AAAAeAIEA
Oaia yoiai ?aoa?aoa iinayuaia ee/iinoe iineaaeiaai ?inneeneiai
eiia?aoi?a Ieeieay Aeaenaiae?iae/a ?iiaiiaa.
?aiueoa i oea?a aiai?eeinue n ecaeaaeie e oniaoeie, naaiaeiy
aea ia?ac Ieeieay II an? aieaa e aieaa naaoeaao. Ii i?aaenoa?o
ia?aae iaie eae io/aiee, auianoee ana no?aaeaiey, eioi?ua ia
nianee ?inneth. Iinea nia?oe oea?y ?inney naia acioea ia e?ano.
Naaiaeiy iu ocia?i, /oi oi, /oi auei a 1917 aiaeo – yoi
ia?aai?io, ioeaea enoi?ee. A nayce n yoei aic?in eioa?an e
iiia?oee, a? noaiiaeaieth.
Naaiaeiy ii anae no?aia nouanoaotho iiia?oe/aneea a?oiiu. A 1990
aiaeo a Aa?oaaa ninoiyeny I iaaeaeoia?iaeiue iiia?oe/aneee
nuacae. Oaaea?aoeey i?aaineaaiiai iiia?oe/aneiai niaeaney i?iaiaeeo
aaeaaiaeiua iannu.
Iieeoeea aeaiie?aoecaoeee e aeaniinoe ioe?uea a?oeau. Auee
?annae?a/aiu aeieoiaiou ?anno?aea eiia?aoi?neie naiuee.
Eaoii 1991 aiaea a Eino?iia auea ioe?uoa oioiaunoaaea i aeecie
iineaaeiaai eiia?aoi?a e aai naiuee ia iniiaa a?oeaiuo aeaiiuo
a?oeaa Ieoya?ueneie ?aaiethoeee. Ii iaoa?eaeai yoie aunoaaee
aeaeii, ianeieueei auee /aeiaa/iu ii ioiioaieth ae?oa e ae?oao
Ieeieae II, Aeaenaiae?a O?aei?iaia e eo aeaoe. Aunoaaea iaeaieaa
iieii iieacuaaao eo eae naiueth. Yoi oi oi?ioaa, /aai iai oae
nae/an ia oaaoaao.
Aeey iaienaiey ?aoa?aoa iiith auee eniieueciaaiu io?uaee ec
aeiaaieea Ieeieay II ca 1916-1918 aiaeu. Aeiaaiee i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie ei?ioeea, ii/oe aaeaaeiaaiua caiene oea?y i i?ioaaeoai ca
aeaiue, i nai?i ioiioaiee e oai eee eiui niauoeyi. *anouie a
aeiaaieea auee aeaeiau ia ia?aiai?iiinoue ainoaea?noaaiiuie
aeaeaie.
Ainiiieiaiey Aiiu Aeaenaiae?iaiu Au?oaiaie, ia?aie o?aeeeiu e
iiae?oae eiia?ao?eoeu, oi?ioi ciaaoae oea?neoth naiueth,
i?aaenoaaeytho ianiiiaiiue eioa?an, oae eae yaeythony nouanoaaiiui
aeiiieiaieai oao iaiiiaeo nio?aieaoeony iaoa?eaeia e aeecie
oea?neie naiuee, acaeiiioiioaiee iaaeaeo ieie.
A “Ainiiieiaieyo N. TH. Aeooa” II e III oiia iinayuaiu ia?eiaeo
oea?noaiaaiey Ieeieay II. Aeooa ioia/aao aeia?ioo e “/?acau/aeioth
ainieoaiiinoue” Ieeieay II. Ii aiai?eo “i iaiiaeaioiaeaiiinoe aai
e anooieaieth ia i?anoie”, ionthaea e anaaiciiaeiua aeeyiey ia
oea?y, ?anneacuaaao i iieeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe e
acaeiiioiioaieyo Ieeieay II n ie?oaeaieai.
Iuea? AEeeuey?, o/eoaeue o?aioeocneiai ycuea aeaoae Ieeieay II e
Aeaenaiae?u O?aei?iaiu, iiiiee anao aeaoae ieaaeaioeaie, iie au?inee
o iaai ia aeacao, ii iaoiaeeeny n ieie ii/oe aei eo nia?oiiai /ana. Ii
?anneacuaaao i eaaeaeie ec naieo o/aieoe e oeana?aae/a Aeaenaa,
i?iieeiiaaiii ieoao i ?iaeeoaeyo eo, iiae?iaii e y?ei ecia?aaeaao
?ieiaia ian/anouea – aaiioeeeth, iaaenooth iaae ianeaaeieeii,
aeooaaiua ioee iaoa?e, naycaiiua n yoei ian/anoueai. Ii
ecia?aaeaao ia oieueei e ia noieueei oea?noaothueo inia, neieueei
aeeauo ethaeae, eoeueoo?iuo, ia?aciaaiiuo, aeoaiei e enoiai
aa?othueo; eaaeaeue ec ieo – ee/iinoue, ii ee/iinoe yoe iauaaeeiaiu
a e?aieoth naiueth. I. AEeeuey? ieoao naie ainiiieiaiey,
i?aeniieiaiiue aeia?iaeaeaoaeueiinoe, iiyoiio aai eieaa ia noieueei
enoi?e/aneee, neieueei /aeiaa/aneee aeieoiaio.
I?ioeaaeo?a ei?iiaoeee eiia?aoi?a iinayuaiu ainiiieiaiey
aaa?aeaeneiai ioeoea?a, /eaia IV Ainoaea?noaaiiie aeoiu A. A.
Yiaaeueaa?aeoa.
N. I. Iaeueaoiia ?anneacuaaao i i?aaao aaeeeieiyaeaneie e
i?eaeai?iie n?aaeu, i /a?oao oa?aeoa?a Ieeieay II. Noauaeoeaiia
naeaeaoaeuenoai Iaeueaoiiaa naycaii n aai a?aaeaeaaiui ioiioaieai
e oea?th.
A. E. Ao?ei aoiaeee a ie?oaeaiea oea?y, aue ciaeii n A. E.
Ieaaa, I. A. Noieuieiui, i?eieiae aeayoaeueiia o/anoea a iiaeaioiaea
aa?a?iie ?aoi?iu. Aai ainiiieiaiey ?ane?uaatho ?aciua noi?iiu
iaeeea e aeayoaeueiinoe oea?y e oea?eoeu. Ao?ei iieacuaaao, /oi
Ieeieae II aue i?ae?aniui naiueyieiii, neiiaoe/iui, i?inoiaeooiui e
i?eyoiui a iauaiee /aeiaaeii; ii naiei oaaaeaeaieyi ii aue
aaniethoii n?aaeiaaaeiaui /aeiaaeii, oianeaaeiaaaoei i?aaenoaaeaiea
i i?aaeeueiie i?aaiecaoeee iauanoaa, ieioy XIX aae, i?yii ec
yiioe Eaaia A?iciiai.
A iiiia?aoee A. C. Eiooa “Aaeeeee Ieoya?ue e yieeia oea?ecia”
?anneacuaaaony ia io?a/aiee Ieeieay II 2 ia?oa 1917 aiaea a
Ineiaa, i ?anno?aea a ii/ue n 16 ia 17 ethey 1918 aiaea a
Aeaoa?eiao?aa oea?neie naiuee. Ii ioaa?aaao aa?iaiioeeuenoai Ieeieay,
oniao?eaae a i?i oaaaeae?iiiai neaayiioeea, ii/eoaaoaai
aeiiao?ianeee XVII aae “cieioui aaeii” ?innee. Oe?iei
?ani?ino?ai?iioth aa?neth ia ii?aaeaeythuai aeeyiee ia oea?y
Aeaenaiae?u O?aei?iaiu e oai aieaa ?aniooeia A. Eiooa n/eoaao
iaiainiiaaiiie, ioia/ay neaioeoeeci Ieeieay a ioiioaiee
iineaaeiaai.
A ?aaioa oaeaea eniieueciaaiu noaouee ec aeo?iaeia e aacao, a
eioi?uo ?ane?uaaaony auo oea?neie naiuee, ee/iinoe e
acaeiiioiioaiey eo.
A a?ioth?a A. E. A?aciey “Oea?noaiaaiea eiia?aoi?a Ieeieay II a
1894-1917 aiaeao a oeeo?ao e oaeoao” niaea?aeaony noaoenoe/aneea
aeaiiua, iieacuaathuea aunieee o?iaaiue yeiiiieee ?innee.
Oeaeue ?aaiou – ia iniiaa iaioa?iie eeoa?aoo?u ?ane?uoue iniiaiua
/a?ou oa?aeoa?a Ieeieay II, aai iieeoe/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue.
Caaea/e:
?ane?uoue aioo?aiiee ie? eiia?aoi?a, iieacaoue aai eae naiueyieia.
Eaeea /a?ou oa?aeoa?a oea?y i?eaaee aai e o?aaaaeee?
Eaeiaa auea iieeoeea Ieeieay II, ?ane?uoue a? iaeiecaanoiua
no?aieoeu.
?aoa?ao ninoieo ec aeaoo aeaa, a eioi?uo ?aoathony iinoaaeaiiua
auoa caaea/e.
AEAAA I
Eiia?aoi? Ieeieae II
e aai naiuey
Eiia?aoi? Ieeieae Aeaenaiae?iae/ ?iiaiia ?iaeeeny 6 iay (ii
noa?iio noeeth) 1868 aiaea, a aeaiue, eiaaea i?aaineaaiay
oea?eiaue ioia/aao iaiyoue nayoiai Eiaa Iiiaino?aaeaeueiiai. Yoiio
niaiaaeaieth eiia?aoi? i?eaeaaae aieueoia cia/aiea, eniuouaay anth
aeeciue “aeoaieoth oaa?aiiinoue, /oi ii ia?a/?i ia no?aoiua
eniuoaiey”. Aai ioaoe, eiia?aoi? Aeaenaiae? III, ii ioeaiea iiiaeo
enoi?eeia, aue aeoaiei aa?othuei, oeaeueiui /aeiaaeii, oi?ioei
naiueyieiii. Yoe ea/anoaa ii ainieouaae e o aeaoae.
