Iaeaaeaiea:
Iaeaaeaiea……………………………………………………..
…………………1
Aaaaeaiea………………………………………………………
…………………….2
Aeaeiua aeayoaee oeiee i
eaoaeeca………………………………………5
Iaiiiai i i?iiuoeaiiii eaoaeeca………………………………….7
?ieue eaoaeeca a
yeieiaee………………………………………………….11
Yia?aaoe/aneee
aa?uea?……………………………………………………..12
I?ioiaeaeaiea /a?ac yia?aaoe/aneee aa?uea?……………………….14
Aiiiaaiiue
eaoaeec………………………………………………………..
.17
Aaoa?iaaiiue
eaoaeec………………………………………………………19
Eaoaeec a
aeioeiee……………………………………………………….
..20
I?eeiaeaiey(a?aoeee e
noaiu)……………………………………….22-25
Nienie
eeoa?aoo?u……………………………………………………..
…..26
Aaaaeaiea.
EAOAEEC – i?ioeann, caeeth/athueeny a eciaiaiee nei?inoe oeie/aneeo
?aaeoeee a i?enoonoaee aauanoa, iacuaaaiuo eaoaeecaoi?aie.
Eaoaeecaoi?u – aauanoaa, eciaiythuea nei?inoue oeie/aneie ?aaeoeee,
eioi?ua iiaoo o/anoaiaaoue a ?aaeoeee, aoiaeeoue a ninoaa i?iiaaeooi/iuo
i?iaeoeoia, ii ia aoiaeyo a ninoaa eiia/iuo i?iaeoeoia ?aaeoeee e iinea
ieii/aiey ?aaeoeee inoathony iaeciaiiuie.
Eaoaeeoe/aneea ?aaeoeee – ?aaeoeee, i?ioaeathuea a i?enoonoaee
eaoaeecaoi?ia.
Iieiaeeoaeueiui iacuaatho eaoaeec, i?e eioi?ii neiinoue ?aaeoeee
aic?anoaao, io?eoeaoaeueiui (eiaeae?iaaieai) – i?e eioi?ii iia oauaaao.
I?eia?ii iieiaeeoaeueiiai eaoaeeca iiaeao neoaeeoue i?ioeann ieeneaiey
aiieaea ia ieaoeia i?e iieo/aiee acioiie eeneiou. I?eia?ii
io?eoeaoaeueiiai – nieaeaiea nei?inoe ei??icee i?e aaaaeaiee a
aeeaeeinoue, a eioi?ie yenieoaoe?oaony iaoaee, ieo?eoa iao?ey, o?iiaoa e
aeeo?iiaoa eaeey.
Eaoaeecaoi?u, caiaaeeythuea oeie/aneoth ?aaeoeeth, iacuaathony
eiaeaeoi?aie.
A caaeneiinoe io oiai, iaoiaeeony eaoaeecaoi? a oie aea oaca, /oi e
?aaae?othuea aauanoaa, eee ia?acoao naiinoiyoaeueioth oaco, aiai?yo i
aiiiaaiiii eee aaoa?iaaiiii eaoaeeca.
I?eia?ii aiiiaaiiiai eaoaeeca yaeyaony ?aceiaeaiea ia?ieneaea
aiaei?iaea a i?enoonoaee eiiia eiaea. ?aaeoeey i?ioaeaao a aeaa noaaeee:
I I + I = H O + IO
I O + IO = I O + O + I
I?e aiiiaaiiii eaoaeeca aeaenoaea eaoaeecaoi?a naycaii n oai, /oi
ii anooiaao ai acaeiiaeaenoaea n ?aaae?othueie aauanoaaie n ia?aciaaieai
i?iiaaeooi/iuo niaaeeiaiee, yoi i?eaiaeeo e nieaeaieth yia?aee
aeoeaaoeee.
I?e aaoa?iaaiiii eaoaeeca onei?aiea i?ioeanna iau/ii i?ienoiaeeo ia
iiaa?oiinoe oaa?aeiai oaea – eaoaeecaoi?a, iiyoiio aeoeaiinoue
eaoaeecaoi?a caaeneo io aaee/eiu e naienoa aai iiaa?oiinoe. Ia i?aeoeea
eaoaeecaoi? iau/ii iaiinyo ia oaa?aeue ii?enoue iineoaeue. Iaoaieci
aaoa?iaaiiiai eaoaeeca neiaeiaa, /ai o aiiiaaiiiai.
Iaoaieci aaoa?iaaiiiai eaoaeeca aeeth/aao iyoue noaaeee, i?e/ai ana
iie ia?aoeiu.
1. Aeeooocey ?aaae?othueo aauanoa e iiaa?oiinoe oaa?aeiai aauanoaa.
2. Oece/aneay aaeni?aoeey ia aeoeaiuo oeaio?ao iiaa?oiinoe oaa?aeiai
aauanoaa ?aaae?othueo iieaeoe e caoai oaiini?aoeey eo.
3. Oeie/aneay ?aaeoeey iaaeaeo ?aaae?othueie iieaeoeaie.
4. Aeani?aoeey i?iaeoeoia n iiaa?oiinoe eaoaeecaoi?a.
5. Aeeooocey i?iaeoeoa n iiaa?oiinoe eaoaeecaoi?a a iauee iioie.
I?eia?ii aaoa?iaaiiiai eaoaeeca yaeyaony ieeneaiea SO a SO ia
eaoaeecaoi?a V O i?e i?iecaiaenoaa na?iie eeneiou (eiioaeoiue iaoiae).
I?iiioi?u (eee aeoeaaoi?u) – aauanoaa, iiauoathuea aeoeaiinoue
eaoaeecaoi?a. I?e yoii i?iiioi?u iiaoo naie e ia iaeaaeaoue
eaoaeeoe/aneeie naienoaaie.
Eaoaeeoe/aneea yaeu – iinoi?iiiea i?eiane a ?aaeoeeiiiie niane,
i?eaiaeyuea e /anoe/iie eee iieiie iioa?a aeoeaiinoe eaoaeecaoi?a. Oae,
neaaeu iuoueyea, oinoi?a aucuaatho auno?oth iioa?th eaoaeecaoi?ii V O
aeoeaiinoe (eiioaeoiue iaoiae i?iecaiaenoaa H SO ).
Iiiaea aaaeiaeoea oeie/aneea i?iecaiaenoaa, oaeea, eae iieo/aiea
na?iie eeneiou, aiieaea, acioiie eeneiou, neioaoe/aneiai eao/oea, ?yaea
iieeia?ia e ae?., i?iaiaeyony a i?enoonoaee eaoaeecaoi?ia.
Aeioeie/aneea ?aaeoeee a ?anoeoaeueiuo e aeeaioiuo i?aaieciao
onei?ythony aeioeie/aneeie eaoaeecaoi?aie – oa?iaioaie.
Nei?inoue i?ioeanna – /?acau/aeii aaaeiue oaeoi?, ii?aaeaeythuee
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue iai?oaeiaaiey oeie/aneeo i?iecaiaenoa. Iiyoiio
iaeia ec iniiaiuo caaea/, iinoaaeaiiuo ia?aae oeieae iao/ii-oaoie/aneie
?aaiethoeeae, yoi iiene iooae oaaee/aiey nei?inoe ?aaeoeee. Ae?oaay
aaae- iay caaea/a nia?aiaiiie oeiee, iaoneiaeaiiay ?acei aic?anoathueie
ianooaaaie i?iecaiaenoaa oeie/aneeo i?iaeoeoia,- iiauoaiea
ecae?aoaeueiinoe oeie/aneeo i?aa?auaiee a iieaciua i?iaeoeou,
oiaiueoaiea eiee/anoaa aua?inia e iooiaeia. N yoei naycaia, e?iia oiai,
e io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu e aieaa ?aoeeiiaeueiia eniieueciaaiea
enoiuathueony, e niaeaeaieth, i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia.
Aeey aeinoeaeaiey anao yoeo oeaeae ioaeiu aa?iua n?aaenoaa, e
oaeeie n?aaenoaaie neoaeao i?aaeaea anaai eaoaeecaoi?u. Iaeiaei
ecuneeaaoue eo ia oae i?inoi. B i?ioeanna iiciaiey aioo?aiiaai
ono?ienoaa ie?oaeathueo ian aauae o/aiua onoaiiaeee ii?aaeaeaiioth
a?aaeaoeeth, ea?a?oeth o?iaiae iee?iie?a. Ie?, iienuaaaiue a iaoae
eieaa,- yoi ie? iieaeoe, acaeiiua i?aa?auaiey eioi?uo ninoaaeytho
i?aaeiao oeiee. Ian aoaeao eioa?aniaaoue ia any oeiey, a oieueei /anoue
aa, iinayuaiiay eco/aieth aeeiaieee eciaiaiey oeie/aneie no?oeoo?u
iieaeoe. Aeaeeii iao iaaeiaiinoe aiai?eoue i oii, /oi iieaeoeu iino?iaiu
ec aoiiia, a iineaaeiea- ec yae?a e ie?oaeathuae aai yeaeo?iiiie
iaiei/ee; /oi naienoaa iieaeoe caaenyo io i?e?iaeu ninoaaeythueo eo
aoiiia e iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe niaaeeiaiey eo ae?oa n ae?oaiio /oi
oeie/aneea e oece/aneea naienoaa aauanoa caaenyo io naienoa iieaeoe e
oa?aeoa?a eo acaeiinayce. Aoaeai n/eoaoue, /oi ana yoi a iaueo /a?oao
ecaanoii /eoaoaeth, e iioiio aeaaiue oii? naeaeaai ia aii?inao,
naycaiiuo n i?aaenoaaeaieai i nei?inoe oeie/aneeo ?aaeoeee.
Acaeiiua i?aa?auaiey iieaeoe i?ioaeatho n naiie ?acee/iie nei?inoueth.
