AEeaay i?e?iaea i?aaeinoaaeea /aeiaaeo ia oieueei iaaiia?aceii
aiaaooth iaeeo?o e?anie e aaiio caoeia: iia iiaea?eea aio au? e
aaneiia/ii iiiaiia?aciue ie? caiaoia. Iiyoiio anoue ana iniiaaiey
iieaaaoue, /oi /aeiaae au? a iacaiyiyoiua a?aiaia ia/ae eniieueciaaoue
i?e?iaeiua aeooenoua aauanoaa aeey naieo ioaeae.
Eneonnoai ia?othia?ee ia iiaei au iaeaaeaoue noieue ae?aaiae enoi?eae,
anee au iii ia oaeiaeaoai?yei oao eee eiuo ioaeae ianouiuo iio?aaiinoae
/aeiaaea. Aeooenoua aauanoaa ea?atho ia?iiioth ?ieue a ia?yaeao iiiaeo
?aeeaee; iie aeatho ecaanoioth aiciiaeiinoue oe?aneoue e a?aiioth
aeeciue. Iaeiiaoe, iie eniieueciaaeenue e eae eaea?noaa: oaia?ue
ecaanoii, /oi iiiaea eiiiiiaiou i?e?iaeiuo aeooenouo yoe?iuo ianae
(ynnaioeee) aeaenoaeoaeueii iaeaaeatho y?ei au?aaeaiiie
oa?iaeieiae/aneie aeoeaiinoueth.
Ii ianoiyuay enoi?ey ia?othia?ee ia/aeanue eeoue n oiai, eae aue
ioe?uo iaeei ec iniiaiuo niiniaia auaeaeaiey e io/enoee eaoo/eo aauanoa
– ia?aaiiea. Yoio i?ioeann aue ioe?uo a no?aiao ainoiea – Aaeioa,
Ia?nee, Eiaeee, Eeoaa; a caoai, a aioe/iua a?aiaia, ia?aian?i a Aa?iio –
ia yoii naaaeaoaeuenootho iienaiey Ieeiey, Aeeinei?eaea, Aa?iaeioa.
Eiaiii ia?aaiiea e iicaieeea ia?othia?ai ae?aaiinoe iieo/aoue
aeaaiaiiey; n?aaieiua n iaoeie aeooaie.
I?e?iaeiua aeooenoua aauanoaa (niaianoii n aauanoaaie /enoi
neioaoe/aneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey) oe?iei eniieuecothony e a nia?aiaiiie
ii?othia?eae. Iaeiaei iiaeoiae e i?iiuoeaiiiio iieo/aieth yoeo aauanoa
ca iineaaeiee noi eao eciaieeny ei?aiiui ia?acii.
Yoi i?iecioei aeaaiaea?y oaioanoe/aneei oniaoai i?aaie/aneie oeiee.
Ia/eiay i?eia?ii n 1870 aiaea (e iniaaiii ca ieioaoea 50 eao), an?
iaeaieaa eioa?aniua aeooenoua ?anoeoaeueiua yeno?aeou oioy au ?ac
iiauaaee a ?oeao ecaanoiaeoeo oeieeia – i?aaieeia, eioi?ua ni anae
aiciiaeiie iao/iie no?iainoueth enneaaeiaaee eo ninoaa. Oae, auei
auaeaeaii aieueoia /enei eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo aauanoa n oa?aeoa?iui caiaoii
, a eo no?oeou?u onoaiiaeaiu e iiaeoaa?aeaeaiu neioacii. (Iaaei ioaeaoue
aeieaeiia oa?iaieth e eneonnoao ieiia?ia yoeo enneaaeiaaiee: iii
caneoaeeaaao aaca?aie/iiai ainoeuaiey. Aeaaea naaiaeiy, n iiiiuueth
naiie nia?aiaiiie oaoieee, aiaeec i?e?iaeiuo aauanoa o?aaoao aeieaeo eao
e?iiioeeaaeoaai o?oaea.)