Ainieoaiea e ia?aciaaiea Ieeieay II i?ioiaeeee iiae ee/iui
?oeiaiaenoaii aai iooea ia o?aaeeoeeiiiie ?aeeaeiciie iniiaa a
nia?oaineeo oneiaeyo. N aeaayoe eao i?anoieiianeaaeiee i?enooiee e
i?aaieciaaiiiio aeey iaai iao/aieth ia aeiio. A iaaeaaiae/aneoth
eieeaaeth aioee I. O. Aoiaa, A. A. Eaa?, I. Y. Oooaaiaei?o, A. A.
Iocu??aneee, A. A. Caiuneianeee, I. I. Aaeaoia, Oe. A. Ethe, a oaeaea
aaia?ae A. A. Aeaieeaae/, e anai yoei ?oeiaiaeee E. I.
Iiaaaeiiinoeaa. A oa/aiea 13 eao, ii ouaoaeueii ?ac?aaioaiiie
i?ia?aiia, aaeenue o/aaiua caiyoey aoaeouaai eiia?aoi?a. Ia?aua
ainaiue eao auee iinayuaiu i?aaeiaoai aeiiace/aneiai eo?na n
caiaiie eeanne/aneeo ycueia yeaiaioa?iuie iniiaaie ieia?aeiaee,
aioaieee, ciieiaee, aiaoiiee e oeceieiaee. Iniaia aieiaiea
oaeaeyeinue eco/aieth iieeoe/aneie enoi?ee, ?onneie eeoa?aoo?u,
o?aioeocneiai, aiaeeeneiai e iaiaoeeiai ycueia. Neaaeothuea 5 eao
auee iinayuaiu eco/aieth aiaiiiai aeaea, th?eaee/aneeo e
yeiiiie/aneeo iaoe, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeayoaey.
*oiau aoaeouee eiia?aoi? ia i?aeoeea iiciaeiieeny n aieneiaui
auoii e ii?yaeeii no?iaaie neoaeau, ioaoe iai?aaeyao aai ia
aiaiiua nai?u. Nia/aea 2 aiaea Ieeieae neoaeeo a ?yaeao
I?aia?aaeaineiai iieea, eniieiyy iaycaiiinoe noaaeo??i-ioeoea?a, a
caoai ?ioiiai eiiaiaee?a. Aeaa eaoieo naciia Ieeieae i?ioiaeeo
neoaeao a ?yaeao eaaaea?eeneiai iieea acaiaeiui ioeoea?ii, a caoai
yneaae?iiiui eiiaiaee?ii.
Ia?aeeaeueii ioaoe aaiaeeo aai a eo?n aeaea oi?aaeaiey no?aiie,
i?eaeaoay o/anoaiaaoue a caiyoeyo ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa e
eaaeiaoa ieieno?ia.
A i?ia?aiio ia?aciaaiey aoaeouaai eiia?aoi?a aoiaeeee
iiiai/eneaiiua iooaoanoaey ii ?acee/iui iaeanoyi ?innee, eioi?ua
Ieeieae niaa?oae aianoa n iooeii.
Eoiaii iao/aiey Ieeieay II noaei e?oainaaoiia iooaoanoaea. Ca
aeaayoue ianyoeaa ii i?iaoae Aano?eth, O?eano, A?aoeeth, Aaeiao,
Eiaeeth, Eeoae, ssiiieth (aaea ia iaai auei iieooaiea), a caoai
nooei ioo?i /a?ac anth Neae?ue.
E 23 aiaeai naiae aeecie Ieeieae aue aunieiia?aciaaiiui
/aeiaaeii n oe?ieei e?oaici?ii, i?ae?anii ciathuei ?onneoth
eeoa?aoo?o e enoi?eth, a niaa?oainoaa aeaaeathuei iniiaiuie
aa?iiaeneeie ycueaie. Aeanoyuaa ia?aciaaiea niaaeeiyeinue o iaai n
aeoaieie ?aeeaeiciinoueth e ciaieai aeooiaiie eeoa?aoo?u, /oi
auei ia/anoi o ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeayoaeae oiai a?aiaie. Ioaoe
noiae aiooeoue aio aaccaaaoioth ethaiaue e ?innee, /oanoai
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca a? noaeueao.
N aeaonoaa aio auea aeecea iuneue, /oi aai aeaaiia
i?aaeiacia/aiea – neaaeiaaoue ?inneeneei iniiaai, o?aaeeoeeyi e
eaeaaeai.
Oioy eiia?aoi? Ieeieae II iieo/ee aeanoyuaa ia?aciaaiea e
ananoi?iiithth iiaeaioiaeo e ainoaea?noaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ii
ii?aeueii e iae ii ia aue aioia. Yoi e eaaei iiiyoue. Aiacaiiay
(a aic?anoa 49 eao) nia?oue iooea, eioi?iio i?aae?aeaee aeeeoaeueiia
oea?noaiaaiea, aia/aea aaa?aea Ieeieay a ?anoa?yiiinoue. Ii
ene?aiia nei?aeo, ioia/ay: “Yoi auea nia?oue nayoiai !”
Ieeoi ia iiieiae cia/aiey eii/eiu oea?y eo/oa, /ai 26-eaoiee
iieiaeie /aeiaae, oianeaaeiaaaoee aai o?ii. “ss aeaeae ne?cu,
canoeeaaoea aai aieoaua aeaca, – aniiieiae aaeeeee eiycue
Aeaenaiae?, oo?ei Ieeieay, – Ii acye iaiy ca ?oeo e iia?e aiec,
a naith eiiiaoo. Iu iaiyeenue e caieaeaee. Ii ia iia nia?aoueny
n iuneyie. Ii ciae, /oi oaia?ue ii – eiia?aoi?. A?aiy yoiai
oaeanathuaai aeey iaai oaeoa ?acaeaaeei aai.” “Naiae?i, /oi iia
aeaeaoue ? – aineeeoeae ii iaoaoe/anee. – *oi aoaeao ni iiie, n
oiaie, n Enaieae, n Aeeen, n iaiie e n ?inneae? ss ia
iiaeaioiaeai e oiio, /oiau auoue oea??i. ss ieeiaaea ia oioae
yoiai. ss ie/aai ia iiieiath a aeaeao oi?aaeaiey. ss aeaaea ia
i?aaenoaaeyth, eae aiai?eoue n ieieno?aie.”
Ieeieath II oieueei 26 eao, a ii ioaa/aao ca noaeueao ia?iiiie
no?aiu. E iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi e /anoe aai – ii noiae iaeoe
a naaa neeu i?eiyoue yoo ioaaonoaaiiinoue, ia ia?aeeaaeuaay a?
ie ia eiai.
Naaaeueaa n i?eioeannie Aeenie Aannaineie, noaaoae iinea
ie?iiiiacaiey aaeeeie eiyaeiie Aeaenaiae?ie O?aei?iaiie, iacia/aiiay
ia aanio, aeieaeia auea ii ianoiyieth Ieeieay ninoiyoueny
?aiueoa. Acaaeea ia naie iea/e a?aiy iiauo iaycaiiinoae, Ieeieae
ia niae?aeny aeiionoeoue, /oiau aaeeinoaaiiue /aeiaae, eioi?ue
aeeaae a iaai oaa?aiiinoue, iia ioaeaeeoueny io iaai. *a?ac
iaaeaeth iinea iioi?ii, 26 iiya?y ninoiyeanue naaaeueaa. Yoa aeaoa
auea aua?aia a nayce n aei?i ?iaeaeaiey aaeianoaothuae
eiia?ao?eoeu Ia?ee O?aei?iaiu.
Yoa naaaeueaa iieiaeeea ia/aei iaiieieaaeii n/anoeeaiio
noi?oaeanoao, eioi?ia i?iaeieaeaeinue aei iineaaeieo aeiae eo
aeecie.
A nai?i ia?aii ia?auaiee e ia?iaeo Ieeieae II aicaanoee, /oi
“ioiuia ii, i?iieeoenue caaaoaie oniioaai ?iaeeoaey naiaai,
i?eaieao nayuaiiue iaao ia?aae eeoeii Anaauoiaai anaaaea eiaoue
aaeeiie oeaeueth ie?iia i?aoniayiea, iiaouanoai e neaao aei?iaie
?innee e ono?iaiea n/anouey anao Aai aa?iiiiaeaeaiiuo.” A
ia?auaiee e eiino?aiiui ainoaea?noaai Ieeieae II cayaeye, /oi
“iinayoeo ana naie caaiou ?acaeoeth aioo?aiiaai aeaaininoiyiey
?innee e ie a /?i ia oeeiieony io aiieia ie?iethaeaie, oa??aeie
e i?yiiaeooiie iieeoeee. . .”
Ia?acoeii i?aaeoaey aeey iaai aue ia?aue i?aaenoaaeoaeue
aeeianoee ?iiaiiauo ia ?inneeneii i?anoiea – oea?ue Aeaenae
Ieoaeeiae/, aa?aaeii o?aieaoee o?aaeeoeee no?aiu. Ii a?aiy, a
eioi?ia auiaei oea?noaiaaoue Ieeieath II, neeueii ioee/aeinue io
yiioe ia?auo ?iiaiiauo, i?e eioi?uo ia?iaeiua iniiau e
o?aaeeoeee, ii/eoaaiua i?inoui ia?iaeii e i?aayuei neiai, auee
iauaaeeiythuei ciaiaiai iauanoaa; e ia/aeo aea XX aaea
?inneeneea iniiau e o?aaeeoeee noaiiayony iauaeoii io?eoeaiey ni
noi?iiu ia?aciaaiiiai iauanoaa. Cia/eoaeueiay /anoue i?aayuaai neiy
e eioaeeeaaioeee ioaa?aaea iooue neaaeiaaiey ?inneeneei iniiaai,
o?aaeeoeeyi e eaeaaeai, iiiaea ec eioi?uo iie n/eoaee ioaeeaoeie
e iaaaaeanoaaiiuie. Ia i?eciaaaeinue i?aai ?innee ia nianoaaiiue
iooue ?acaeoey. Aeaeaeanue iiiuoea iaaycaoue ae /oaeoth iiaeaeue
?acaeoey – eeai caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneiai eeaa?aeecia, eeai
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneiai ia?enecia.