Nei?inoue iiaeii eciaiyoue, iaa?aaay eee ioeaaeaeay nianue ?aaae?othueo
iieaeoe. I?e iaa?aaaiee nei?inoue ?aaeoeee, eae i?aaeei, aic?anoaao, ii
yoi ia aaeeinoaaiiia n?aaenoai onei?aiey oeie/aneeo i?aa?auaiee.
Nouanoaoao aua iaeei, aieaa yooaeoeaiue niinia – eaoaeeoe/aneee, oe?iei
eniieuecoaiue a iaoa a?aiy a i?iecaiaenoaa naiuo ?aciiia?aciuo
i?iaeoeoia.
Ia?aua iao/iua i?aaenoaaeaiey i eaoaeeca aicieeee iaeiia?aiaiii n
?acaeoeai aoiiiie oai?ee no?iaiey aauanoaa. A 1806 a., /a?ac aiae iinea
oiai, eae iaeei ec nicaeaoaeae nia?aiaiiie aoiienoe/aneie oai?ee
Aeaeueoii noi?ioee?iaae a «Caieneao Iai/anoa?neiai eeoa?aoo?iiai e
oeeinioneiai iauanoaa» caeii e?aoiuo ioiioaiee, Eeaiai e Aeaci?i
iioaeeeiaaee iiae?iaiua aeaiiua ia onei?aiee i?ioeanna ieeneaiey
na?ienoiai aaca a i?enoonoaee ieeneia acioa i?e eaia?iii i?iecaiaenoaa
na?iie eeneiou. Oanoue eao nionoy a «Oaoiieiae/aneii aeo?iaea» Ee?oaio
eceiaeee ?acoeueoaou naieo iaaethaeaiee ia onei?ythuai aeaenoaee
?acaaaeaiiuo ieia?aeueiuo eeneio ia aeae?ieec e?aoiaea aei aetheicu.
Yoeie aeaoiy iaaethaeaieyie auea ioe?uoa yiioa yenia?eiaioaeueiiai
eco/a- iey iaiau/iuo aeey oiai a?aiaie oeie/aneeo yaeaiee, eioi?ui
oaaaeneee oeiee Aa?oeaeeon aeae a 1835 a. iauaa iacaaiea «eaoaeec» io
a?a/aneiai neiaa «eaoaeii» – ?ac?ooaoue. Oaeiaa, a aeaoo neiaao, enoi?ey
ioe?uoey ea- oaeeca, eioi?ue n iieiui iniiaaieai neaaeoao ioianoe e
iaeiiio ec ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo yaeaiee i?e?iaeu.
Oaia?ue iai neaaeoao aeaoue nia?aiaiiia e iaeaieaa iauai?eiyoia
ii?aaeaeaiea eaoaeeca, a caoai e iaeioi?oth iauoth eeanneoeeaoeeth
eaoaeeoe/aneeo i?ioeannia, oae eae eiaiii n yoiai ia/eiaaony ethaay
oi/iay iaoea. Eae ecaanoii, «oeceea – yoi oi, /ai caieiathony oeceee (oi
aea naiia iiaeii neacaoue e i oeiee)». Neaaeoy yoiio ianoaaeaieth
Aa?aiaia, iiaeii auei au ia?aie/eoueny ooaa?aeaeaieai, /oi «eaoaeec –
yoi oi, /ai caieiathony e oeieee e oeceee». Ii, anoanoaaiii, oaeiai
oooeeaiai iauyniaiey iaaeinoaoi/ii, e ni a?aiai Aa?oeaeeona aeaaaeinue
iiiaeanoai iao/iuo ii?aaeaeaiee iiiyoeth «eaoaeec». Ia iao acaeyae
iaeeo/oaa ii?aaeaeaiea noi?ioee?iaaii A. E. Aa?aneiaui:
«Oaiiiaiieiae/anee eaoaeec iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue eae aicaoaeaeaiea
oeie/aneeo ?aaeoeee eee eciaiaiea eo nei?inoe iiae aeaenoaeai aauanoa –
eaoaeecaoi?ia, iiiaie?aoii anooiathueo a i?iiaaeooi/iua oeie/aneea
acaeiiaeaenoaey n o/anoieeaie ?aaeoeee e ainnoaiaaeeaathueo iinea
eaaeaeiai oeeeea i?iiaaeooi/iuo acaeiiaeaenoaee naie oeie/aneee ninoaa».
Naiia no?aiiia a yoii ii?aaeaeaiee aai caeeth/eoaeueiay /anoue –
aauanoai, onei?ythuaa oeie/aneee i?ioeann, ia ?anoiaeoaony. Anee ioaeii
onei?eoue aeaeaeaiea oyaeaeiai oaea, aai iiaeoaeeeaatho e,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, cao?a/eaatho ia yoi yia?aeth. *ai aieueoa iio?a/aii
yia?aee, oai aieueooth nei?inoue i?eia?aoaao oaei. A eaeaaeueiii neo/aa
eiee/anoai cao?a/aiiie yia?aee aoaeao oi/ii ?aaii i?eia?aoaiiie oaeii
eeiaoe/aneie yia?aee. A yoii i?iyaeyaony ooiaeaiaioaeueiue caeii
i?e?iaeu – nio?aiaiea yia?aee.
Aeaeiua aeayoaee oeiee i eaoaeeca
E. Aa?oeaeeon (1837):
«Ecaanoiua aauanoaa ieacuaatho i?e nii?eeiniiaaiee n ae?oaeie aauanoaaie
oaeia aeeyiea ia iineaaeiea, /oi aicieeaao oeie/aneia aeaenoaea,- iaeie
aauanoaa ?ac?ooathony, ae?oaea ia?acothony aiiaue aac oiai, /oiau oaei,
i?enoonoaea eioi?iai aucuaaao yoe i?aa?auaiey, i?eieiaei a ieo
eaeia-eeai o/anoea. Iu iacuaaai i?e/eio, aucuaathuoth yoe yaeaiey,
eaoaeeoe/aneie neeie».
I. Oa?aaeae (1840).
«Eaoaeeoe/aneea yaeaiey iiaeii iauynieoue ecaanoiuie naienoaaie iaoa?ee,
ia niaaaeay aa i?e yoii ieeaeie iiaie neeie».
I. ?aoea (1906):
«Eaoaeec i?aaenoaaeyao aucuaaaiia aiaoieie i?e/eiaie eciaiaiea no?iaiey
iieaeoeu, eiathuaa neaaenoaeai eciaiaiea oeie/aneeo naienoa».
Y. Aaaeue (1913):
«ss i?eoae e auaiaeo, /oi eaoaeec inouanoaeyaony a ?acoeueoaoa ?aaeoeee,
a ia i?inoiai i?enoonoaey aauanoaa».
E. Ao?ae/ (1916):
«Eaoaeeoe/anee aeaenoaothuea oaea, i?eoyaeaay e naaa aeaeaeoueany
iieaeoeu ai?acaei neeueiaa, /ai oaea, eeoaiiua eaoaeeoe/aneiai
aeaenoaey, oai naiui oaaee/eaatho neeo oaea?a, iiiaaeathueo ia eo
iiaa?oiinoue iieaeoe».
A. E. Ai?aneia (1968):
«Eiaaea-oi eaoaeec ?anniao?eaaeny eae iniaia, iaiiiai oaeinoaaiiia
yaeaiea, ni niaoeeoe/aneeie caeiiaie, ?ane?uoea eioi?uo aeieaeii auei
n?aco a iauae oi?ia ?aoeoue caaea/o iiaeai?a. Nae/an iu ciaai, /oi yoi
ia oae. Eaoaeec ii naiae nouiinoe – oeie/aneia yaeaiea. Eciaiaiea
nei?inoe ?aaeoeee i?e eaoaeeoe/aneii aicaeaenoaee iaoneiaeaii
i?iiaaeooi/iui oeie/aneei acaeiiaeaenoaeai ?aaae?othueo aauanoa n
eaoaeecaoi?ii».
Anee ia i?eieiaoue ai aieiaiea iaoaea/ioth iiiuoeo Aa?oeaeeona
naycaoue iaaethaeaaiua yaeaiey n aeaenoaeai ne?uoie «eaoaeeoe/aneie
neeu», oi, eae iiaeii caiaoeoue ec i?eaaaeaiiuo aunooieaiee, aeeneonney
oea a iniiaiii aie?oa oece/aneeo e oeie/aneeo aniaeoia eaoaeeca.
Aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy iniaaiii iiioey?iie auea yia?aaoe/aneay oai?ey
eaoaeeca, naycuaathuay i?ioeann aicaoaeaeaiey iieaeoe n ?aciiainiie
iea?aoeeae yia?aee.
Eaoaeecaoi? anooiaao ai acaeiiaeaenoaea n ?aaae?othueie iieaeoeaie,
ia?acoy iaonoie/eaua i?iiaaeooi/iua niaaeeiaiey, eioi?ua ?aniaaeathony n
auaeaeaieai i?iaeoeoa ?aaeoeee e oeie/anee iaeciaiiiai eaoaeecaoi?a.
Nia?aiaiiua iaoe ciaiey eo/oa anaai io?aaeaiu a auneacuaaiee Ai?aneiaa.
Caeanue, iaeiaei, aicieeaao aii?in, a ia iiaeao ee eaoaeecaoi?,
iineieueeo ii nai oeie/anee o/anoaoao a ?aaeoeee, nicaeaoue iiaia
?aaiiaaniia ninoiyiea? Anee au yoi auei oae, oi eaeay i oeie/aneii
o/anoee eaoaeecaoi?a iaiaaeeaiii anooiaea au a i?ioeai?a/ea n caeiiii
nio?aiaiey yia?aee. *oiau ecaaaeaoue yoiai, o/aiua auee auioaeaeaiu
i?eiyoue, a caoai e yenia?eiaioaeueii aeieacaoue, /oi eaoaeecaoi?
onei?yao ?aaeoeeth ia oieueei a i?yiii, ii e a ia?aoiii iai?aaeaieyo. Oa
aea niaaeeiaiey, eioi?ua eciaiytho e nei?inoue e ?aaiiaanea ?aaeoeee, a
no?iaii niunea yoiai neiaa ia yaeythony eaoaeecaoi?aie.