Aoi?aeaiea i?aaie/aneie oeiee a ia?othia?eth eiaei aanueia
?aciiia?aciua iineaaenoaey. Iai?eia?, iii anoanoaaiiui ia?acii ii?iaeeei
i?iecaiaenoai neioaoe/aneeo aeooenouo aauanoa, /oi canoaaeei ia?othia?ia
i?eniinaaeeaaoueny e iiaie neooaoeee: ei i?eoeinue eco/aoue naienoaa e
aiciiaeiinoue eniieueciaaiey iai?eau/iuo i?iaeoeoia, auoiaeyueo ec noai
eaai?aoi?ee. Ia?othia?iia eneonnoai noaei, oaeei ia?acii, a
cia/eoaeueiie ia?a caaenaoue io i?aaie/aneiai neioaca e iaeiia?aiaiii
iioa?yei naie aueie, /enoi eiia?e/aneee, oa?aeoa?. E n/anoueth
ia?othia?e n ainoeuaieai iiiyee yoo iieioth aiciiaeiinoae oaoie/aneoth
?aaiethoeeth: iie ia/aee nicaeaaaoue i?eaeiaeueiua aeooe ia iniiaa
iiaiai nu?uey. Ei oaeaaaeinue aeaaea n aieueoae eee iaiueoae oi/iinoueth
eieoe?iaaoue aaaeiaeoea anoanoaaiiua a?iiaou: ?icu, aeanieia…
Ae?oaia, ia iaiaa aaaeiia neaaenoaea yoiai aoi?aeaiey ninoiyei a
i?ia?anna naiie oeiee: a oiaea enneaaeiaaiey i?e?iaeiuo aauanoa auee
naeaeaiu iiiaea caia/aoaeueiua ioe?uoey, eioi?ua iiiiaee onoaiiaeoue eee
ooi/ieoue ?yae ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo iao/iuo eiioeaioeee. Aiai?y ia yoii,
i?eiyoi aniiieiaoue ia onoaiiaeaiee no?iaiey ia?auo i?e?iaeiuo
iee?ioeeeee/aneeo niaaeeiaiee (iieaeoeu eioi?uo niaea?aeao eieueoea,
iino?iaiua ec aieaa /ai aeaaiaaeoeaoe oaea?iaeiuo aoiiia) e ia
ieii/aoaeueiii onoaiiaeaiee ecii?aiiaiai i?aaeea (iicaieythuaai
iauynieoue i?e?iaeo e oeie/aneia no?iaiea oa?iaiia, i/aiue aaaeiiai
eeanna i?e?iaeiuo aauanoa). Yoe ioe?uoey i?eianee i?ioani?o Eaiiieueaeo
?oaee/ea a 1939 aiaeo Iiaaeaaneoth i?aieth ii oeiee.
Eaeiau a ianoiyuaa a?aiy acaeiiioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaie/aneie oeieae e
i?e?iaeiuie aeooenouie aauanoaaie? Iineaaeiea iyoue eee aeanyoue eao
oa?aeoa?acothony an? aieaa e aieaa oe?ieei eniieueciaaieai oeieeaie –
i?aaieeaie oece/aneeo iaoiaeia auaeaeaiey aauanoa e enneaaeiaaiey eo
iieaeoey?iiai no?iaiey. Yoe iiaua iaoiaeu a ni/aoaiee n oaea noaaoeie
o?aaeeoeeiiiuie oaoie/aneeie i?e?iaieiicaieytho auaeaeyoue e
eaeaioeoeoee?iaaoue iiiai/eneaiiua eiiiiiaiou i?e?iaeiuo aeooenouo
nianae n oaeie ouaoaeueiinoueth, /oi oaea iiyaeyaony aiciiaeiinoue
niaa?oaiii oi/ii aini?iecaiaeeoue eo oeie/aneei ioo?i. (Iu aiai?ei
eiaiii “oi/ii aini?iecaiaeeoue”: yoi icia/aao, /oi iieo/aiiua
neioaoe/aneea aeooenoua niane ii naiaio ninoaao e naienoaai niaa?oaiii
yeaeaaeaioiu enoiaeyuei ynnaioeeyi).
Ynnaioeee aeanieia (Jasminum grandiflorum L.) e aeaoeee (Acacia
farnesiana Willd) i?aaenoaaeytho niaie aeaa i?eia?a aaaeiaeoeo
i?e?iaeiuo aeooenouo aauanoa, eioi?ua auee aini?iecaaaeaiu iinea aeieaeo
enneaaeiaaiee oaeiai ?iaea. E an? aea yoi aeaaieueii ?aaeeea i?eia?u,
oae eae eeoue iaaieueoia /enei eaai?aoi?ee iaeaaeaao iaeaaeaao
oaoie/aneeie n?aaenoaaie e iao/iui o?iaiai, iaioiaeeiui aeey auiieiaiey
?aaio oaeiai ianooaaa. Ai?i/ai, iao ieeaeeo niiiaiee, /oi aoaeouaa
i?eian?o iai iiaua aeinoeaeaiey a yoie iaeanoe, eioi?ua, iiaeao auoue,
iieiaeao ia/aei iiaiio yoaio a enoi?ee ia?othia?ee.