O?aaaaeey aeecie Ieeieay II ninoiyea a ia?ac?aoeiii i?ioeai?a/ee
iaaeaeo aai aeoai/aeoei oaaaeaeaieai o?aieoue iniiau e o?aaeeoeee
?innee e ieaeeenoe/aneeie iiiuoeaie cia/eoaeueiie /anoe
ia?aciaaiiuo nei?a no?aiu ioaa?aaoue yoe iniiau e o?aaeeoeee. E
?a/ue oea ia oieueei i nio?aiaiee o?aaeeoeeiiiuo oi?i oi?aaeaiey
no?aiie, a i nianaiee ?onneie iaoeeiiaeueiie eoeueoo?u, eioi?ay,
eae ii /oanoaiaae, iaoiaeeeanue a iianiinoe. Niauoey iineaaeieo
70-oe eao iieacaee, ianeieueei aue i?aa iineaaeiee ?inneeneee
eiia?aoi?. Anth naith aeeciue Ieeieae Aeaenaiae?iae/ /oanoaiaae ia
naaa ineoieiae/aneia aeaaeaiea yoeo iiiiceoeeiiiuo nee. Eae
aeaeii ec aai aeiaaieeia e ia?aienee, yoi aio i?e/eiyei no?aoiua
ii?aeueiua no?aaeaiey. Oa??aeay oaaaeae?iiinoue o?aieoue iniiau e
o?aaeeoeee ?innee a ni/aoaiee n /oanoaii aeoaieie ioaaonoaaiiinoe
ca a? noaeueao aeaeaee Ieeieay II iiaeaeaeieeii eaeae, ca
eioi?oth ii e ioaeae naith aeeciue.
“Aa?a a aiaa e a naie aeii Oea?neiai neoaeaiey, – ioia/aao a
naiae eieaa N. N. Ieueaeaiao?a, – auee iniiaie anao acaeyaeia
Ieeieay II.” Ii n/eoae, /oi ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca noaeueao ?innee
eaaeeo ia i?i, /oi ii ioaa/aao ca ia? ia?aae i?anoieii
Anaauoiaai. Ae?oaea iiaoo niaaoiaaoue, iaoaoue aio, ii ioaao ca
?inneth ia?aae Aiaii eaaeeo ia i?i. Ec yoiai auoaeaei aai
ioiioaiea e ia?aie/aieth aeanoe, eioi?ia ii n/eoae ia?aeiaeaieai
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia ae?oaeo, ia i?ecaaiiuo, e e ioaeaeueiui
ieieno?ai, i?aoaiaeiaaaoei, ii aai iiaieth, ia neeoeii aieueoia
aeeyiea a ainoaea?noaa. “Iie iaii?oyo – ioaa/aoue iia.”
Ainieoaoaeue ianeaaeieea i?anoiea a naieo ainiiieiaieyo ioia/ae
naea?aeaiiinoue e naiiiaeaaeaiea Ieeieay Aeaenaiae?iae/a, aai
oiaiea oi?aaeyoue naieie /oanoaaie. Aeaaea ii ioiioaieth e
iai?eyoiui aeey iaai ethaeyi eiia?aoi? noa?aeny aea?aeaoue naay
eae iiaeii ei??aeoiae. Iaeiaaeaeu ieieno? eiino?aiiuo aeae ?. Ae.
Naciiia auneacae nai? oaeeaeaiea ii iiaiaeo niieieiie ?aaeoeee
eiia?aoi?a a ioiioaiee iaeii?eaeaeaoaeueiiai a i?aanoaaiiii
ioiioaiee /aeiaaea, ionoonoaey anyeiai ee/iiai ?acae?aaeaiey e
iaio. Eiia?aoi? Ieeieae II ioaaoee aio neaaeothuaa: “Yoo no?oio
ee/iiai ?acae?aaeaiey iia oaeaeinue oaea aeaaii canoaaeoue a
naaa niaa?oaiii caiieeiooue. ?acae?aaeeoaeueiinoueth ie/aio ia
iiiiaeaoue, aea e oiio aea io iaiy ?aceia neiai cao/aei au
iaeaeiaa, /ai io eiai-ieaoaeue ae?oaiai.” “Aeaeeeaoioth i?e?iaeo”
Ieeieay II, “ia aeaaaaooth aio aiciiaeiinoe neacaoue eiio-eeai a
eeoei /oi-ieaoaeue iai?eyoiia”, ioia/aao a naiae eieaa Aeaaeeie?
Ao?ei.
“*oi au ie i?ienoiaeeei a aeooa Ainoaea?y, – ienae
N.Ae. Naciiia, – ii ieeiaaea ia iaiyeny a naieo ioiioaieyo e
ie?oaeathuei aai eeoeai. Iia i?eoeinue aeaeaoue aai aeecei a
ieiooo no?aoiie o?aaiae ca aeeciue aaeeinoaaiiiai nuia, ia
eioi?ii nin?aaeioi/eaaeanue any aai iaaeiinoue, e, e?iia iaeioi?ie
iie/aeeainoe e au? aieueoae naea?aeaiiinoe, a i?i ie/ai ia
neacuaaeenue ia?aaeeoua ei no?aaeaiey.”
Oa?aeoa?ecoy ee/iinoue Ieeieay II, iaiaoeeee aeeieiiao a?ao ?aen
n/eoae eiia?aoi?a /aeiaaeii aeooiaii iaea??iiui, aeaai?iaeiiai
ia?aca iuneae, iniio?eoaeueiui e oaeoe/iui. “Aai iaia?u, – ienae
aeeieiiao, – ianoieueei ne?iiiu, e ii oae iaei i?iyaeyao aiaoiae
?aoeiinoe, /oi eaaei i?eaeoe e auaiaeo ia ionoonoaee o iaai
neeueiie aiee, ii ethaee, aai ie?oaeathuea, caaa?ytho, /oi o iaai
aanueia ii?aaeae?iiay aiey, eioi?oth ii oiaao i?iaiaeeoue a
aeeciue naiui niieieiui ia?acii.” Oii?ioth e iaooiieioth aieth a
inouanoaeaiee naieo ieaiia ioia/aao aieueoeinoai ciaaoeo
eiia?aoi?a ethaeae. Aei oao ii?, iiea ieai ia aue inouanoae?i,
oea?ue iinoiyiii ia?auaeny e iaio, aeiaeaaynue naiaai.
N.N.Ieueaeaiao?a caia/aao, /oi “o Ainoaea?y iiaa?o aeaeaciie ?oee
auea aa?oaoiay ia?/aoea. Aiey aai auea iiaeiaia ia a?iiiaiio
oaea?o. Iia i?iyaeyeanue ia ac?uaaie e ia ao?iuie noieeiiaaieyie;
iia nei?aa iaiiieiaea iaoeeiiiue aaa ?o/uey n ai?iie auniou e
?aaieia ieaaia. Ii iaeaaao i?aiyonoaey, ioeeiiyaony a no?iio, ii a
eiioea eiioeia, n iaeciaiiui iinoiyinoaii, aeeceony e naiae
oeaee.”
E?iia oa??aeie aiee e aeanoyuaai ia?aciaaiey, Ieeieae iaeaaeae
anaie i?e?iaeiuie ea/anoaaie, iaiaoiaeeiuie aeey ainoaea?noaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, i?aaeaea anaai ia?iiiie o?oaeiniiniaiinoueth. Anee
yoi auei iaiaoiaeeii, ii iia ?aaioaoue n oo?a aei iicaeiae
ii/e, eco/ay iiiai/eneaiiua aeieoiaiou e iaoa?eaeu, iinooiaaoea ia
aai eiy. Aue ii ethaeoaeai oece/aneiai o?oaea – ieeee ae?iaa,
oae?ae niaa e oiio iiaeiaiia, i?eaeaeae aai e nii?o ai anao
aeaeao.
Ieeieae II iaeaaeae aeeaui oiii e oe?ieei e?oaici?ii, ii auno?i
noaaouaae nouanoai ?anniao?eaaaiuo aii?inia e ia?aaeei ia?aaeaae
aeieeaae/eea e?aoeei ?anneacii oiai, /oi iineaaeiee oioae aio
?acuynieoue.
Eiia?aoi? eiae eneeth/eoaeueioth iaiyoue ia eeoea e niauoey.
Aieueooth /anoue ethaeae, n eioi?uie aio i?eoiaeeeinue
noaeeeaaoueny e eioi?uo auei iiiai, ii iiiiee a eeoei. A.E.Ao?ei
a naiae eieaa “Oea?ue e oea?eoea” ioia/aao, /oi aeaaiaea?y naiae
iaiyoe inaaaeiie?iiinoue oea?y a ?acee/iuo aii?inao auea
ecoieoaeueiay. “Ii iieuecu ec naiae inaaaeiie?iiinoe ii ia
ecaeaeae. Iaeaieeaaaiua ec aiaea a aiae ?aciiia?aciaeoea naaaeaiey
inoaaaeenue eiaiii oieueei naaaeaieyie e niaa?oaiii ia
i?aoai?yeenue a ciaiea, eai eii?aeeie?iaaoue eo e naeaeaoue ec
ieo eaeea-eeai eiie?aoiua auaiaeu Ieeieae II aue ia a ninoiyiee.
An? ii/a?iiooia ei ec i?aaenoaaeyaiuo aio onoiuo e ienueiaiiuo
aeieeaaeia, inoaaaeinue i??oaui a?ocii, eniieueciaaoue eioi?ue ii e
ia iuoaeny,” – ienae aaoi?.