Iai inoaaony aeiaaaeoue, /oi iau/ii a i?enoonoaee eaoaeecaoi?a eiaao
ianoi onei?aiea oeie/aneeo ?aaeoeee, e yoi yaeaiea iacuaatho
«iieiaeeoaeueiui» eaoaeecii a ioee/ea io «io?eoeaoaeueiiai», i?e eioi?ii
aaaaeaiea eaoaeecaoi?a a ?aaeoeeiiioth nenoaio aucuaaao nieaeaiea
nei?inoe. No?iai aiai?y, eaoaeec anaaaea iiauoaao nei?inoue ?aaeoeee, ii
eiiaaea onei?aiea iaeiie ec noaaeee (iai?eia?, iiyaeaiea iiaiai iooe
ia?uaa oeaiae) i?eaiaeeo e iaaethaeaaiiio oi?iiaeaieth oeie/aneie
?aaeoeee.
Iu aoaeai ?anniao?eaaoue oieueei iieiaeeoaeueiue eaoaeec, eioi?ue
i?eiyoi
iiae?acaeaeyoue ia neaaeothuea oeiu:
a) aiiiaaiiue, eiaaea ?aaeoeeiiiay nianue e eaoaeecaoi? iaoiaeyony eee a
aeeaeeii eee a aaciia?aciii ninoiyiee;
a) aaoa?iaaiiue – eaoaeecaoi? iaoiaeeony a aeaea oaa?aeiai aauanoaa, a
?aaae?othuea niaaeeiaiey a aeaea ?anoai?a eee aaciia?aciie niane; (Yoi
iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiue oei eaoaeeca, inouanoaeyaiiai, oaeei ia?acii,
ia a?aieoea ?acaeaea aeaoo oac.)
a) oa?iaioaoeaiue – eaoaeecaoi?ii neoaeao neiaeiua aaeeiaua ia?aciaaiey,
onei?ythuea oa/aiea aeieiae/anee aaaeiuo ?aaeoeee a i?aaieciao
?anoeoaeueiiai e aeeaioiiai ie?a. (Oa?iaioaoeaiue eaoaeec iiaeao auoue
eae aiiiaaiiui, oae e aaoa?iaaiiui, ii ec-ca niaoeeoe/aneeo iniaaiiinoae
aeaenoaey oa?iaioia oeaeaniia?acii auaeaeaiea yoiai aeaea eaoaeeca a
naiinoiyoaeueioth iaeanoue.)
Iaiiiai i i?iiuoeaiiii eaoaeeca
Ia anth aeeciue caiiiieeanue iia i?iaiaeeaoayny ii Yiaea?o ?acaiiea
iieo/aiiiai eiiaeainaoa, a eioi?ii oaea a ia/aea iiuoa aaiceiiaay
o?aeoeey ninoaaeyea 67%. Iu caaea?aeaeenue aei iicaeiae ii/e, iaeeaeay,
iiea iaaa?aony aeinoaoi/iia eiee/anoai aeey eniuoaiey ia aiii/iii
aaoiiiaeea, iaeiaei i?e yoii aeoiaee, /oi aaeaeo aunieiai auoiaea
aaiceia aeaeaaoaeue aoaeao ?aaioaoue n aeaoiiaoeeae. Ieeiaaea ia caaoaeo
naiaai aieiaiey ia neaaeothuaa oo?i, eiaaea aaoiiiaeeue caa?aeny ia oiei
aac aeaoiiaoeee!
TH. Aoae?e, 1957 a.
Yoe neiaa i?eiaaeeaaeao Aoae?e – auaeathuaiony enneaaeiaaoaeth a iaeanoe
i?aeoe/aneiai eniieueciaaiey eaoaeeca. Iie auee neacaiu ei ia
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiii eiia?anna ii eaoaeeco a 1957 a., /a?ac aeaaaeoeaoue eao
iinea oiai, eae a ?acoeueoaoa aeieaiai ?ooeiiiai iienea aue, iaeiiaoe,
?ac?aai- oai i?eioeeieaeueii iiaue niinia i?aa?auaiey oyaeaeuo iaooyiuo
inoaoeia a aunieiieoaiiaia iioi?iia oiieeai eaoaeeoe/aneee e?aeeia
iaooe. Ii neiaai Aoae?e, eaeay eniieueciaaiey eaoaeeca aeey ?anuaieaiey
oaeaaiaei?iaeia iaooe aei ieceiiieaeoey?iuo i?iaeoeoia, iaeaaeathueo ai-
eaa ieceie oaiia?aoo?ie eeiaiey, i?eoea aio a aieiao aua a 1927 a. Ii
oieueei nionoy aeanyoue eao a Iienai?i (NOA) ia iaooai/enoeoaeueiii
caaiaea eiiiaiee Nieiie- Iiaee auea iino?iaia ia?aay a ie?a i?iiuoeaiiay
on oaiiaea eaoaeeoe/aneiai e?aeeiaa n i?eiaiaieai a ea/anoaa
eaoaeecaoi?a niaaeeiaiee ieene e?aiiey e ieene aethieiey
(aethiineeeeaoa). Iinea 1937 a. a iaooyioth i?iiuoeaiiinoue i?i/ii aioee
eaoaeeoe/aneea niiniau ia?a?aaioee iaooe, aeeth/athuea a naay iiiaeanoai
?aciiia?aciuo oeie/aneeo i?ioeannia. E iniiaiui ec ioiinyony:
?anuaieaiea oaea?iae-oaea?iaeiuo naycae e eciia?ecaoeey ia?ae/iuo
i?iaeoeoia ?anuaieaiey (e?aeeia); aeaaeae?e?iaaiea i eciia?ecaoeey
oaeaaiaei?iaeia n ia?aciaaieai ?acaaoaeaiiuo e a?iiaoe/aneeo iieaeoe
ieia); aeae?e?iaaiea iaianuuaiiuo oaeaaiaei?iaeia n iia?aiaiiui
oaeaeaieai na?u e acioa a aeaea na?iaiaei?iaea e aiieaea
(aeae?ii/enoea); aaaaeaiea oaeaaiaei?iaeiuo o?aaiaioia a aaicieueiia
eieueoei a?iiaoe/aneeo niaaeeiaiee (aeeeee?iaaiea).
Iaiiiiei, /oi aei 1937 a. e?aeeia iaooe inouanoaeyee eneeth/eoaeueii
oa?ie/aneei niiniaii: o?aeoeee iaooe ia?aaaouaaee i?e oaiia?aoo?a ieiei
500° N e aeaaeaiee 50-60 aoii. Eaoaeeoe/aneee e?aeeia aaaeoo i?e
~50-500° N e aoiinoa?iii aeaaeaiee a i?enoonoaee aaioiieoiauo aeei eee
eneonnoaaiii i?eaioiaeaiiuo aethiineeeeaoia. I?e yoii iieo/atho aieaa
aunieiieoaiiaia oiieeai e a?iiaoe/aneea oaeaaiaei?iaeu, eioi?ua iiaoo
auoue eniieueciaaiu aeey aeaeueiaeoae oeie/aneie ia?a?aaioee. I?eia?ii
iaeio o?aoue iioi?iiai oiieeaa a ie?a iieo/atho iooai e?aeeiaa. I?e yoii
neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi aieaa /aoaa?oe anae ie?iaie oeie/aneie
i?iaeoeoeee au?aaaouaatho ec ?aciuo aeaeia i?iaeoeoia oeie/aneie
ia?a?aaioee iaooe.
Aaaeiui eiiiiiaioii i?iiuoeaiiuo eaoaeecaoi?ia yaeythony i?iiioi?u –
aauanoaa, aeiaaaeaiea eioi?uo e eaoaeecaoi?o a iaeuo eiee/anoaao (
i?ioeaiou eee aeiee i?ioeaioa ) oaaee/eaaao aai aeoeaiinoue,
naeaeoeaiinoue eee onoie/eainoue. Anee i?iiioi? aeiaaaeyaony e
eaoaeecaoi?o a aieueoeo eiee/anoaao eee nai ii naaa eaoaeeoe/anee
aeoeaai, eaoaeecaoi? iacuaaaony niaoaiiui. Aauanoaa, aicaeaenoaea
eioi?uo ia eaoaeecaoi? i?eaiaeeo e nieaeaieth aai aeoeaiinoe eee iieiiio
i?ae?auaieth eaoaeeoe/aneiai aeaenoaey, iacuaaaony yaeaie
eaoaeeoe/aneeie. Ano?a/athony neo/ae, eiaaea iaeia e oa aea aeiaaaea e
eaoaeecaoi?o yaeyaony i?e iaeaeo eiioeaio?aoeeyo i?iiioi?ii, a i?e
ae?oaeo – yaeii. a aaoa?iaaiiii eaoaeeca (ni. ieaea) oe?iei i?eiaiytho
iineoaee aauanoaa, naie ii naaa eaoaeeoe/anee ia aeoeaiua, eee iaei
aeeaiua.
«Aaia?aoey» eaoaeeca iaiau/aeii oe?iea e ?aciiia?acia – io
iiiaioiiiaaeiiai i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaie/aneeo aauanoa aei oi?aaeaiey
aeeciaiii aaaeiuie aeioeie/aneeie i?ioeannaie a aeeaie eeaoea (a,
aiciiaeii, oaeaea e aei «oi?aaeyaiiai» yaea?iiai neioaca) – e ioaaouaaao
iiea aeayoaeueiinoe enneaaeiaaoaeae iiiaeo i?ioeeae e iai?aaeaiee.