A nae/an neaaeoao i?eiyoue iaeei oaeo ai anae aai oeeinioneie
cia/eiinoe: /aeiaae noae niiniaai eiieo?e?iaaoue n i?e?iaeie a iaeiii ec
a? neiaeiaeoeo i?iyaeaiee, aini?iecaiaey ec oaea?iaea, aiaei?iaea,
eenei?iaea e acioa iaeaieaa ooii/?iiua a?iiaou. Aeey oiai, /oiau a
iieiie ia?a iiae/a?eiooue cia/eiinoue aeinoeaiooiai, caiaoei, /oi eaeay
caiaiu aeooenouo aauanoa eo oeie/aneeie yeaeaaeaioaie aeieai eacaeanue
oeia?e/aneie aeaaea iiiaei eo/oei niaoeeaeenoai a yoie iaeanoe. Aio,
iai?eia?, iaeii ec auneacuaaiee oaeiai ?iaea: “Oaeea (oeie/aneea)
enneaaeiaaiey ?aaeei aeatho iniiaaiey n/eoaoue aiciiaeiie caiaio
i?e?iaeiuo aeooenouo aauanoa. Yoa iuneue i eiieo?aioeee n i?e?iaeie
aicieeaao oieueei o oao, eoi ia neeoeii ciaeii n enoi?eae e
aiciiaeiinoyie ia?othia?ee”! Ioiaoei, iaeiaei, /oi iiaiea yoeo aaoi?ia a
1939 aiaeo auei aiieia iainiiaaiui: a oi a?aiy au? ii/oe ia nouanoaiaaei
anao oao iiao/eo iaoiaeia enneaaeiaaiey aauanoaa, eioi?uie ?aniieiaaao
nia?aiaiiue oeiee.
A oaia?ue iii?iaoai i?iieeiooue a nia?aiaiioth eaai?aoi?eth, eioi?ay
caieiaaony enneaaeiaaieai i?e?iaeiuo aeooenouo aauanoa. I?aaenoaaei
naaa, /oi oeiee aeieaeai iieiinoueth i?iaiaeece?iaaoue e aini?iecaanoe
iaeii ec ieo. Eaeiau aoaeoo iniiaiua yoaiu ?aaiou?
Ia?aue yoai aeieaeai caeeth/aoueny a ?acoiiii auai?a iauaeoa
enneaaeiaaiey: /ai aieaa oeaiiui ii aoaeao, oai “a priiri” aieueoa
oainia ia oi, /oi noieiinoue neioace?iaaiiiai aauanoaa ieaaeaony
iaiueoae eee oioy au n?aaieiie ni noieiinoueth i?e?iaeiiai i?iaeoeoa
(?acoiaaony, aua?aiiia aeooenoia aauanoai aeieaeii iaoiaeeoue oe?ieia
i?eiaiaiea a ia?othia?ee). AEaeaoaeueii oaeaea, /oiau aeooenoia aauanoai
auei iieo/aii a ?acoeueoaoa i?ioeanna, i?e eioi?ii nio?aiyaony
oeie/aneay oeaeinoiinoue aai eiiiiiaioia: iai?eia?, ia?aaioeie oeaaoia
eaoo/eie i?aaie/aneeie ?anoai?eoaeyie (aaicieii, iao?ieaeiui yoe?ii);
iai?ioea, aeenoeeeyou ynnaioeee, iieo/aaiua ia?aaioeie oeaaoia aiaeyiui
ia?ii, /anoi niaea?aeao aieueoia eiee/anoai oeie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee,
ia?acothueony a i?ioeanna ia?aaioee, a yoi cia/eoaeueii oneiaeiyao
aiaeec.
E aio auai? naeaeai. Oaia?ue oeiee iicaaioeeny i oii, /oi au oaeaeeoue
ec aeooenoiai aauanoaa iniiaioth /anoue ia?aoeiia, aee?ia e
?anoeoaeueiuo aineia, ia iaeaaeathueo caiaoii; iaae?aeiay oaoieea
iaacaee?eaaiey caeeth/aaony a ia?aaioea ynnaioeee oieiaeiui nie?oii.