Eiia?aoi? Ieeieae II, ioia/aee iiiaea ainoaea?noaaiiua aeayoaee
?innee, iaeaaeae niaa?oaiii eneeth/eoaeueiui ee/iui iaayieai. N.
TH. Aeooa aniiieiae, /oi “ii i/a?iauaaao naiath na?aea/iith
iaia?ith, iaoiaeaeaieai, naiae oaeeaeoaeueiie ainieoaiiinoueth.”
Ii ia ethaee oi?aeanoa, a?iieeo ?a/ae. Aio ia i?aaeeinue an?
iieaciia, eneonnoaaiiia, ii a oaniii e?oao, a ?acaiai?a n aeaco
ia aeac, ii oiae iaai?iaeeoue naieo niaanaaeieeia. Aai aieueoea
eo/enoua aeaca aeiiieiyee ?a/ue, caaeyaeuaaee a aeooo. Yoe
i?e?iaeiua aeaiiua au? aieaa iiae/a?eeaaeenue ouaoaeueiui
ainieoaieai. “ss a naiae aeecie ia ano?a/ae /aeiaaea aieaa
ainieoaiiiai, iaaeaee iuia oea?noaothuee Eiia?aoi? Ieeieae II,” –
iaienae N. TH. Aeooa oaea a oo ii?o, eiaaea ii ii nouanoao
yaeyeny ee/iui a?aaii oea?y.
Aieaa 70 eao a iaoae no?aia auea i?aaeeii io?eoeaoaeueiay
ioeaiea ee/iinoe Ieeieay II. Aio i?eienuaaeenue ana oieceoaeueiua
oa?aeoa?enoeee: io eiaa?noaa, iieeoe/aneiai ie/oiaeanoaa e
iaoieiae/aneie aeanoieinoe aei aeeiaieecia, ?aca?aoa e ii?aeueiiai
?aceiaeaiey. Naaiaeiy a enoi?ee an? anoaei ia naie ianoa.
?anneac i Ieeieaa II aue au iaiieiui aac oa?aeoa?enoeee
oea?eoeu Aeaenaiae?u O?aei?iaiu.
Io naiae iaoa?e, Aeenu Aannaineie, oea?eoea oianeaaeiaaea
aeooaaiinoue e aeia?ioo. Ca iinoiyiioth oeua/eainoue e ?aaeinoiua
/oanoaa, eioi?ua iia aucuaaea, a? caaee “nieiuoei”. Niauoea,
naycaiiia ni nia?oueth a? iaoa?e e nano?u io aeeooa?eoa,
iaeiaeeei ?ieiaoth ia/aoue ia oa?aeoa? oea?eoeu. Aianoi ioe?uoinoe
a a? iiaaaeaiee noaee i?aiaeaaeaoue caieiooinoue e
naea?aeaiiinoue, aianoi iaueoaeueiinoe – canoai/eainoue, aianoi
oeua/eainoe – aiaoiyy na?ue?ciinoue e aeaaea oieiaeiinoue. Oieueei
a e?oao naiuo aeeceeo ethaeae iia inoaaaeanue i?aaeiae –
?aaeinoiie e ioe?uoie. Yoe /a?ou oa?aeoa?a nio?aieeenue o ia?
iaanaaaea e aeiieie?iaaee aeaaea oiaaea, eiaaea iia noaea
eiia?ao?eoeae. Aeecei ciaaoee a? o/eoaeue oea?neeo aeaoae Iuea?
AEeeuey? ienae: “Aanueia naea?aeaiiay e a oiaea a?aiy i/aiue
iaiin?aaenoaaiiay, i?aaeaea anaai – aeaia e iaoue, Eiia?ao?eoea
/oanoaiaaea naay n/anoeeaie oieueei n?aaee naieo. Ia?aciaaiiay e
iaeaaeaaoay ooaeiaeanoaaiiui /ooue?i, iia ethaeea /oaiea e
eneonnoai. Iia auea iaea?aia naiuie i?ae?aniuie i?aanoaaiiuie
ea/anoaaie e anaaaea ?oeiaiaenoaiaaeanue naiuie aeaai?iaeiuie
iiaoaeaeaieyie.”
Aeena iieo/eea naiia eo/oaa ii oai a?aiaiai ia?aciaaiea. Ciaea
eeoa?aoo?o, eneonnoai, aiai?eea ia ianeieueeeo ycueao, i?ineooaea
eo?n oeeinioee a Ienoi?aea. E a iieiaeinoe, e a c?aeii aic?anoa
oea?eoea auea i/aiue oi?ioa niaie.
Ioae e aeaoe auee aeey eiia?ao?eoeu iaeaiueeei iaae?aeiui
ino?iaeii iin?aaee oea?yuae aie?oa iaiaaenoe e a?aaeaeu. A
naiaeiie aeecie Aeaenaiae?a O?aei?iaia auea ia?acoeii anao
aeia?iaeaoaeae. Aacoi?a/iay, no?anoii ethayuay noi?oaa, i?eia?iay
iaoue, aieiaoaeueii neaaeyuay ca ainieoaieai naieo aeaoae e
i?eeaaathuay ana oneeey e eo ananoi?iiiaio ?acaeoeth e
oe?aieaieth a ieo aunieeo i?aanoaaiiuo i?eioeeiia, aeiiiaeoay,
i?aeoe/iay e aeaaea ?an/aoeeaay oicyeea – oae ?enotho Aeaenaiae?o
O?aei?iaio ana a? i?eaeeae?iiua.
Ia?yaeo n yoei, iia eioa?aniaaeanue oe?ieeie ioaea/aiiuie
aii?inaie iauaai, aeaaea oeeinioneiai oa?aeoa?a, a aeaineay
noaoiinoue auea ae aaniethoii /oaeaea, oae, iai?eia?, a? nianai ia
eioa?aniaaee ia?yaeu.
Iiiai a?aiaie a aeecie eiia?ao?eoeu caieiaee ?acee/iua
iiia/eoaeueneea iaycaiiinoe, iia iao?iie?iaaea iiiaea
aeaaioai?eoaeueiua o/?aaeaeaiey, aea?oaiaaea aeaiueae oea?eayi e
iiianou?yi.
Oea?neay naiuey aeeea /?acau/aeii ne?iiii e oaaeei?iii. Aieueooth
/anoue aiaea iie i?iaiaeeee a Aeaenaiae?ianeii aeai?oea
Oea?neiai naea. Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi eiouanoai ?iiaiiauo
en/eneyeinue ia?iiiuie noiiaie, iianaaeiaaiue oeeaae aeecie aue
aeiaieueii i?inoui, eaeea – eeai eceeoanoaa e o?aou eiia?ao?eoea
ia iiiu?yea. Iinoaiaiii auee nie?auaiu aei?iainoiyuea e aeanoyuea
i?eaeai?iua aaeu, e iineaaeiee aieueoie einothie?iaaiiue aae a
enoi?ee eiia?ee ninoiyeny a Ceiiai aeai?oea a Iaoa?ao?aa a
yiaa?a 1903 aiaea.
Ieeieae II ?aaioae aac iiiiuieeia, iaeei, /oi ioee/aei aai io
aieueoeinoaa iiia?oia, aeaa ainoaea?noa e aeaaea io nianoaaiiie
aeaiu. O iaai ia auei ee/iiai nae?aoa?y, i?aaeii/eoae an?
aeaeaoue nai. Ia aai ienueiaiiii noiea eaaeae aieueoie
eaeaiaea?ue, a eioi?ii ii aeeo?aoii nianoaaiiie ?oeie caienuaae
naie aeaea, iacia/aiiua ia eaaeaeue aeaiue. Eiaaea i?eoiaeeee
ioeoeeaeueiua aoiaae, Ieeieae ?ania/aouaae eo, /eoae, iiaeienuaae e
nai caia/aouaae, /oiau ioi?aaeoue.
Naieo ieieno?ia e ae?oaeo i?eaeaoaiiuo eeoe oea?ue iau/ii
i?eieiae a iai?eioaeae?iiie ianoaiiaea. Neooae aieiaoaeueii, ia
i?a?uaay. Ai a?aiy aanaaeu aue i?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueii aaaeeea,
ieeiaaea ia iiauoae aieina. I?eia?ii a 8 /ania oea?ue iau/ii
caeai/eaae naie ?aai/ee aeaiue. Anee a yoi a?aiy o iaai aue
iinaoeoaeue, oi oea?ue anoaaae e iiaeoiaeee e ieio – yoi aue
ciae ieii/aiey aoaeeaioeee, ae?oaie aea oi?iie auee neiaa:
“Aithnue, /oi y ooiiee Aan.”
A ?aaeei auiaaeaaiua naiaiaeiua ieioou oea?ue iiiai /eoae.
Niaoeeaeueiue aeaeeioaea?ue eaaeaeue ianyoe iiaeaioaaeeaae aeey
iaai 20 eo/oeo eiea ia ?onneii ycuea.
Eae anyeee iiia?o, Ieeieae II eiae aieueoie aeai? e iiiaeanoai
i?eaeai?iuo. Oae auei caaaaeaii noieaoeyie. AEeciue aeai?a
iiae/eiyeanue no?iai niaethaeaaiiio yoeeaoo. E nai oea?ue, e aai
aeaia, e aeaoe aeieaeiu auee neaaeiaaoue anai i?aaeeai, oioy e
ia ethaeee yoo aiaoithth noi?iio naiaai iieiaeaiey. Eaaeaeue oaa
eo eiio?iee?iaaeny io?aiie.