?acoiaaony, iu ia noaaei caaea/ae ia?a/eneyoue ana iniiaiua iaeanoe
eniieueciaaiey eaoaeeca e i?eaaaeai eeoue iaeioi?ua i?eia?u ec iaeanoe
oeie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Iiaeii ia/aoue, iai?eia?, n i?iaeaiu «oeenaoeee» acioa aicaeooa –
/?acau/aeii eia?oiiai aauanoaa, eioi?ia aeaaea n eenei?iaeii ?aaae?oao
eeoue i?e 3500-4000° N. I?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu naycaiiiai acioa ia?aie/aiiu,
oiaaea eae aeey i?iecaiaenoaa i?iaeoeoia naeueneiai oicyenoaa
iaiaoiaeeiu ia?iiiua eiee/anoaa niaaeeiaiee acioa. ?ano?nu aea
naiaiaeiiai acioa i?aeoe/anee iaia?aie/aiiu. Oeieee ia?aaiaeyo aai a
naycaiiia (e aieaa ?aaeoeeiiiiniiniaiia) ninoiyiea n iiiiuueth ?aaeoeee
Na + 3I 2NH .
*oiau nei?inoue yoie ?aaeoeee auea i?eaieaia n i?aeoe/aneie oi/ee
c?aiey, ioaeiu aunieea oaiia?aoo?a e aeaaeaiea. Iaeiaei n ?inoii
oaiia?aoo?u ?aaiiaanea ?aaeoeee iinoaiaiii niauaaony a noi?iio
ia?aciaaiey enoiaeiuo aauanoa. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, /ai ieaea oaiia?aoo?a
e /ai iieiaa i?ioaeaao ?aaeoeey ia?aciaaiey aiieaea, oai aieaa caiaoii
nieaeaaony nei?inoue i?ioeanna. Iiene eiii?iienna iaaeaeo aeaenoaothueie
a ?aciua noi?iiu oaeoi?aie i?eaae Aaaa?a (1907) e nicaeaieth i?i-
iuoeaiiiai niiniaa i?aa?auaiey acioiaiaei?iaeiie niane a aiieae i?e 500°
N e 300 aoi. Nae/an yoi aeaaiue nii- nia iieo/aiey aiieaea, eioi?ue
oe?iei eniieuecoaony a i?iecaiaenoaa oaeia?aiee, acioiie eeneiou
(eaoaeeoe/aneia ieeneaiea aiieaea iaae ieaoeiie), aiiiieaauo nieae,
niaeu, neieeueiie eeneiou e o. ae.
N iiiiuueth eaoaeeca inouanoaeytho aeae?iaaiecaoeeth iaianuuaiiuo
oeie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee. Oae, ia?aaaouaay ieenue oaea?iaea aiaei?iaeii a
i?enoonoaee oeeie-o?iiiauo eaoaeecaoi?ia i?e 400° N e aeaaeaiee ieiei
300 aoi, iieo/atho iaoaiie CO+2H NIcII, oe?iei eniieuecoaiue a ea/anoaa
?anoai?eoaey enoiaeiiai i?iaeoeoa aeey i?iecaiaenoaa ae?oaeo oeaiiuo
aauanoa.A /anoiinoe, ieeneyy aai ia na?aa?yiii eee iaaeiii
eaoaeecaoi?a, iiaeii iieo/eoue oi?iaeueaeaaeae
NIcII + I HNII + I I
ia iaiaa aaaeiia aauanoai, a aieueoeo eiee/anoaao o?aaeyaiia aeey
neioaca ieanoe/aneeo iann.
Iaoaiie iiaeii eniieueciaaoue e aeey iieo/aiey aei?iaea NIcII+ I I 3I
+ NI.
A ?acoeueoaoa ia?aaioee ?anoeoaeueiuo ianae aiaei?iaeii a i?enoonoaee
ieeaeaauo eaoaeecaoi?ia ia?acoth oaa?aeua aee?u (a /anoiinoe, ia?aa?ei).
Eaoaeec i?eiaiyaony aeey onei?aiey i?ioeannia aeae?ieeca iiiaiaoiiiuo
i?aaie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee, aeaaiui ia?acii ?anoeoaeueiuo
oaeaaiaeniaea?aeaueo niaaeeiaiee. Caeanue eaoaeecaoi?aie neoaeao
ieia?aeueiua eeneiou. I?e ia?aaioea eeneioie ?anoeoaeueiiai nu?uey
(ae?aaaniua io- oiaeu, iiaenieia/iay eocaa, nieiia e o. i.) i?ienoiaeeo
?anuaieaiea iieenaoa?eaeiuo oeaiae (oeaeetheicu, iaioicaiia) n
ia?aciaaieai ieuaauo e ei?iiauo i?iaeoeoia, aetheicu, eneeicu, oo?oo?iea
e oeaeiai ?yaea ae?oaeo eenei?iaeniaea?aeaueo i?iecaiaeiuo. I?e
niaiauaiee i?ioeannia eeneioiiai aeae?ieeca e eaoaeeoe/aneie aeae?iaa-
iecaoeee (oae iacuaaaiiai aeae?iaaiieeca), i?iaiaeeiuo a aieaa aeanoeeo
oneiaeyo ( 200° N, 50 aoi), iieo/atho i?iaeoeou aeoaieiai ?anuaieaiey
iieaeoey?iuo oeaiae aeeoea?ei, yoeeaiaeeeieue, i?iieeaiaeeeieue. Yoe
aaua noaa eniieuecothony a i?iecaiaenoaa ac?ua/aouo aauanoa, aeeooaeaauo
niie, a oaeaea ieanoeoeeaoi?ia e ?anoai?eoaeae.
Iaeuecy iaieoe iie/aieai i?iecaiaenoai iieeia?ia e neioaoe/aneeo
aieieii. Caeanue ai?aeinoueth ioa/anoaaiiie iaoee yaeyaony ?ac?aaioaiiue
N. A. Eaaaaeaaui (1932) i?ioeann iieo/aiey neioaoe/aneiai eao/oea ii
noaia: yoeeiaue nie?o – aooaaeeai – iieeaooaaeeai. Eaoaeeoe/aneea
?aaeoeee a yoii i?ioeanna inouanoaeythony ia ia?aie noaaeee –
aeaaeae?iaaiecaoeee e iaeiia?aiaiiie aeaaeae?aoaoeee yoeeiaiai nie?oa.
Nae/an aooaaeeai e ecii?ai iieo/atho oaeaea iooai aeaaeae?iaaiecaoeee
oaeaaiaei?iaeia ii?iaeueiiai no?iaiey ia aethiio?iiiauo eaoaeecaoi?ao, a
/anoiinoe ec aooaia. Yoi iicaieeei aiaea/ue a i?iecaiaenoai
neioaoe/aneiai eao/oea i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu aaca e aacu, iooiaeyuea i?e
ia?a?aaioea iaooe.
Aieueoei niauoeai a i?iecaiaenoaa iieeia?ia yaeeinue ioe?uoea
noa?ainiaoeeoe/aneie iieeia?ecaoeee iaianuuaiiuo niaaeeiaiee a
i?enoonoaee niaoaiiuo eaoaeecaoi?ia Oeeaea?a – Iaooa (1952). I?eia?ii
yoiai oeia eaoaeecaoi?ia iiaeao neoaeeoue nianue o?eyoeeaethieiey e
/aou- ?aooei?enoiai oeoaia. I?eiaiaiea yoeo eaoaeecaoi?ia aeaei
aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aoue iae?iiieaeoeu n ii?aaeaeaiiie i?ino?ainoaaiiie
eiioeao?aoeeae iiiiia?iuo caaiueaa. Ecaeaeey ec oaeeo iieeia?ia
iaeaaeatho i?ae?aniuie yenieoaoaoeeiiiuie naienoaaie. Caneoaeeaaao
oiiieiaiey ?ac?aaioaiiay Ii?oiiii (1947) eneeth/eoaeueii aeoeaiay
eaoaeeoe/aneay nenoaia, ecaanoiay iiae eiaeiaui iacaaieai «aeueoei» e
i?aaenoaaeythuay niaie nianue aeeeeiao?ey, ecii?iieeaoa iao?ey e
oei?eaea iao?ey. A i?enoonoaee aeueoeia aooaaeeai ca ianeieueei ieioo
iieeia?eco- aony n ia?aciaaieai oeaiae, niaea?aeaueo aeanyoee e nioie
ouny/ iiiiia?iuo caaiueaa.
?ieue eaoaeeca a yeieiaee
Ia?iiioth ?ieue i?ecaai nua?aoue eaoaeec a ?aoaiee aeooaeueiaeoae
i?iaeaiu – io?aiu ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. Ii neiaai Eonoi, caiiie oa?
iaiiieiaao «iaeeiiei ianoueeny a einie/aneii i?ino?ainoaa aaoiiiaeeue
aac auoeiiiie o?oau». Aeaenoaeoaeueii, iai iaeoaea na?anuaaoue iooiaeu,
e?iia eae a oo aea n?aaeo, a eioi?ie iu aeeaai. Yoi aeiaieueii a?onoiay
oaia, ii i iae noieo aiai?eoue, oae eae /aeiaae oaea ia/eiaao iuouaoue
io?eoeaoaeueiua noi?iiu naiae ao?iie eei iiiaii aaneiio?ieueiie aea-
yoaeueiinoe. Oeieee-eaoaeeoeee ianoie/eai ?aaioatho iaae yoie i?i-.
aeaiie e oaea aeiaeeenue iaeioi?uo ?acoeueoaoia. ?ac?aaioaiu
niaoeeaeueiua ono?ienoaa aeey aeiaeeaaiey auoeiiiuo aacia aaoiiiaeeae,
?aaioathuea ia iniiaa eaoaeeoe/aneiai ieeneaiey a?aaeiuo eiiiiiaioia
aacia. Iiaeia?aiu eaoaeecaoi?u e oneiaey aeey iaaca?aaeeaaiey iooiaeyueo
aacia oeie/aneeo i?iecaiaenoa. Eaoaeeoe/aneea oeeueo?u eiino?oe?othony a
aeaea iao?iiia, caiieiaiiuo iaoaeee/aneie naoeie eee ea?aie/aneeie
iaoa?eaeaie n iaianaiiuie ia ieo eaoaeeoe/aneeie aaaioaie; ?aaioatho yoe
oeeueo?u i?e 250-350° N.
