21-25.
2. Naoii A.I., Aiaeia?oe A.A., E?anoueyiiieue A.A. E ii?aaeaeaieth
iieacaoaeae iaiaa?aiiinoe aaoiiiacaea n naiionoaiaaeeaathuaeny inueth
iieoi?eoeaia //Nenoaiii iaoiaee ea?oaaiiy, oaoiieiaiy oa i?aaiicaoeiy
ae?iaieoeoaa, ?aiiioo ? aenieoaoaoe?? aaoiiia?e?a. Ca??iee iaoeiaeo
i?aoeue. - Ee?a, OOO, OAO, 1998 - n.45-49.
3. Naoii A.I., Aa?eeiae/ ?.E.,Caa'yeiaa E.?., E?anoyiiieue I.A. I?i
iiiaiaeae noaoe?iia?ieo noai?a aaaaoia?nieo aaoiiia?e?a// A?niee
OAO,OOO.-1998.- N2. n. 117-122.
4. ?aaecthe A.I., Naoii A.I., E?anoyiiieue I.A. Iania? ?
aaaa?eoi? ia?aiao?e no/anieo aei?iaei?o o?ainii?oieo cania?a
//Aaoioeyoiaee Oe?a?ie.- 1999. N1. n.13-14.
5. Naoii A.I., Caa'yeiaa E.?., Aa?eeiae/ ?.E., E?anoyiiieue I.A.
Iiooe oeyo?a i?aeaeuaiiy no?eeino? i?yiie?i?eiiai ?ooo aaoiii?caea
//Aaoioeyoiaee Oe?a?ie. Ie?aiee aeione. A?niee Oeaio?aeueiiai iaoeiaiai
oeaio?o O?ainii?oii? Aeaaeai?? Oe?a?ie. Aeione N2. 1999. n.-73-74.
6. Naoii A.I., Aaeei N.A., E?anoyiiieue I.A. Aei aecia/aiiy eoo?a
a?aeaaaeaiiy eie?n o?ainii?oieo cania?a i?e aeine?aeaeaii? no?eeino?
?ooo //Aaoioeyoiaee Oe?a?ie. Ie?aiee aeione. A?niee Oeaio?aeueiiai
iaoeiaiai oeaio?o O?ainii?oii? Aeaaeai?? Oe?a?ie. Aeione N2.
1999. n.-93-97.
7. Naoii A.I., E?anoueyiiieue I.A. Aecia/aiiy iieaciee?a iiai?ioeino?
aaoiii?caea c naiianoaiiaethaaeueiith a?nnth iai?ai?e/aia //Nenoaii?
iaoiaee ea?oaaiiy, oaoiieia?y oa i?aai?caoe?y ae?iaieoeoaa,
?aiiioo i aenieoaoaoe?? aaoiiia?e?a. Ca??iee iaoeiaeo i?aoeue. -Ee?a,
OOO, OAO, 1999. - n. 6-9.
AIIIOAOeEss
E?anoueyiiieue A.A. Iaiaa?aiiinoue e onoie/eainoue aeaeaeaiey
aaoiiiacaea n naiionoaiaaeeaathuaeny inueth iieoi?eoeaia. – ?oeiienue. –
Aeenna?oaoeey ia nieneaiea o/aiie noaiaie eaiaeeaeaoa oaoie/aneeo iaoe
ii niaoeeaeueiinoe 05.22.02 – Aaoiiiaeee e o?aeoi?u. Oe?aeineee
o?ainii?oiue oieaa?neoao, Eeaa , 1999.
?anniio?aiu aii?inu iaiaa?aiiiinoe e onoie/eainoe aeaeaeaiey
aaoiiiacaea n naiionoaiaaeeaathuaeny inueth iieoi?eoeaia. Iieacaoaee
iaiiaa?aiiinoe ii?aaeaeaiu ia iniiaa aiaeeca noaoe/aneie e aeeiaie/aneie
iiai?ioeeainoe aaoiiiacaea.
Iieacaoeaee onoie/eainoe ii?aaeaeaiu ia iniiaa ?aoaiey nenoaiu
aeeooa?aioeeaeueiue o?aaiaiee aeaeaeaiey aaoiiiacaea. Iiiaiaa?eaioiuie
?an/aoaie, auiieiaiiuie ia ICAI n eniieueciaaieai i?ia?aiiiiai
iaania/aiey Mathcad-7,8, onoaiiaeaii aeeyeiea ianniai-aaiiao?e/aneeo,
eiino?oeoeaiuo e yenieoaoaoeeiiiuo ia?aiao?ia ia onoie/eainoue
aeaeaeaiey aaoiiiacaea.