“Yoa io?aia, – ienaea A. A. Au?oaiaa, – auea iaeiei ec oao
iaecaaaeiuo cie, eioi?ua ie?oaeaee eo Aaee/anoaa. Ainoaea?uiy a
iniaaiiinoe oyaioeeanue e i?ioanoiaaea i?ioea yoie “io?aiu”: iia
aiai?eea, /oi Ainoaea?ue e iia ooaea ieaiieeia. Eaaeaeue oaa eo
Aaee/anoa caienuaaeny, iiaeneooeaaeenue aeaaea ?acaiai?u ii oaeaoiio. Eo
Aaee/anoaai ia auei aieueoaai oaeiaieuenoaey, eae “iaaeooue” iieeoeeth;
eiaaea oaeaaaeinue ecaaaiooue neaaeee, i?ieoe eee i?iaoaoue oai, aaea eo
ia iaeeaeaee, iie ?aaeiaaeenue, eae oeieueieee”.
Oea?ue e oea?eoea auee caeiaeieeaie oie nenoaiu, eioi?ay neiaeeeanue
caaeieai aei ieo. Ec ia?aienee e aeiaaieeia aeaeii, eae iaeeiiei
/oanoaiaaee iie naay a i?eaeai?iie aeecie. A ie?oaeathuae n?aaea auei
iiiaeanoai eeoe, aeaeaaoeo oaiaeeoue ainoaea?th, /oiau iieo/eoue
eaeea-oi auaiaeu, iinoiyiii eio?eaiaaaoeo ae?oa i?ioea ae?oaa, a a
neo/aa iaoaea/e naieo eio?ea eeaaaoaaoeo e ia oea?y. Iiyoiio
anoanoaaiiui auei iiaaaeaiea yoeo ethaeae a o?oaeiia a?aiy iinea
io?a/aiey Ieeieay II: aieueoay /anoue i?eaeai?iuo aaaeaea, ieeiai ia
i?aaeoi?aaeea. Naiui i?aaeaoaeueneei ia?acii iiaaee naay ethaee, eioi?uo
oea?ue e oea?eoea n/eoaee naieie aeeceeie ae?ocueyie.
Iniaue ocae iai?yaeaiiinoe nicaeaaaeny a ioiioaieyo eiia?ao?eoeu ni
naieie i?eaeai?iuie. N naiiai ia/aea Aeaenaiae?a Oaaei?iaia noa?aeanue
iaeoe aeinooi e eo na?aeoeai. “Ii iia ia oiaea yoi auneacaoue, – ienae
Iuea? AEeeuey?, – e aa a?iaeaeaiiay canoai/eainoue aoaeea aa aeaaea
iaia?aiey. Iia i/aiue nei?i ii/oanoaiaaea, /oi aanneeueia canoaaeoue
iiiyoue e ioeaieoue naay. Aa iaiin?aaenoaaiiay iaoo?a auno?i
iaoieeioeanue ia oieiaeioth oneiaiinoue ianoaiiaee Aeai?a. A ioaao ia
naia aeiaa?ea iia iaeeaeaea iaeoe ene?aiithth e ?acoiioth aioiaiinoue
iinayoeoue naay aeaeo, ianoiyuaa aeia?ia aeaeaiea, a aianoi yoiai
ano?a/aea ionooth, aacee/ioth i?eaeai?ioth i?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiinoue.
Ianiio?y ia ana oneeey, iia ia iao/eeanue aaiaeueiie ethaaciinoe e
eneonnoao cao?aaeaaoue ana i?aaeiaou neaaea, n /enoi aiaoiae
aeaaineeiiiinoueth. Aeaei a oii, /oi Eiia?ao?eoea auea i?aaeaea anaai
ene?aiiae, e eaaeaeia aa neiai auei eeoue au?aaeaieai aioo?aiiaai
/oanoaa. Aeaey naay iaiiiyoie, iia ia caiaaeeeea caieiooueny a naaa. Aa
i?e?iaeiay ai?aeinoue auea oycaeaia. Iia ana aieaa e aieaa oeeiiyeanue
io i?acaeianoa e i?eaiia, eioi?ua auee aeey iaa ianoa?ieiui a?aiaiai.
Iia onaieea naaa naea?aeaiiinoue e io/oaeaeaiiinoue, eioi?ua i?eieiaee
ca iaaeiaiiinoue e i?ac?aiea”. Eiioeeeo iaaeaeo aunoei naaoii e
oea?eoeae iinee i?eioeeieaeueiue oa?aeoa?. N iaeiie noi?iiu – n?aaea,
i?eaueoay e eoeueoo i?acaeiinoe e ?acaea/aiee, n ae?oaie – canoai/eaay
aeaiueia no?iai aeeoi?eaineiai ainieoaiey, i?eo/aiiay n aeaonoaa e
o?oaeo e ?oeiaeaeeth. Aeeaeaeoay iiae?oaa oea?eoeu A. Au?oaiaa
?anneacuaaea, eae Aeaenaiae?a Oaaei?iaia ia i?aaeeanue ionoay aoiinoa?a
iaoa?ao?aneiai naaoa. Iia anaaaea ii?aaeaeanue, /oi aa?uoie ec aunoaai
naaoa ia ciatho ie oicyenoaa, ie ?oeiaeaeey e ie/ai, e?iia ioeoea?ia, ia
eioa?anothony. Oea?eoea iiiuoaeanue i?eaeoue iaoa?ao?aneei naaoneei
aeaiai aeon e o?oaeo. Iia iniiauaaao “Iauanoai ?oeiaeaeey”, /eaiu
eioi?iai, aeaiu e aa?uoie, aeieaeiu auee naeaeaoue ia iaiaa o?ao aauae a
aiae aeey aaaeiuo. Ii ec yoiai ie/aai ia auoei. Ceineiaea a ioiioaiee
eiia?ao?eoeu noaiiaeeinue ii?iie a aunoai naaoa. A oyaeaeia aeey no?aiu
a?aiy naaoneia iauanoai ?acaeaeaeinue “iiaui e aanueia eioa?aniui
caiyoeai – ?anioneaieai anaaiciiaeiuo nieaoai” ia eiia?aoi?a e
eiia?ao?eoeo. Iaeia naaoneay aeaia, aeeceay aaeeeieiyaeaneiio e?oao,
?anneacuaaea: “Naaiaeiy iu ?anioneaai neooe ia caaiaeao, eae
Eiia?ao?eoea niaeaaao Ainoaea?y, e ana yoiio aa?yo”. A oea?eoea a yoii
a?aiy i?aaiecoao iniaue yaaeoaoeeiiiue ioieo, eoaea aoiaeeei ieiei 85
eaca?aoia aeey ?aiaiuo aieiia. Aianoa n aeaoiy aei/a?ueie e ni naiae
iiae?oaie Aiiie Aeaenaiae?iaiie Au?oaiaie Aeaenaiae?a Oaaei?iaia i?ioea
eo?n nanoa? ieeina?aeey aiaiiiai a?aiaie. Iioii ana iie ?aaioaee
?yaeiauie oe?o?ae/aneeie nano?aie a eaca?aoa i?e Aeai?oeiaii ainieoaea.
A oneiaeyo aeooiaiie ?aciauaiiinoe n i?eaeai?iie n?aaeie oea?neay /aoa
/oanoaiaaea naay n/anoeeaie e oie?ioai?aiiie oieueei a naiaeiie aeecie,
iinoiyiiii iauaiee n aeaoueie – Ieueaie, Oaoueyiie, Ia?eae, Aianoaneae e
Aeaenaai. Ec i?eaeai?iie n?aaeu aeeceea ae?oaeaneea /oanoaa neiaeeeenue
o Ieeieay II e Aeaenaiae?u Oaaei?iaiu n A.A. Au?oaiaie, aac?acaeaeueii
i?aaeaiiie oea?neie naiuea aei naiiio?a/aiey.
Enoi?ey i?eaeeaeaiey e oea?neie naiuea A. ?aniooeia naycaia n
ineoioa?aiaaoe/aneei aea?ii aeeyoue ia oiae aieacie ianeaaeieea. Ieeaeie
nianoaaiiie iieeoe/aneie eeiee ii ia i?iaiaeee, ia auei aaniethoii
iiaeaaeythuei e aai aeeyiea ia Ieeieay II. Nei?aa anaai ii i?aoniaaae a
ae?oaii: nai /a?iinioaiaoe, ?aniooei oiaei “oeaaeeaae” /a?iinioaiiua
neeiiiinoe e aeaeaiey “oea?noaothueo inia” e oiiei iiaeua?uaae ei. Yoei
oiaei iieueciaaeenue ae?oaea “iai?ioenoua” eeoea eeai aeey i?iaaaeaiey a
aeeciue naieo iieeoe/aneeo ieaiia, iai?aaeaiiuo ia oe?aieaiea
naiiaea?aeaaey, eee a ea?uea?enoneeo e ae?oaeo iaaeaaiaeaeiuo oeaeyo.
Oaeei ia?acii, ?aniooei aue nei?aa i?iaiaeieeii ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeeyiee ia
“iineoaeae aeanoe”, ii oa?aeoa? e ?acia? yoeo aeeyiee ia aue aeiaaaeai
aei iauaainoaea?noaaiiuo ianooaaia.
Naiaiaeiia a?aiy Ieeieae II i?aaeii/eoae i?iaiaeeoue n naiueae. Iinea
ieii/aiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeae oea?y any aai naiuey niae?aeanue ia
oaeei, aaea ii/oe ia auei aeaeeeaoania. Iinea oaeeia naiuey /anoi
niae?aeanue a iaeiie eiiiaoa, aaea oea?ue /eoae aneoo eieao, /aua anaai
Oienoiai, Oo?aaiaaa eee Aiaiey, a aeaia n aei/a?ueie /oi-oi aycaee eee
oeee. Ieeieae II e Aeaenaiae?a Oaaei?iaia i/aiue ethaeee oaeea aa/a?a,
aaea iie ioaeuoaee aeooie. Oea?ue ethaee aoeyoue ii ia?eo, ia?aaeei aai
nii?iaiaeaeaea oeaeay nai?a oioeaiaeneeo ia/a?ie. *anoi Ieeieae II
naaeeeny n aeaoueie a oethieo e eaoaeny ii aiaeiaiai a ia?ea. Aea e
aiiaua oea?ue ethaee ea?aoue ni naieie aeaoueie; iai?eia?, ceiie – a
niaaeee, eaoaoueny ia euaeao e naiyo.