Iu i?eaaee oaiia?aoo?o e aeaaeaiea, i?e eioi?uo aaaeoo eaoaeec ?aaeoeee
a i?iiuoeaiiuo oneiaeyo, io/anoe aeey oiai, /oiau n?aaieoue eo n
oneiaeyie iiaeiaiuo oeie/aneeo ?aaeoeee, i?ioaeathueo a i?aaieciao
?anoeoaeueiiai e aeeaioiiai ie?a. Iineaaeiea eiatho ai?acaei aieueooth
nei?inoue i?e iau/iuo oaiia?aoo?a e aeaaeaiee. Aeinoeaaaony yoi n
iiiiuueth aeieiae/aneeo eaoaeecaoi?ia – i?iaeoeoia aeeeoaeueiie,
iaecaaaeii nii?i- aiaeaeathuaeny ieeeeiiaie ioeaie e ooieeia, yaiethoeee
aeecie ia Caiea. Aa?iyoii, iu ia nei?i ociaai ecaeeenoue iooue, ii
eioi?iio oea i?e?iaea a iieneao yooaeoeaiuo i?aaie/aneeo eiino?oeoeee n
eo oaioanoe/aneie niiniaiinoueth onei?youe a iyaeeo oneiaeyo i?ioeannu a
aeeauo i?aaieciao.
Yia?aaoe/aneee aa?uea?
Ana eaoaeeoe/aneea ?aaeoeee – naiii?iecaieueiue i?ioeann, o.a.
i?ioaeatho a iai?aaeaiee oauee yia?aee Aeaana – oauee yia?aee nenoaiu.
Aeaaii oaea auei ecaanoii, /oi iieaeoeu iaeiiiaaiu anooiatho a ?aaeoeeth
ai?acaei ?aaea, /ai noaeeeaathony ae?oa n ae?oaii. A??aieon iauyniee
yoio oaeo, i?aaeiieiaeea, /oi iieaeoeu iiaoo ?aaae?iaaoue eeoue a oii
neo/aa, anee a iiiaio noieeiiaaiey iie iaeaaeatho caianii yia?aee ia
ieaea iaeioi?ie e?eoe/aneie aaee/eiu. A yoii neo/aa iie iacuaathony
«aeoeaiuie iieaeoeaie».
A. ?ac/ee, 1945 a.
Oaeay oai?ey nouanoaoao, yoi oai?ey aaniethoiuo nei?inoae ?aaeoeee,
ia/aei eioi?ie auei iieiaeaii oai?aoe/aneeie enneaaeiaaieyie Iieyie a
1931 a. Ieaea iu n iae iiciaeiieiny, a iiea ia?aoei aieiaiea aua ia
iaeei caeii oeie/aneie eeiaoeee, ecaanoiue iiae iacaaieai caeiia
A??aieona (1889). Caeii naycuaaao eiinoaioo nei?inoe ?aaeoeee n
iaeioi?ie oa?aeoa?iie aeey aeaiiie ?aaeoeee yia?aaoe/aneie
oa?aeoa?enoeeie, iacuaaaiie yia?aeae aeoeaaoeee A.
(26)
aaea k0 – eiinoaioa, eee i?aaeyeniiiaioeeaeueiue iiiaeeoaeue; R –
aaciaay iinoiyiiay, ?aaiay 1,987 eae/a?aae*iieue’, O – oaiia?aoo?a a
a?aaeonao oeaeu Eaeueaeia; a – iniiaaiea iaoo?aeueiuo eiaa?eoiia.
*oiau iaeoe aaee/eio yia?aee aeoeaaoeee A, eco/atho nei?inoue ?aaeoeee
i?e ?aciie oaiia?aoo?a e iaoiaeyo aeey eaaeaeiai cia/aiey O aaee/eio
eiinoaiou nei?inoe. Iineieueeo o?aaiaiea (26) niaea?aeeo aeaa
iaecaanoiua aaee/eiu – k0 e A, oi iinooiatho neaaeothuei ia?acii.
Eiaa?eoie?otho (26)
(27)
no?iyo a?aoee caaeneiinoe Ln(k) io 1/O e ii?aaeaeytho oaeiaie
eiyooeoeeaio, eioi?ue ?aaai A/R. Iau/ii eniieuecotho ia iaoo?aeueiua, a
aeanyoe/iua eiaa?eoiu .
(28)
(Iineaaeiaa /enei – iiaeoeue ia?aaiaea iaoo?aeueiuo eiaa?eoiia a
aeanyoe/iua, oiiiaeaiiue ia aaee/eio R = l.987.)
N caeiiii A??aieona naycaii oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiia a oeiee
neiaiee/aneia ecia?aaeaiea iooe ?aaeoeee a aeaea yia?aaoe/aneie
aeeaa?aiiu, iieacaiiie ia ?en. 1. Niune yoiai ecia?aaeaiey oaeia: aeey
oiai /oiau iieaeoeu ia?aoee ec iaeiiai ninoiyiey H1 a ae?oaia H2, iie
aeieaeiu iaeaaeaoue caianii aioo?aiiae yia?aee, ia iaiueoei iaeioi?iai
e?eoe/aneiai cia/aiey A. Ninoiyiey Hl e I2 ?acaeaeaiu, oaeei ia?acii,
iaeioi?ui yia?aaoe/aneei aa?uea?ii n aunioie, ?aaiie yia?aee aeoeaaoeee
A, e /ai ieaea aunioa aa?uea?a, oai aieueoa nei?inoue ?aaeoeee a
niioaaonoaee n o?aaiaieai A??aieona. Yoi aic?anoaiea ia aani?aaeaeueii:
aeaaea i?e ionoonoaee aa?uea?a (A = I) ?aaeoeey aoaeao i?ioaeaoue n
iaeioi?ie eiia/iie (a ia aaneiia/ii aieueoie) nei?inoueth, oae eae i?e
A=0 iaeiia?aiaiii
.
Aaaeiui naienoaii yia?aaoe/aneie aeeaa?aiiu yaeyaony oi, /oi enoiaeiue
H1 e eiia/iue I2, o?iaie ia caaenyo io auniou aa?uea?a. Iiaeii
i?iecaieueii iaiyoue aunioo aa?uea?a A (anee, eiia/ii, iu ciaai, eae yoi
naeaeaoue i?aeoe/anee), ii i?e yoii o?iaie H1 e I2 inoaioony aac
eciaiaiey, anee caaeaiu ii?aaeaeaiiua aiaoiea oneiaey – oaiia?aoo?a,
aeaaeaiea e o. i. Eia/a aiai?y, nouanoaotho a i?eioeeia ?acee/iua iooe,
ii eioi?ui iiaoo ia?aiauaoueny iieaeoeu ec iaeiiai oeene?iaaiiiai
ninoiyiey a ae?oaia, a oii /enea e oaeea, ia eioi?uo yia?aaoe/aneee
aa?uea? ?aaai ioeth; ia iiaeao auoue oieueei oaeiai neo/ay, eiaaea A I?ioiaeaeaiea /a?ac yia?aaoe/aneee aa?uea?
Caeii A??aieona - yenia?eiaioaeueii onoaiiaeaiiue oaeo. Ii ooaa?aeaeaao,
/oi nei?inoue ?aaeoeee aic?anoaao n oaaee/aieai oaiia?aoo?u aeey
i?aiaeaaeathuaai aieueoeinoaa ?aaeoeee, ii ii ie/aai ia aiai?eo i oii,
eaeei eiaiii niiniaii i?aiaeieaaaao ?aaeoeeiiiay nenoaia yia?aaoe/aneee
ia?aaae. Eiaao niune ?acia?aoueny a yoii aieaa aeaoaeueii, aaaaey
ii?aaeaeaiiua iiaeaeueiua i?aaenoaaeaiey.
I?aaenoaaei naaa i?inooth ?aaeoeeth iaiaiiiai acaeiiaeaenoaey
A - B+C - D => A – D+B – C. (a)
Anee au iu iiaee ?an/eaieoue acaeiiaeaenoaea iieaeoe ia ioaeaeueiua
yeaiaioa?iua aeou – ?ac?ua noa?uo naycae A – A e N – D e ia?aciaaiea
iiauo naycae A – N e A – D, oi iaaethaeaee au oaeoth ea?oeio: aia/aea
?aaeoeeiiiay nenoaia iiaeiuaea yia?aeth ecaia, iaiaoiaeeioth aeey
?ac?uaa enoiaeiuo oeie/aneeo naycae, a caoai i?ienoiaeeei auaeaeaiea aa
ca n/ao ia?aciaaiey iiauo naycae. Ia yia?aaoe/aneie aeeaa?aiia yoi
io?aceeinue au iaeioi?ie e?eaie, iaeneioi eioi?ie niioaaonoaiaae yia?aee
aeennioeeaoeee noa?uo naycae (?en. 2).
A aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe aea yia?aey aeoeaaoeee anaaaea ieaea yia?aee
aeennioeeaoeee. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ?aaeoeey i?ioaeaao oaeei ia?acii, /oi
yia?aey ?ac?uaa naycae /anoe/ii eiiiaine?oaony yia?aeae, auaeaeythuaeny
i?e ia?aciaaiee iiauo naycae. Oece/anee yoi iiaei au i?ienoiaeeoue,
iai?eia?, neaaeothuei ia?acii. A iiiaio naeeaeaiey aoiiia A e N
i?ienoiaeeo oi?ie?iaaiea nayce A…N e iaeiia?aiaiii ?ac?uoeaiea naycae
A – A e N – D. I?e yoii yia?aey /anoe/ii «ia?aoaeaao» ec iaeiiai ionaea
a ae?oaie. Ia o?oaeii niia?aceoue, /oi i?e naeeaeaiee ?aaae?othueo
aoiiia ianooiaao ?aii eee iicaeii oaeie iiiaio, eiaaea ana nayce
iaoiaeyony a iaeeiaeiai ?ac?uoeaiiii ninoiyiee.