I?aaeeiaeaia iaoiaeeea auai?a e iainiiaaiey ianniai-aaiiao?e/aneeo
e eiino?oeoeaiuo ia?aiao?ia aaoiiiacaea n naiionoaiaaeeaathuaeny inueth
iieoi?eoeaia ii e?eoa?eyi iaiaa?aiiinoe e onoie/eainoe i?yiieeiaeiiai
aeaeaeaiey.
Eeth/aaua neiaa: aaoiiiaeeueiue iiacae, iaiaa?aiiinoue,
onoie/eainoue, naiionoaiaaeeaathuayny inue, iieoi?eoeai, nenoaia
aeeooa?aioeeaeueiue o?aaiaiee.
ABSTRACT
Krestianpol E. A. Manoeuvrability and stability of movement of
autotrain with self-adjusting axles of semitrailer. Thesis for the
candidate of technical sciencescompetition on speciality 05.22.02-
Automobiles and tractors. Ukrainian transport university,Kiev, 1999.
In this work are considered matters of manoeuvrability and
stability of movement of the autotrains with selfsetting wheels of axle
of the semitrailer.
Indexes of manoeuvrability are determined on static and dynamic
manoeuvrability of the autotrain. Calculations are carried out for two
autotrains with blocked and unblocked wheels of the self-adjusting
axles of the semitrailer. Was established, that the width of the size
zone of the autotrains movement with blocked wheels of the semitrailer
at the radius of turnaround 12.5 i exceeds maximally allowable (7.3),
while with the unblocked ones in the all considerred accidents it does
not fall outside the limits permissible, proving thereby the advantages
of construction with selfsetting wheels. Besides, application of the
selfsetting wheels significantly improves the distribution of lateral
forces along axles of the autotrain. However, the semitrailers with
selfsetting wheels possess certain drawbacks - shifting of the wheels
and relatively low critical rapidities of the autotrains movement, the
value which depends on the moment of resistance to turnaround. Is
established the inconsistency of requirements to the value of this
moment: for the satisfying stabilization of the controlled wheels it
must be maximal but for the providing of proper indicators of
manoeuvrability -- minimal. The settlement by compromise is suggested at
the expense of the angles of the bevel of the pintles axle in
longitudinal and transversal planes, at which instants of the resistance
to turnaround and lateral reactions are close between each other.
The indicators of stability of autotrains movement are determined on
the decision of the system of differential equations. In the developed
mathematical pattern of the plane-parallel movement of the two- section
autotrain is allowed the additional degree of freedom attributed to
angular oscillations of self-adjusting wheels of the
semitrailer.Applying the developed systems of differential equations are
determined the criterion of stability for the accident, when the
straight-line movement of the autotrain with constant speed is steady.
Calculations with the multiple choice carried out on PC using
Mathcad7.8 software, is established the influence of the
mass-scaly-geometrical, constructive and operation parameters on the
stability of the autotrains movement. Are established essential and
non-essential parameters. In particular, is shown , that essential
influence upon indicators of the autotrains stability exert the
angles of the installation of the axle of the self-adjusting
wheelspintle , rigidness of details of the steering -drive , the
coefficients of the resistance to the deflection of the wheels axles
and the stabilization of tires, the position of the point of the
coupling of tractor with semitrailer and load on axles of the
autotrain.
By the comparative analysis of stability of movement of the autotrain
with unruled semitrailer and that with self-adjusting wheels is set,
that steady circular movement of the unruled autotrain is possible on
any speed of movement at any angles of turnaround of the controlled
tractors wheels. At the same time for autotrain with selfsetting wheels
and its redundant manoeuvrability exist restrictions as to the speed
of movement, and to the angle of turnaround of the controlled
wheels as well.
Obtained regularities for the definition of indicators of
manoeuvrability and stability of movement of the autotrain are
confirmed by the results of the experimental researches of the model of
automobile train.
Keywords: autotrain, manoeuvrability, stability, self-adjusting axles,
semitrailer, system of differential equationsth.
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