AEAAA II
Iieeoeea Ieeieay II
Ee/iinoue ethaiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeayoaey ?ane?uaaaony a aai
caiuneao e aeaeao. Aua aei ei?iiaoeee Ieeieae II iiae/a?eioe, /oi
aoaeao oaa?aei i?eaea?aeeaaoueny i?eioeeiia naiaai iooea.
Aeaenaiae? III a iaeanoe iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaiee iaania/ee ?innee 13
ie?iuo eao. Ii ii ia iiciaeiiee nuia n iniiaiuie oaeoaie,
ii?aaeaeythueie iaaeaeoia?iaeiia iieiaeaiea ?innee. Oae, Ieeieae
iiciaeiieeny n oneiaeyie o?aiei-?onneiai nithca eeoue oiaaea, eiaaea
noae oea?ai. Ii noaaee ia?aae niaie oeaeue ia aeiionoeoue aiaiiuo
noieeiiaaiee e nio?aieoue ie?, ia n/eoae aiciiaeiui e aeinoaoi/iui
iieaaaoueny a yoii ia aiaiiue nithc.
Ieeieath II i?eiaaeeaaeeo eaeay anaiauaai e iieiiai ?aci?oaeaiey.
Oieueei iaeei yoio enoi?e/aneee ii/ei aeaao aio i?aai ia aannia?oea.
N.N. Ieueaeaiao?a i?aaeiieaaaao, /oi iuneue ia yoii ca?iaeeeanue o oea?y
a ia?oa 1898 aiaea. Oiaaea aea ieieno? eiino?aiiuo aeae iiaeaioaaeeaaao
caieneo, a e eaoo – Ia?auaiea ei anai no?aiai ie?a. A iai, a /anoiinoe,
aiai?eeinue: “Ii ia?a oiai, eae ?anooo aii?oaeaiey eaaeaeiai
ainoaea?noaa, iie iaiaa e iaiaa ioaa/atho iinoaaeaiiie i?aaeoaeuenoaaie
oeaee. Ia?ooaiey yeiiiie/aneiai no?iy, aucuaaaiua a cia/eoaeueiie
noaiaie /?acia?iinoueth aii?oaeaiee, e iinoiyiiay iianiinoue, eioi?ay
caeeth/aaony a ia?iiiii iaeiieaiee aiaauo n?aaenoa, ia?auatho
aii?oaeaiiuo ie? iaoeo aeiae a iiaeaaeythuaa a?aiy, eioi?ia ia?iaeu
auiinyo n aieueoei o?oaeii. I/aaeaeiui iiyoiio i?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi anee
au oaeia iieiaeaiea i?iaeieaeeeinue, iii ?ieiaui ia?acii i?eaaei au e
oiio eiaiii aaaenoaeth, eioi?iai no?aiyony ecaaaiooue e ia?aae oaeanaie
eioi?iai ca?aiaa niae?iaaaony iuneue /aeiaaea.
Iieiaeeoue i?aaeae iai?a?uaiui aii?oaeaieyi e ecuneaoue n?aaenoaa,
i?aaeoi?aaeeoue oa?iaeathuea anaio ie?o ian/anouey – oaeia aunoee aeiea
aeey anao ainoaea?noa.
I?aeniieiaiiue yoei /oanoaii, Eiia?aoi? iiaaeaoue iia niecaieee
ia?aoeoueny e i?aaeoaeuenoaai ainoaea?noa, i?aaenoaaeoaee eieo
aee?aaeeoiaaiu i?e auni/aeoai aeai?a, n i?aaeeiaeaieai i nicaaiee
eiioa?aioeee a aeaeao ianoaeaeaiey yoie aaaeiie caaea/e.
N aiaeueae iiiiuueth, eiioa?aioeey yoa iiaea au noaoue aeia?ui
i?aaeciaiaiiaaieai aeey a?yaeouaai aaea. Iia nieioeea au a iaeii iiao/aa
oeaeia oneeey anao ainoaea?noa, ene?aiia no?aiyueony e oiio, /oiau
aaeeeay eaeay anaiauaai ie?a ainoi?aeanoaiaaea iaae iaeanoueth nioou e
?acaei?a. A oi aea a?aiy iia ne?aieea au eo niaeanea niaianoiui
i?eciaieai ia/ae i?aaa e ni?aaaaeeeainoe, ia eioi?uo ceaeaeaony
aaciianiinoue ainoaea?noa e i?aoniayiea ia?iaeia”.
Eae aeooaeueii cao/ao yoe neiaa naaiaeiy, a aaaeue iaienaiu iie ii/oe
100 eao iacaae.
Aeey i?aaiecaoeee anaiauae ie?iie eiioa?aioeee ?inneae auea i?iaaaeaia
ia?iiiay ?aaioa. Ii iieeoe/aneia iuoeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeayoaeae
aieueoeinoaa no?ai, o/anoaiaaaoeo a ie?iie eiioa?aioeee, auei naycaii n
aeieo?eiie iaecaaaeiinoe aiei e aiaiiiai i?ioeainoiyiey. Aeaaiua
i?aaeeiaeaiey eiia?aoi?a Ieeieay II i?eiyou ia auee, oioy ii
ioaeaeueiui aii?inai aue aeinoeaioo ii?aaeaeaiiue i?ia?ann – cai?auaii
eniieueciaaiea iaeaieaa aa?aa?neeo iaoiaeia aieiu e o/?aaeaeai
iinoiyiiue noae aeey ie?iiai ?ac?aoaiey nii?ia iooai iin?aaeie/anoaa e
o?aoaeneiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa. Iineaaeiaa o/?aaeaeaiea noaei i?iia?acii
Eeae Iaoeee e I?aaiecaoeee Iauaaeeiaiiuo Iaoeee. Aeey iiiaeo
ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeayoaeae eaeay nicaeaiey iiaeiaiie iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
i?aaiecaoeee eacaeanue aeoiinoueth. Ei?iiiaaiiue nia?ao oea?y Ieeieay II
Aeeueaaeuei II ienae ii iiaiaeo nicaeaiey yoie i?aaiecaoeee: “*oiau ii
ia ineaiaeaeeeny ia?aae Aa?iiie, y niaeaoonue ia yoo aeoiinoue. Ii a
naiae i?aeoeea y e ai?aaeue aoaeo iieaaaoueny e ?ann/eouaaoue oieueei ia
Aiaa e ia naiae ino?ue ia/”.
A 1905 aiaeo Ieeieae ia?aoeeny a iaaeaeoia?iaeioth neaaenoaaiioth
eiienneth Aaaaneiai noaea, /oiau oeaaeeoue eioeeaeaio iaaeaeo
Aaeeeia?eoaieae e ?inneae ia Aeiaaa?-aaie. A 1914 aiaeo, iaeaioia ia?aie
ie?iaie aieiu, ?onneee oea?ue ia?aoeeny e eaeca?o n i?inueaie iiii/ue
aio ?ac?aoeoue nii? iaaeaeo Aano?eae e Na?aeae /a?ac iaaeaeoia?iaeiue
noae a Aaaaa.
Aa?iia auea ecoieaia oai, /oi oaeay iaiau/iay, oaeay ioaeiieythuay
eaeay i iaiaoiaeeiinoe anaiauaai ie?a ?iaeeeanue a ?innee, eioi?oth
n/eoaee iieoaceaoneei, iieoaa?aa?neei ainoaea?noaii e iaaeiyee a
ionoonoaee aiaaoie anaeaineie eoeueoo?u, i?enouae aoaeoi au eeoue
aa?iiaeneei no?aiai.
A?aiy oea?noaiaaiey Ieeieay II yaeyaony ia?eiaeii naiuo aunieeo a
enoi?ee ?innee e NNN? oaiiia yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa. Ca 1880-1910 aiaeu
oaiiu ?inoa i?iiuoeaiiinoe i?aauoaee 9% a aiae. Ii oaiiai ?inoa
i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea ?inney auoea ia I
ianoi a ie?a, iia?aaeea no?aieoaeueii ?acaeaathueany Niaaeeiaiiua Ooaou.
Ii i?iecaiaenoao aaaeiaeoeo naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo? ?inney auoea
ia I ianoi a ie?a, au?aueaay aieueoa iieiaeiu ie?iaiai i?iecaiaenoaa
?aee, aieueoa /aoaa?oe ioaieoeu e iana, ieiei 2/5 y/iaiy, ieiei /aoaa?oe
ea?oioaey. ?inney noaea aeaaiui yenii?oa?ii naeueneioicyenoaaiiie
i?iaeoeoeee, ia?aie “aeeoieoeae Aa?iiu”, ia eioi?oth i?eoiaeeeinue 2/5
anaai ie?iaiai yenii?oa e?anoueyineie i?iaeoeoeee.
Auno?ia ?acaeoea o?iaiy i?iiuoeaiiinoe e naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa iicaieeei ?innee a oa/aiea oea?noaiaaiey Ieeieay II
eiaoue onoie/eaoth cieiooth eiiaa?oe?oaioth aaethoo, i eioi?ie iu
naaiaeiy iiaeai oieueei ia/oaoue.
Yeiiiie/aneay iieeoeea i?aaeoaeuenoaa Ieeieay II no?ieeanue ia ia/aeao
nicaeaiey iaeaieueoaai aeaaii?eyonoaiaaiey anai caei?iaui oicyenoaaiiui
neeai iooai eueaioiiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey e e?aaeeoiaaiey, niaeaenoaey
i?aaiecaoeee ana?inneeneeo i?iiuoeaiiuo y?ia?ie, anaia?iiai ?acaeoey
n?aaenoa niiauaiey e nayce.
Ieeieae II i?eaeaaae aieueoia cia/aiea ?acaeoeth aeaeaciuo aei?ia. Aua
a thiinoe ii o/anoaiaae a caeeaaeea (a iicaeiaa aeoeaii niaeaenoaiaae
no?ieoaeuenoao) ciaiaieoie Aaeeeie neae?neie aei?iae, aieueoay /anoue
eioi?ie no?ieeanue a aai oea?noaiaaiea.