Yoi ninoiyiea Iieyie e Ye?eia iacuaatho ia?aoiaeiui e i?eienuaatho aio
ana naienoaa iau/iuo iieaeoe, ca eneeth/aieai oiai /oi eieaaaiey aoiiia
aaeieue eeiee, ii eioi?ie eaeao naeeaeaiea e ?ac?ua naycae aaaeoo e
ia?aciaaieth eiia/iuo i?iaeoeoia.
Ii yoei niia?aaeaieyi ?acoiii aaanoe a noaio ?aaeoeee iaeioi?ia
ia?aoiaeiia ninoiyiea A – B+C – D =>[A…B…C…D]* => A – D+B – C (a)
ioaa/athuaa aa?oeia yia?aaoe/aneiai aa?uea?a. Acia?aoueny ia aa?oeio
iiaoo oieueei oa iieaeoeu, eioi?ua iaeaaeatho ii?aaeaeaiiui caianii
aioo?aiiae yia?aee. Yoo yia?aeth iie i?eia?aoatho a ?acoeueoaoa
noieeiiaaiee n ae?oaeie iieaeoeaie. Oa ec ieo, eioi?ua ia iaa?aee
ioaeiiai eiee/anoaa yia?aee, neaouaathony ia?aoii aeey iiiieiaiey naieo
caiania. Iiaeuai ia aa?oeio – iaeaieaa o?oaeiue o/anoie iooe, ii,
aeinoeaioa ia?aaaea, iieaeoeu iaoaea?aeeii neaouaathony aiec. Ia?aoiiai
iooe aeey ieo iao. *ai aieueoa iieaeoe ia aa?oeia, oai auoa nei?inoue
?aaeoeee. Yoe i?inoua ?annoaeaeaiey iicaieytho i?aaenoaaeoue eiinoaioo
nei?inoe a aeaea i?iecaaaeaiey aeaoo aaee/ei:
k = a* E*,
iaeia ec eioi?uo a* – eiinoaioa iiiiiieaeoey?iiai i?aa?auaiey
aeoeae?iaaiiiai eiiieaena a i?iaeoeou ?aaeoeee, eiathuay ?acia?iinoue
/anoiou, a aoi?ay E* – eiinoaioa ?aaiiaaney ia?aciaaiey ia?aoiaeiiai
eiiieaena.
A iauai neo/aa ?aaeoeey iiaeao eaeoe io enoiaeiuo aauanoa e eiia/iui
i?iaeoeoai ?acee/iuie iooyie, o.a. /a?ac ?acee/iua ia?aaaeu(aaee/eiu
yia?aee aeoeaaoeee). Iaeiaei, ?aaeoeey, eae i?aaeei, eaeao ii iaeiiio ec
iooae, oaeiio, aaea yia?aaoe/aneea cao?aou aoaeoo iaeiaiueoeie.
ia?acothueeny i?e aeennioeeaoeee eeneiou a aiaeiuo ?anoai?ao
(a)
I?e oia?aiiie eiioeaio?aoeee nieyiay eeneioa iieiinoueth ?aniaaeaaony ia
eiiu. Ea?aiiiaua eeneiou, a /anoiinoe oenoniay (a), aeennioeee?otho ia
iieiinoueth: onoaiaaeeaaaony ii?aaeaeaiiia ?aaiiaanea iaaeaeo eiiaie e
iaaeennioeee?iaaiiuie oi?iaie eeneiou. A ea/anoaa ia?u aeennioeeaoeee
neaauo eeneio auae?atho eiinoaioo aeennioeeaoeee, eioi?ay aeey oenoniie
eeneiou ?aaia 1,75*10^-15 iieue/eeo?;
A /enoii aeaea i?ioii H+ a ?anoai?a ia nouanoaoao, oae eae aio auaiaeiaa
niaaeeieoueny n iieaeoeie aiaeu. (Iaeiaei aeey e?aoeinoe caienuaatho
i?inoi H+, iiae?acoiaaay iiae yoei neiaieii eii aeae?ieniiey.)
oaeiaii au?aaeaoue eiioeaio?aoeeth aiaei?iaeiuo eiiia a aaeeieoeao
?I=-lg[H+], o. a. a aaeeieoeao iieacaoaey noaiaie (yoo aaeeieoeo
ecia?aiey aia?aua aaae N??ainai).
*ai auoa eiioeaio?aoeey eeneiou (eee eeneioiinoue n?aaeu), oai aieueoa
nei?inoue ?aaeoeee, ii eeoue aei ii?aaeaeaiiiai cia/aiey pH. Enoiaey ec
yoiai iii?iaoai ?acia?aoueny a aeaoo aii?inao:
1) ii/aio ?anoao nei?inoue n oaaee/aieai eiioeaio?aoeee I+eiiia (o. a. n
oiaiueoaieai ?I);
2) ii/aio ?aaeoeey caiaaeeyaony i?e aeiaaaea eeneiou naa?o ii?aaeaeaiiie
ii?iu;
Nouanoaoao oaa?aeay oaa?aiiinoue a oii, /oi ana ia/eiaaony n aoaee aoiia
acioa ia oaea?iae ea?aiieeueiie a?oiiu. Acio ?aniieaaaao aeaoiy
iania?aiiuie yeaeo?iiaie, a oaea?iae ia oieueei eo ia eiaao, ii aeaaea
iaeaaeaao iaeioi?ui aeaoeoeeoii yeaeo?iiiie ieioiinoe. Aiai?yo, /oi
ea?aiieeueiay a?oiia iiey?eciaaia – /anoue aiaoiaai yeaeo?iiiiai iaeaea
niauaia a noi?iio eenei?iaeiiai aoiia.
Eiaaea iu aaiaeei a ?aaeoeeiiioth nianue eeneioo, oi ia?aciaaaoeany
aiaei?iaeiua eiiu ia/eiatho aoaeiaaoue iieaeoeu iaieo ia?oia?ia, ii
oieueei iaeei aeae aoaee aoaeao niinianoaiaaoue oeie/aneiio
acaeiiaeaenoaeth eo – aoaea ia ea?aiieeueiue eenei?iae. Ii/aio aea
eiaiii oae ? Aea iioiio, /oi eii?aeeiaoeey i?ioiia n aoiiii eenei?iaea
i?eaaaeao e niauaieth yeaeo?iiiie ieioiinoe io aoiia oaea?iaea a noi?iio
i?ioiia. I?iecieaeao iaieaiea oaea?iaea, e ii niiaeao eaaei i?eiyoue
yeaeo?iiu aoiia acioa. A yoii, nianoaaiii, e caeeth/aia i?e?iaea
eeneioiiai eaoaeeca. Iao?oaeii niia?aceoue, /oi /ai aieueoa
eiioeaio?aoeey H+ eiiia (iiaoi?yai – /ai iaiueoa ?I), oai aieueoa
eiioeaio?aoeey i?ioiieciaaiiuo (ii eenei?iaeo) iieaeoe aeueaeaaeaea, oai
auoa aeieaeia auoue nei?inoue ?aaeoeee.
Iu ?anniio?aee, eiia/ii, oi?iuaiioth noaio eeneioiiai eaoaeeca, ii iia
yaeyaony oi?ioae eeethno?aoeeae oiai, eae eco/atho yaeaiea e e eaeei
auaiaeai iiaeii i?eeoe a ?acoeueoaoa ciaiey caaeneiinoe nei?inoe
?aaeoeee io eiioeaio?aoeee aiaei?iaeiuo eiiia. Aiaeec yaeaiee eaoaeeca
iiae aeaenoaeai eiiia II- (iniiaiie eaoaeec) i?eioeeieaeueii iaei
ioee/aaony io oieueei /oi ?anniio?aiiiai aiaeeca eeneioiiai eaoaeeca.
I?e eco/aiee eaoaeeca i?aaie/aneeo ?aaeoeee a neeueii eeneuo n?aaeao
ano?a/athony n o?oaeiinoyie, eioi?ua iau/ii eaaei i?aiaeieaaathony,
eiaaea ?aaioatho n ?acaaaeaiiuie eeneioaie. Ii ia aoaeai caino?youe ia
yoii aieiaiea, ia?aoei aai eeoue ia oi, eaeiai ?iaea eioi?iaoeeth
iieo/atho, eco/ay eiioeaio?aoeeiiiua caaeneiinoe.
Aiiiaaiiue eaoaeec
N?aaee iiiai/eneaiiuo eaoaeeoe/aneeo ?aaeoeee iniaia ianoi caieiaao
eaoaeec a oeaiiuo ?aaeoeeyo.
«Oeaiiuie ?aaeoeeyie, eae ecaanoii, iacuaathony oaeea oeie/aneea e
oece/aneea i?ioeannu, a eioi?uo ia?aciaaiea a aauanoaa eee a niane
aauanoa iaeioi?uo aeoeaiuo /anoeoe (aeoeaiuo oeaio?ia) i?eaiaeeo e oiio,
/oi eaaeaeay ec aeoeaiuo /anoeoe aucuaaao oeaeue ?yae (oeaiue)
iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo i?aa?auaiee aauanoaa» (Yiaioyeue, 1957).
Oaeie iaoaieci ?acaeoey i?ioeanna aiciiaeai aeaaiaea?y oiio, /oi
aeoeaiay /anoeoea acaeiiaeaenoaoao n aauanoaii, ia?acoy ia oieueei
i?iaeoeou ?aaeoeee, ii e iiaoth aeoeaioth /anoeoeo (iaeio, aeaa eee
aieaa), niiniaioth e iiaie ?aaeoeee i?aa?auaiey aauanoaa, e o. ae.