Iiaeuai i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa a oea?noaiaaiea Ieeieay II a
cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie naycai e n ?ac?aaioeie iiaiai oaa?e/iiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, iaeiei ec aeoeaiuo nicaeaoaeae eioi?iai yaeyaony nai
eiia?aoi? eae aeaaiue caeiiiaeaoaeue no?aiu. Oeaeueth iiaiai oaa?e/iiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa auei, n iaeiie noi?iiu, oii?yaei/eoue ioiioaiey
iaaeaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie e ?aai/eie, n ae?oaie – oeo/oeoue iieiaeaiea
o?oaeyueony, aeeaoueo i?iiuoeaiiui ca?aaioeii.
Caeii 2 ethiy 1897 aiaea aia?aua aaiaeee ii?ie?iaaiea ?aai/aai aeiy. Ii
yoiio caeiio aeey ?aai/eo, caiyouo aeiai, ?aai/aa a?aiy ia aeieaeii auei
i?aauoaoue 11,5 /ania a nooee, a a noaaioo e a i?aaei?acaeie/iua aeie –
10 /ania. “Aeey ?aai/eo, caiyouo, oioy au io/anoe, a ii/iia a?aiy,
?aai/aa a?aiy ia aeieaeii i?aauoaoue 10 /ania”. *ooue iicaeiaa a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe ?innee caeiiiaeaoaeueii onoaiaaeeaaaony 10-/aniaie
?aai/ee aeaiue. Aeey oie yiioe yoi aue ?aaiethoeeiiiue oaa. Aeey
n?aaiaiey: a Aa?iaiee aii?in ia yoii oieueei iiaeieiaeny.
Ae?oaie caeii, i?eiyoue i?e i?yiii o/anoee Ieeieay II, – i
aiciaa?aaeaeaiee ?aai/eo, iino?aaeaaoeo io ian/anoiuo neo/aaa (1903
aiae). Ii yoiio caeiio “aeaaeaeueoeu i?aaei?eyoee iaycaiu
aiciaa?aaeaeaoue ?aai/eo, aac ?acee/ey eo iiea e aic?anoa, ca oo?aoo
aieaa /ai ia 3 aeiy o?oaeiniiniaiinoe io oaeaniiai iia?aaeaeaiey,
i?e/eiaiiiai ei ?aaioaie ii i?iecaiaenoao i?aaei?eyoey eee i?ienoaaeoeo
aneaaenoaea oaeiauo ?aaio”. “Anee iineaaenoaeai ian/anoiiai neo/ay, i?e
oao aea oneiaey, auea nia?oue ?aai/aai, oi aiciaa?aaeaeaieai
iieuecothony /eaiu aai naiaenoaa”.
Caeiiii 23 ethiy 1912 aiaea a ?innee auei aaaaeaii iaycaoaeueiia
no?aoiaaiea ?aai/eo io aieaciae e io ian/anoiuo neo/aaa. Neaaeothuei
oaaii i?aaeiieaaaeinue aaaaeaiea caeiia i no?aoiaaiee ii eiaaeeaeiinoe e
noa?inoe. Ii iineaaeiaaaoea nioeeaeueiua eaoaeeeciu ion?i/eee aai ia 20
eao.
Oea?ue aeoeaii niaeaenoaiaae ?acaeoeth ?onneie eoeueoo?u, eneonnoaa,
iaoee, ?aoi?iai a?iee e oeioa.
Oae, iaeiei ec ia?auo aeoia Ieeieay II auei ?anii?yaeaiea i auaeaeaiee
cia/eoaeueiuo n?aaenoa aeey ieacaiey iiiiue ioaeaeathueiny o/aiui,
ienaoaeyi e ioaeeoeenoai, a oaeaea eo aaeiaai e ne?ioai (1895 aiae).
Caaaaeiaaiea yoei aeaeii auei ii?o/aii niaoeeaeueiie eiiennee Aeaaeaiee
iaoe. A 1896 aiaeo aaiaeeony iiaue onoaa i i?eaeeaaeyo ia ecia?aoaiey,
“aeaeieciaieaoea i?aaeiea oneiaey yenieoaoaoeee ecia?aoaiee e auaiaea
naieo ecia?aoaoaeae e ?acaeoey i?iiuoeaiiie oaoieee”.
Oaea ia?aua aiaeu oea?noaiaaiey Ieeieay i?eaaee e aeenoaoaeueiui
eioaeeaeooaeueiui e eoeueoo?iui naa?oaieyi, iacaaiiui iicaeiaa “?onneei
?aiannainii” eee “na?aa?yiui aaeii” ?innee. Iiaua eaeae ioaaoeee ia
oieueei iieeoeeo, ii e oeeinioeth, iaoeo, iocueo, eneonnoai.
A eeoa?aoo?a yoi aue A.I. *aoia, nicaeaaaaoee iueanu e ei?ioeea
?anneacu, noaaoea /anoueth ie?iaie eeanneee. A 1898 aiaeo E.
Noaieneaaneee aia?aua ioe?ue aeaa?e ciaiaieoiai Iineianeiai
ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oaao?a, e iiaoi?iay iinoaiiaea iueanu A. *aoiaa
“*aeea”, iaienaiiie a 1896 aiaeo, ii?aaeaeeea oniao oaao?a. Caoai
iineaaeiaaee iueanu “Aeyaey Aaiy” (1899 aiae), “Aeoiaaue naae” (1904
aiae). N ieie ooaa?aeeeanue iiaay y?a a enoi?ee oaao?a.
N?aaee ianaeaiey ?innee oiai a?aiaie iocuea e a oii /enea iia?a auee
ethaeiu e iiioey?iu. A Eeaaa, Iaeanna, Aa?oaaa, Oeoeena auee naie
iia?iua oaao?u. Oieueei a iaeiii Iaoa?ao?aa auei 4 oaeeo oaao?a. Iaeei
ec ieo, Ia?iaeiue aeii, eee Ia?iaeiue aeai?aoe, aue nicaeai Ieeieaai II
a 1901 aiaeo. Iiieiay, /oi i?inoie ia?iae ia a ninoiyiee iinauaoue
?ineioiua ae?aiaoe/aneea e iia?iua oaao?u, oea?ue ioaeae ?anii?yaeaiea
iino?ieoue aieueoia caeaiea, a eioi?ii ?aciauaeenue oaao?u, eiioea?oiua
caeu, ?anoi?aiu, ieaoa ca aoiae auea 20 eiiaae.
1913 aiae. O?aonioeaoea oea?noaiaaiey aeiia ?iiaiiauo. Yoi aue
iineaaeiee aiae i?eau/iie aeecie oea?y, iineaaeiee aiae ia?aae oyaeaeuie
eniuoaieyie, auiaaoeie ia aeieth aai naiuee.
*a?ac aiae ia/aeanue aieia. N aaeeiia Ceiiaai aeai?oea Ieeieae II nai
ca/eoae iaieoano i ia/aea aieiu. Yoi aue ia?eiae iaeaieueoae oaa?aiiinoe
oea?y.
Oea?ue ?aaoey?ii acaeeo a Noaaeo ia o?iio, a oue, ia caaiaeu. Nai
iinauaao ainieoaee e eaca?aou, iaa?aaeaeaao ioeoea?ia e nieaeao. Ieeieae
II aeaeae, /oi aai i?enoonoaea aiiaeooaaeyao nieaeao, iniaaiii anee ii
aue n nuiii Aeaenaai.
I. AEeeuey? ienae: “I?enoonoaea Ianeaaeieea ?yaeii n ainoaea?ai
aicaoaeaeaao eioa?an a nieaeaoao, e eiaaea ii ioioae, neuoii auei, eae
iie oaiioii iaiaieaathony aia/aoeaieyie i aai aic?anoa, ?inoa,
au?aaeaiee eeoea e o.ae. Ii aieueoa anaai eo ii?aceei, /oi Oeana?aae/
aue a i?inoie nieaeaoneie oi?ia, ie/ai ia ioee/aaoaeny io oie, eioi?oth
iineea eiiaiaea nieaeaoneeo aeaoae”.
?inney auea ia aioiaa e aieia, auea eeoue ?aoeiinoue – iiaaaeeoue.
Ieeieae II ?aoee nai aicaeaaeoue eiiaiaeiaaiea o?iioii. A oueo oea?ee
aeoo ii?aaeai/anoaa, ia/aee nicaeaaaoueny aioeiiia?oe/aneea a?oiiu.
Ieeieae II aua ia ciae, /oi naiiaea?aeaaey i?aeoe/anee oaea ia
nouanoaoao. Iicaeiaa ii ienae: “…aie?oa eciaia, i?aaeaoaeuenoai e
o?oninoue…”, Ieeieae II inoaeny iaeei.
Aaeanue i?aaieciaaiiay eeaaaoie/aneay eaiiaiey, i?ecaaiiay
aeene?aaeeoe?iaaoue oea?y. Ia aiooaeenue ioneaoue a oiae naiua iiaeeua e
a?yciua iaaeiaiey – oieiiaae a iieueco iaioeaa, iieiia ii?aeueiia
?aceiaeaiea. Ana aieueoay /anoue ia?aciaaiiiai iauanoaa ?innee
iooi?aaaony io ?inneeneeo o?aaeeoeee e eaeaaeia e i?eieiaao noi?iio yoeo
?ac?ooathueo nee.
I?aaenoaaeyao eioa?an aeoaieay ioeaiea niauoee, i?ienoiaeeaoeo iaeaioia
aeaaee ?onneiai eiia?aoi?a, aeaiiay O. *a?/eeeai a aai eieaa “Ie?iaie
e?ecen 1916 – 1918 aiaeia”. “…A ia?oa oea?ue aue ia i?anoiea.
?inneeneay eiia?ey e ?onneay a?iey aea?aeaeenue, o?iio aue iaania/ai e
iiaaaea aannii?ia. …Niaeanii iiaa?oiinoiie iiaea iaoaai a?aiaie,
oea?neee no?ie i?eiyoi o?aeoiaaoue eae neaioth, i?iaieaooth, ie ia /oi
ia niiniaioth oe?aieth. Ii ?acai? 30 ianyoeaa aieiu n Aa?iaieae e
Aano?eae aeieaeai au eni?aaeoue yoe eaaeiaaniua i?aaenoaaeaiey. Neeo
?inneeneie eiia?ee iu iiaeai ecia?eoue ii oaea?ai, eioi?ua iia
auoa?iaea, ii aaaenoaeyi, eioi?ua iia ia?aaeeea, ii iaen/a?iaaiui neeai,
eioi?ua iia ?acaeea, e ii ainnoaiiaeaieth nee, ia eioi?ua iia ieacaeanue
niiniaia…”.
A ianoaiiaea ia?anoathuaai i?ioeainoiyiey Ieeieae II aue auioaeaeai
io?a/ueny io i?anoiea, /oiau ecaaaeaoue e?iaii?ieeoey. Yoi aue o?aae/iue
caacaeiue /an Ieeieay II.
Ieeieae II aue ?aceo/ai ni naiae naiueae. 21 ia?oa a Oea?neii Naea auea
a?anoiaaia eiia?ao?eoea, a oio aea aeaiue aeieaeai aue auoue a?anoiaai
Ieeieae II.
Aia?aua ca 23 aiaea aio ia ioaeii auei /eoaoue aeieeaaeia, i?eieiaoue
ieieno?ia e ieii/aoaeueiua ?aoaiey ii aii?inai ainoaea?noaaiiie
aaaeiinoe. Ieeieae iieo/ee aiciiaeiinoue ?anii?yaeaoueny a?aiaiai ii
naiaio oniio?aieth: /eoaoue, eo?eoue, caieiaoueny n aeaoueie, ea?aoue a
niaaeee, aoeyoue ii ia?eo, i?eiyeny /eoaoue Aeaeeth.
Eniieuecoy eeiiaiia?ao, iiaea?aiiue aei ?aaiethoeee eeiaiaoia?aoe/aneie
eiiiaieae “Iaoy” Aeaenath, Ieeieae i?aaieciaae iieac oeeueiia ii
aa/a?ai.
Aeaenae ea?ae ?ieue noaiaiiiai oicyeia, i?eaeaoay anao a naith eiiiaoo
aeey i?iniio?a oeeueiia. A?ao Aaieaiaei?o, /anoue ainoue ia yoeo
aa/a?ao, aniiieiae: “Ii i/aiue oiai e eioaeeeaaioai, o iaai y?ei
au?aaeaiiue oa?aeoa? e i?ae?aniia na?aeoea. Anee oaeanony ni?aaeoueny n
aai aieaciueth e anee Aia aea?oai aio aeeciue, ii nua?aao a aoaeouai
aaaeioth ?ieue a aic?iaeaeaiee iaoae ian/anoiie no?aiu. Aai oa?aeoa?
oi?ie?iaaeny iiae aeeyieai no?aaeaiee ?iaeeoaeae e aai nianoaaiiuo,
ia?aaeeouo a aeaonoaa. Iiaeao auoue, Aiao aoaeao oaiaeii iiieeiaaoue e
nianoe aai e anth naiueth io oaiaoeeia, a eaiao eioi?uo iie iaoiaeyony
nae/an”.
A?aiaiiia i?aaeoaeuenoai aiceiaeeei ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca aaciianiinoue
eiia?aoi?neie naiuee oeaeeeii ia iea/e Ea?aineiai, eioi?ue aiineaaenoaee
i?eciaaae, /oi i?e aeeceii iauaiee n oea?ai a yoe iaaeaee aue ii?aaeai
“ne?iiiinoueth e iieiui ionoonoaeai eaeie-eeai iicu. Yoa anoanoaaiiinoue
a iiaaaeaiee, iaiaea?aiiay i?inoioa nicaeaaaee iniaoth i?eoyaaoaeueioth
neeo e iaayiea eiia?aoi?a, eioi?ua aua ?ac/a oneeeaaeenue ecoieoaeueiuie
aeacaie, aeoaieeie e o?aae/iuie…”.
A oeaeyo aaciianiinoe auei i?eiyoi ?aoaiea ia?aaacoe oea?neoth naiueth
a Oiaieuene. Iinea caeeth/aiey A?ano-Eeoianeiai ie?a oea?neay naiuey
auea ia?aaacaia a Aeaoa?eiao?a, aaea ana iie noaee ii-ianoiyuaio
caeeth/aiiuie. Io?aia aaea naay iaaei e aucuaathua. Eneeth/ay
aaeaaeiaaiua i?iaoeee a naaeo a iieaeaiue, aeeciue naiuee auea
ia?aie/aia /aou?ueiy noaiaie eo eiiiao. Ieeieae e Aeaenaiae?a /eoaee,
aeaaooee aycaee e auoeaaee, Aeaenae ea?ae a iinoaee n iiaeaeueth
ei?aaey.
O?aeueneee Niaao aaeeiiaeooii i?eiye ?aoaiea ?anno?aeyoue anth
oea?neoth naiueth eae iiaeii nei?aa e oie/oiaeeoue ana neaaeu
niaeayiiiai. Ianiio?y ia iiiuoee iaanaaaea ne?uoue eae auea oaeoa
oea?neay naiuey, ianoiyoaeuenoaa yoiai aeanoi/aeoaai aeoa aaiaeaeecia
noaee ecaanoiu ie?o. Aeiiaieee yoiai oaeenoaa e iaae?oaaoaeuenoaa iaae
inoaieaie inoaeaeaiu naaiaeiy ethaeueie.
10 eao iacaae naiuey Ieeieay II auea eaiiiece?iaaia ?onneie
oea?eiaueth. A Aeaoa?eiao?aa ia ianoa eo o?aae/aneie aeaaee a ia/aea
1990 aiaea onoaiiaeai a eo iaiyoue e?ano, o iiaeiiaeuey eioi?iai
iinoiyiii eaaeao aeeaua oeaaou.
Ianeieueei ianyoeaa iacaae aue onoaiiaeai ia Aaaaiueeianeii eeaaeaeua
e?ano anai ?iiaiiaui. Yoio e?ano noae neiaieii aica?auaiey ?innee e
aeooiaiui ei?iyi, neiaieii aeooiaiiai Aine?anaiey.
CAEETH*AIEA
Iaea?aiiue caia/aoaeueiuie ee/iuie ea/anoaaie, Ieeieae II aue
aiieiuaieai anaai, /oi a ?onneie iaoo?a anoue aeaai?iaeiiai e
?uoea?neiai, ii ii aue neaa.
Ieeieae II aue ne?iiai e canoai/ea. Ii neeoeii niiiaaaeny a
naiii naaa: ionthaea e ana aai iaoaea/e. Oea?ue ia aue
ia?aie/aiiui ie/oiaeanoaii, /ueae – eeai ia?eiiaoeie. A e?eoe/aneoth
ieiooo eiaiii ii i?iyaeye iaeaieueooth oa??aeinoue aeooa ec
anaai naiaai ie?oaeaiey.
Eiia?aoi? aue /aeiaaeii niaanoe e aeooe, oa ii?aeueiua
onoaiiaee, eioi?uie ii ?oeiaiaenoaiaaeny a naiae ?aaioa, aeaeaee
aai aaccaueoiui ia?aae eio?eaaie. Aie?oa oea?y an? neeueiaa e
neeueiaa naeeiaeny e?oa i?aaeaoaeuenoaa e eciaiu, eioi?ue
i?aa?aoeeny a naiaai ?iaea eaieai e ia/aeo ia?oa 1917 aiaea.
N iiaeienaieai io?a/aiey noaiiaeeanue oi/ea a o?aaaaeee aeecie
eiia?aoi?a Ieeieay II e ia/aeny ion/?o a?aiaie a o?aaaaeee aai
nia?oe.
Iaiaiooue e i?aaeaiiue naiei ie?oaeaieai Ieeieae II i?eiye
?aoaiea ia io?a/aiee a iaaeaaeaea, /oi oa, eoi iiaeaeaao aai
oaeaeaiey, ieaaeoony niiniaiuie i?eaanoe aieio e aeaaiiieo/iiio
eiioeo e nianoe ?inneth.
Ii aiyeny, /oiau aai nii?ioeaeaiea ia iineoaeeei iiaiaeii e
a?aaeaeaineie aieia a i?enoonoaee iai?eyoaey, e ia iiaeaeae, /oiau
e?iaue oioy au iaeiiai ?onneiai auea i?ieeoa ca iaai. Ii
i?ei?n naay a aea?oao ?aaee ?innee, ii yoa aea?oaa ieacaeanue
iai?aniie. N iaaeaieai oea?y caeii/eeny ia?eiae aicauoaiey ?innee
e ia/aeny ia?eiae a? ?ac?ooaiey, ia i?ae?aoeaoeeny e naaiaeiy.
Ieeieae II, aai aeaia e iyoa?i aeaoae i?eiyee io/aie/aneoth
nia?oue. Ii noaeueaa ia ioiyea o ieo an?. Iia nio?aieea iai
naiia aeaaiia. Aa/iua oeaiiinoe, eioi?uie iie aeeee, e ca aa?o a
eioi?oth i?eiyee nia?oue, naeaeaee eo neiaieii ioaeanoaa e
aeinoieinoaa, iayeii aeooiaiinoe e i?aanoaaiiinoe, eioi?ue, nionoy
iiiaea aiaeu, naaoeo iai. Yoe /aeiaa/aneea oeaiiinoe aannia?oiu,
iie aoaeoo aeeoue iacaaeneii io ace?oia e iaaeaiee ethaie
eiia?ee.
Oae /oi, a eiia/iii eoiaa, Ieeieae II – iiaaaeee !
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