Aicieeathuay i?e yoii oeaiue i?aa?auaiee aauanoaa i?iaeieaeaaony aei oao
ii?, iiea aeoeaiay /anoeoea ia en/acaao ec nenoaiu (i?ienoiaeeo
«aeaaeue» aeoeaiie /anoeoeu e ia?ua oeaie). Iaeaieaa o?oaeiay noaaeey
i?e yoii – ca?iaeaeaiea aeoeaiuo /anoeoe (iai?eia?, naiaiaeiuo
?aaeeeaeia), iinea aea ca?iaeaeaiey oeaiue i?aa?auaiee inouanoaeyaony
eaaei.
Oeaiiua ?aaeoeee oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiu a i?e?iaea. Iieeia?ecaoeey,
oei?e?iaaiea, ieeneaiea e iiiaea ae?oaea oeie/aneea i?ioeannu eaeoo ii
oeaiiiio, a oi/iaa – ii ?aaeeeaeueii-oeaiiiio (n o/anoeai ?aaeeeaeia)
iaoaiecio.
Iaoaieci ieeneaiey i?aaie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee (ia ?aiieo noaae?yo) a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy onoaiiaeai aeinoaoi/ii ouaoaeueii. Anee iaicia/eoue
ieeneythuaany aauanoai R-H (aaea I – aoii aiaei?iaea, eiathuee
iaeiaiueooth i?i/iinoue nayce n inoaeueiie iieaeoeie R), oi yoio
iaoaieci iiaeii caienaoue a neaaeothuai aeaea:
Eaoaeecaoi?u, iai?eia? niaaeeiaiey iaoaeeia ia?aiaiiie aaeaioiinoe,
iiaoo ieacuaaoue aeeyiea ia ethaoth ec ?anniio?aiiuo noaaeee i?ioeanna.
Inoaiiaeiny oaia?ue ia ?iee eaoaeecaoi?ia a i?ioeannao au?iaeaeaiiiai
?acaaoaeaiey oeaiae. Acaeiiaeaenoaea aeae?iia?aeene n iaoaeeii iiaeao
i?eaiaeeoue eae e onei?aieth oae e e oi?iiaeaieth ?aaeoeee ieeneaiey
i?aaie/aneeo aauanoa niaaeeiaieyie iaoaeeia ia?aiaiiie aaeaioiinoe a
caaeneiinoe io oa?aeoa?a i?iaeoeoia, ia?acothueony i?e ?aniaaea
aeae?iia?aeene. Niaaeeiaiey iaoaeeia ia?acotho n aeae?iia?aeenyie
eiiieaen, eioi?ue ?aniaaeaaony a «eeaoea» ?anoai?eoaey n?aaeu, anee
ia?a-cothueany i?e ?aniaaea eiiieaena ?aaeeeaeu oniatho aueoe ec eeaoee,
oi iie eieoeee?otho i?ioeann (iieiaeeoaeueiue eaoaeec). Anee aea yoe
?aaeeeaeu ia oniatho aueoe e ?aeiiaeie?otho a eeaoea a iieaeoey?iua
iaaeoeaiua i?iaeoeou, oi yoi i?eaaaeao e caiaaeeaieth
?aaeeeaeueii-oeaiiiai i?ioeanna (io?eoeaoaeueiue eaoaeec), iineieueeo a
yoii neo/aa aeae?iia?aeenue – iioaioeeaeueiue iinoaauee iiauo
?aaeeeaeia- ?anoiaeoaony aoieinooth.
Aei neo ii? iu ?anniao?eaaee eeoue iaaeoaieea noaaeee i?ioeannia
ieeneaiey; ia aieaa aeoaieeo noaaeeyo iai?eia? a neo/aa ieeneaiey
oaeaaiaei?iaeia, ia?acothony eeneiou, nie?ou, eaoiiu, aeueaeaaeaeu,
eioi?ua oaeaea iiaoo ?aaae?iaaoue n eaoaeecaoi?ii e neoaeeoue
aeiiieieoaeueiui enoi/ieeii naiaiaeiuo ?aaeeeaeia a ?aaeoeee, o. a. a
yoii neo/aa aoaeao iaeeoei aeiiieieoaeueiia au?iaeaeaiiia ?acaaoaeaiea
oeaiae.
Aaoa?iaaiiue eaoaeec
E niaeaeaieth, aei neo ii?, ianiio?y ia aeinoaoi/ii aieueoia /enei
oai?ee e aeiioac a iaeanoe eaoaeeca, iiiaea iniiaiiieaaathuea ioe?uoey
auee naeaeaiu neo/aeii eee a ?acoeueoaoa i?inoiai yiie?e/aneiai
iiaeoiaea. Eae ecaanoii, neo/aeii aue iaeaeai ?oooiue eaoaeecaoi?
noeueoe?iaaiey a?iiaoe/aneeo oaeaaiaei?iaeia I. A. Eeueeineei, eioi?ue
ia/ayiii ?acaee ?oooiue oa?iiiao?: ?oooue iiiaea a ?aaeoi?, e ?aaeoeey
iioea. Aiaeiae/iui ia?acii auee iaia?oaeaiu oaia?ue anai oi?ioi
ecaanoiua, a a naia a?aiy ioe?uaoea iiaoth y?o a i?ioeanna
iieeia?ecaoeee eaoaeecaoi?u noa?ainiaoeeoe/aneie iieeia?ecaoeee
Oeeaea?a.
Anoanoaaiii, /oi oaeie iooue ?acaeoey o/aiey i eaoaeeca ia niioaaonoaoao
nia?aiaiiiio o?iaith iaoee, e eiaiii yoei iauyniyaony iiauoaiiue eioa?an
e eco/aieth yeaiaioa?iuo noaaeee i?ioeannia a aaoa?iaaiii-eaoaeeoe/aneeo
?aaeoeeyo. Yoe enneaaeiaaiey – i?aethaeey aeey nicaeaiey no?iai iao/iuo
iniia iiaeai?a aunieiyooaeoeaiuo eaoaeecaoi?ia.
, eaaei anooiathuaai caoai a ?aaeoeeth n eenei?iaeii.
Auynieeinue, /oi eaoaeeoe/aneay aeoeaiinoue iaoaeeia ia?aiaiiie
aaeaioiinoe a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a caaeneo io caiieiaiey d-i?aeoaeae a
eaoeiiao ieeneia iaoaeeia.
Ii eaoaeeoe/aneie- aeoeaiinoe a ?aaeoeee ?aceiaeaiey iiiaeo
aeae?iia?aeenae niaaeeiaiey iaoaeeia ?aniieaaathony neaaeothuei ?y-
Iu ?anniio?aee iaeei ec aiciaeiuo iooae eieoeee?iaaiey i?ioeanna –
acaeiiaeaenoaea aeae?iia?aeene n eaoaeecaoi?ii. Iaeiaei a neo/aa
ieeneaiey ?aaeoeey aaoa?iaaiiiai eioeee?iaaiey oeaiae iiaeao i?ioaeaoue
eae iooai ?aniaaea ia ?aaeeeaeu aeae?iia?aeene, oae e iooai
acaeiiaeaenoaey oaeaaiaei?iaea n eenei?iaeii, aeoeae?iaaiiui
iiaa?oiinoueth eaoaeecaoi?a. Eieoeee?iaaiea oeaiae iiaeao auoue
iaoneiaeaii o/anoeai ca?yaeaiiie oi?iu i?aaie/aneiai niaaeeiaiey RH+,
ia?acothuaainy i?e acaeiiaeaenoaee RH n eaoaeecaoi?ii. Oae ianoieo aeaei
n eaoaeecii a ?aaeoeeyo eieoeee?iaaiey (ca?iaeaeaiey e ?acaaoaeaiey)
oeaiae. ?ieue aaoa?iaaiiuo eaoaeecaoi?ia a ?aaeoeeyo i?iaeieaeaiey oeaie
iniaaiii /aoei iiae/a?eeaaaony eciaiaieai nei?inoe e iai?aaeaiey
eciia?ecaoeee ia?aeeniuo ?aaeeeaeia.
Eaoaeec a aeioeiee
Oa?iaioaoeaiue eaoaeec ia?ac?uaii naycai n aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoueth
i?aaieciia ?anoeoaeueiiai e aeeaioiiai ie?a. Iiiaea aeeciaiii aaaeiua
oeie/aneea ?aaeoeee, i?ioaeathuea a eeaoea (/oi-oi ieiei aeanyoe ouny/),
oi?aaeythony iniauie i?aaie/aneeie eaoaeecaoi?aie, eiaioaiuie oa?iaioaie
eee yiceiaie. Oa?ieio «iniaue» ia neaaeoao oaeaeyoue i?enoaeueiiai
aieiaiey, oae eae oaea ecaanoii, ec /aai iino?iaiu yoe oa?iaiou.
I?e?iaea eca?aea aeey yoiai iaeei aaeeinoaaiiue no?ieoaeueiue iaoa?eae –
aieiieeneiou e niaaeeieea eo a iieeiaioeaeiua oeaie ?acee/iie aeeeiu e a
?aciie iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe
Yoi oae iacuaaaiay ia?ae/iay no?oeoo?a oa?iaioa, aaea R – aieiaua
inoaoee, eee aaaeiaeoea ooieoeeiiaeueiua a?oiiu aaeeia, aiciiaeii,
aunooiathuea a ea/anoaa aeoeaiuo oeaio?ia oa?iaioia. Ia yoe aieiaua
a?oiiu e eiaeeony iniiaiay iaa?ocea i?e ?aaioa oa?iaioa, iaioeaeiay aea
oeaiue ea?aao ?ieue iii?iiai neaeaoa. Niaeanii no?oeoo?iie iiaeaee
Iieeiaa – Ei?e, iia naa?iooa a nie?aeue, eioi?ay a iau/iii ninoiyiee
noaaeeece?iaaia aiae?iaeiuie naycyie iaaeaeo eeneioiuie e iniiaiuie
oeaio?aie:
Aeey iaeioi?uo oa?iaioia onoaiiaeaiu iieiue aieiieeneioiue ninoaa e
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue ?aniieiaeaiey eo a oeaie, a oaeaea neiaeiay
i?ino?ainoaaiiay no?oeoo?a. Ii yoi ana aea i/aiue /anoi ia iiaeao
iiii/ue iai ioaaoeoue ia aeaa aeaaiuo aii?ina:
1) ii/aio oa?iaiou oae ecae?aoaeueiu e onei?ytho oeie/aneea i?aa?auaiey
iieaeoe oieueei aiieia ii?aaeaeayyie no?oeoo?u (eioi?ay iai oiaea
ecaanoia);
2) eaeei ia?acii oa?iaio nieaeaao yia?aaoe/aneee aa?uea?, o. a. auae?aao
yia?aaoe/anee aieaa auaiaeiue iooue, aeaaiaea?y /aio ?aaeoeee iiaoo
i?ioaeaoue i?e iau/iie oaiia?aoo?a.
No?iaay ecae?aoaeueiinoue e aunieay nei?inoue – aeaa iniiaiuo i?eciaea
oa?iaioaoeaiiai eaoaeeca, ioee/athuea aai io eaai?aoi?iiai e
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai eaoaeeca. Ie iaeei ec nicaeaiiuo ?oeaie /aeiaaea
eaoaeecaoi?ia (ca eneeth/aieai, iiaeaeoe, 2-ieneie?eaeeia) ia iiaeao
n?aaieoueny n oa?iaioaie ii neea e ecae?aoaeueiinoe aicaeaenoaey ia
i?aaie/aneea iieaeoeu.
Aeoeaiinoue oa?iaioa, eae e ethaiai ae?oaiai eaoaeecaoi?a, oiaea caaeneo
io oaiia?aoo?u: n iiauoaieai oaiia?aoo?u aic?anoaao e nei?inoue
oa?iaioaoeaiie ?aaeoeee. I?e yoii ia?auaao ia naay aieiaiea ?aceia
nieaeaiea yia?aee aeoeaaoeee A ii n?aaiaieth e iaeaoaeeoe/aneie
?aaeoeeae. I?aaaea, yoi i?ienoiaeeo ia anaaaea. Ecaanoii iiiai neo/aaa,
eiaaea nei?inoue aic?anoaao aeaaiaea?y oaaee/aieth iacaaenyuaai io
oaiia?aoo?u i?aaeyeniiiaioeeaeueiiai iiiaeeoaey a o?aaiaiee A??aieona.
n oa?iaioaoeaiuie. A ea/anoaa ia?u aeoeaiinoe i?eaaaeai ana o?e
ia?aiao?a o?aaiaiey A??aieona – eiinoaioo nei?inoe (k, e/iieue*nae),
i?aaeyeniiiaioeeaeueiue iiiaeeoaeue A e yia?aeth aeoeaaoeee (A,
eeae/iieue).
Aeae?ieec ii/aaeiu:
Yoe i?eia?u iniaaiii eioa?aniu a oii ioiioaiee, /oi a ia?aii neo/aa
oaaee/aiea eiinoaiou nei?inoe a i?enoonoaee o?aacu iaoneiaeaii aeaaiui
ia?acii nieaeaieai yia?aee aeoeaaoeee (ia 17-18 eeae/iieue), oiaaea eae
ai aoi?ii – aeeyiea ieiceia ia eiinoaioo nei?inoe inouanoaeyaony ca n/ao
oaaee/aiey i?aaeyeniiioeeaeueiiai iiiaeeoaey.
Aeoeaiinoue oa?iaioai caaenao oaeaea io eeneioiinoe n?aaeu, a eioi?ie
i?ioaeaao oeie/aneay ?aaeoeey. I?eia/aoaeueii, /oi e?eaay yoie
caaeneiinoe io ?I n?aaeu aiiieiaao eieieieiia?aciua e?eaua
eeneioii-iniiaiiai eaoaeeca.(ni ?en 3)
Nicaeaaony aia/aoeaiea, /oi oa?iaioai i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai ?aoaoue, /oi
a aeaiiii eiie?aoiii neo/aa ei auaiaeii – i?aaieciaaoue aieaa i?i/ioth
naycue aeoeaiiai oeaio?a n iieaeoeie noano?aoa eee i?iecaanoe
?acoii?yaei/aiea naiae no?oeoo?u.
O?oaeii neacaoue, eaeeie niia?aaeaieyie ?oeiaiaenoaoaony oa?iaio i?e
auai?a iooe aeoeaaoeee noano?aoa. Ai anyeii neo/aa, eco/aiea eeiaoeee
oa?iaioaoeaiie ?aaeoeee e oa?iiaeeiaieee ia?aciaaiey i?iiaaeooi/iuo
eiiieaenia, oioy e aeaao oeaiioth eiee/anoaaiioth eioi?iaoeeth, ia
iicaieyao iieiinoueth ?ane?uoue iieaeoey?iue e yeaeo?iiiue iaoaieci
?aaiou oa?iaioa. Caeanue, eae e i?e eco/aiee iau/iuo oeie/aneeo
?aaeoeee, i?eoiaeeony eaeoe ii iooe iiaeaee?iaaiey – a?oai aiai?y,
i?eaeoiuaaiey oaeeo iieaeoey?iuo iaoaieciia, eioi?ua ii e?aeiae ia?a ia
i?ioeai?a/eee au aeaiiui yenia?eiaioa e yeaiaioa?iie eiaeea oeie/aneeo
?aaeoeee. Aaaea a oii, /oi i?e aeinoaoi/ii ?acaeoii aiia?aaeaiee oaeeo
«oi?ioeo» iaoaieciia iiaeii i?eaeoiaoue aeiaieueii iiiai. Ieaea iu
iiciaeiieiny n iaeioi?uie ec oaeeo iiaeaeueiuo i?aaenoaaeaiee, a oaia?ue
iiniio?ei, eae enneaaeiaaoaee onoaiaaeeaatho i?e?iaeo aeoeaiua oeaio?ia
oa?iaioia.
Oaaee/aiea eeneioiinoe n?aaeu aoaeao aeaaiae?eyoii aeey iaeieo
yeaiaioa?iuo noaaeee e iaaeaaii?eyoii aeey ae?oaeo. I?e iaee/ee oaeeo
eiieo?e?othueo oaeoia, eae iao?oaeii aeiaaaeaoueny, aeieaeia
nouanoaiaaoue iaeioi?ay iioeiaeueiay eeneioiinoue n?aaeu, i?e eioi?ie
oa?iaio iiaeao ?aaioaoue n iaeneiaeueiie yooaeoeaiinoueth.
Eoae, aiaeec caaeneiinoae nei?inoe io ?I yaeyaony aanueia yooaeoeaiui
n?aaenoaii eaeaioeoeeaoeee ooieoeeiiaeueiuo a?oii aaeeiaie iieaeoeu
oa?iaioa, o/anoaothueo a i?ioeanna aeoeaaoeee iieaeoe noano?aoa. Ciay
i?e?iaeo aeoeaiuo oeaio?ia, iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue naaa, eae iie
?aaioatho. Eiia/ii, i?e yoii i?eoiaeeony iieueciaaoueny oaie aea
i?aaenoaaeaieyie i iaoaiecia yeaiaioa?iuo aeoia, eioi?ua neiaeeeenue i?e
eco/aiee iau/iuo ?aaeoeee i?aaie/aneie oeiee. Aaiaeeoue eaeea-oi iniaua
iaoaieciu iao ieeaeie iaiaoiaeeiinoe. Nouanoaoao oaa?aeia oaaaeaeaiea a
oii, /oi ?aaioa oa?iaioa naiaeeony a eiia/iii n/aoa e niaieoiiinoe
i?inouo iia?aoeee, aiaeiae/iuo oai, eioi?ua niaa?oathony i?e
acaeiiaeaenoaee i?aaie/aneeo iieaeoe a iau/iuo i?iae?i/iuo oneiaeyo.
Eoae iu ciaai:
1) A oa?iaioaoeaiii eaoaeeca i?eieiatho o/anoea ii e?aeiae ia?a aeaa
ooieoeeiiaeueiua a?oiiu, e iaoaieci oa?iaioaoeaiie ?aaeoeee aeeth/aao a
naay ii?aaeaeaiioth iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue yeaiaioa?iuo aeoia, eioi?ay
iaania/eaaao yia?aaoe/anee aieaa auaiaeiue ia?o?oo, /ai iaoa?iaioaoeaiay
?aaeoeey;
2) aeoeaiua oeaio?u ia iieeiaioeaeiie oeaie ?aniieiaeaiu oae, /oiau a
ii?aaeaeaiiue iiiaio e a ii?aaeaeaiiii ianoa iie iiaee
acaeiiaeaenoaiaaoue n iieaeoeie noano?aoa e inooanoaeoue na?eth
niaeaniaaiiuo oeie/aneeo aeoia.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u e yecaiaiaoeeiiiiio ?aoa?aoo ii oeiee
A?iiiaa Na?aay a ecaeaoaeueneie iiaeaea?aeea ni noi?iiu
Eei/eiaa TH?ey.
“A ie?a eaoaeeca”., I, Iaoea, 1977
“Aieueoay oeie/aneay yioeeeeiiaaeey”, o.2, I., Niaaoneay
yioeeeeiiaaeey,1990
“Ni?aai/iee oeieueieea ii oeiee”,I., Neiai, 1995
“Oeiey 11”,I.,I?inaauaiea,1992
“I?aaie/aneay oeiey”.,I?naauaiea,1991
“Iauay Oeiey”,Ieine,Oieaa?neoaoneia,1995
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