Caoai iaacaee?aiioth ynnaioeeth enneaaeiaaoaeue iiaeaa?aaao iaeiie eee
ianeieueeei o?aeoeeiiiui ia?aaiieai a aaeooia aeey oiai, /oiau iieo/eoue
“i/aiue eaoo/oth”, “eaoo/oth”, “iaei eaoo/oth” e “iaia?aaiiyaioth”
/anoe, eioi?ua noaiao aiaeece?iaaoue ii ioaeaeueiinoe.
Ii n yoiai iiiaioa oa?aeoa? e iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue iia?aoeee oaea
ii?aaeaeyaony oeie/aneei ninoaaii aiaeecoaiie niane, e, neaaeiaaoaeueii,
caeanue o?oaeii iaiauaoue. Oai ia iaiaa iiaeii n iniiaaieai
i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi oeiee iii?iaoao ?acaeaeyoue eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua
eiiiiiaiou /aou??o iieo/aiiuo i?e ia?aaiiea o?aeoeee n iiiiuueth
?acee/iuo o?iiaoia?aoe/aneeo iaoiaeia.
Iaeaieaa ecaanoia aeeaeeinoiay o?iiaoia?aoey. Yoio iaoiae,
ia?aiia/aeueii eniieueciaaiiue aeey eco/aiey i?e?iaeiuo e?aneoaeae,
aanueia i?ino e caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi aiaeece?oaioth nianue
canoaaeytho i?ioaeaoue /a?ac noaeeyiioth o?oaeo, iaiieiaiioth
niaoeeaeueiui aeoeaiui ii?ioeii (ieenueth aethieiey, e?aiiacaiii, oae?i,
naoa?ii e o.ae.). ?acee/iua eiiiiiaiou niane a aieueoae eee iaiueoae
noaiaie caaea?aeeaathony yoei ii?ioeii, e iiyoiio i?ioiaeyo /a?ac o?oaeo
n ?aciuie nei?inoyie. Iie auoiaeyo ec o?oaee iaeei ca ae?oaei, e
enoiaeiay nianue ieacuaaaony ?acaeaeaiiie.
A aaciaie o?iiaoia?aoee eniieuecoaony aiaeiae/iue i?eioeei, ii
aiaeecoaiay nianue i?ioiaeeo /a?ac ?acaeaeeoaeueioth o?oaeo a aeaea
ia?a; i?e yoii /aua anaai o?aaoaony iaa?aaaiea, eiiaaea aieioue aei
oaiia?aoo? ii?yaeea 350 a?aaeonia. Yoio iaoiae ianeieueei neiaeiaa a
eniieiaiee, ii aeinoeaaaiia ?acaeaeaiea ieacuaaaony ai?acaei aieaa
oi/iui.
Iaeiiaoe, o?iiaoia?aoey a oiieeo neiyo nouanoaaiii ioee/aaony io aeaoo
i?aaeuaeoueo aa?eaioia. Caeanue aeoeaiue ii?ioie iaiineony ia
noaeeyiioth ieanoeieo neiai oieueiie a ianieueei aeanyouo ieeeeiao?a. Ia
iaaieueoii ?annoiyiee io eiioea ieanoeiee iiiauatho eaieth aiaeece?oaiie
niane, a caoai inoi?iaeii iia?oaeatho yoio eiiaoe a iiaeoiaeyuee
?anoai?eoaeue (aaicie, yoe? e o.ae.). Aeoeaiue neie aaae?o naay eae
eenoie oeeueo?iaaeueiie aoiaae e aieouaaao ?anoai?eoaeue, eioi?ue
iinoaiaiii iiaeieiaaony, caoaaouaay n niaie eiiiiiaiou niane e ia?aiauay
eo n ?acee/iuie nei?inoyie. Yoio iaoiae eiaao aaaeiia i?aeiouanoai
ia?aae i?aaeuaeouei, oae eae iiaeao auoue eniieueciaai aeey aiaeeca
i/aiue iaeiai eiee/anoaa aauanoaa (iau/ii ianeieueei ouny/iuo
ieeeea?aiia) e ia o?aaoao ieeaeiai iaa?aaaiey.
Eoae, ?acoiii eiiaeie?oy iienaiiua o?iiaoia?aoe/aneea iaoiaeu, oeiee
oniaoii caeii/ee iieiia ?acaeaeaiea eiiiiiaioia aeooenoiai aauanoaa.
Iaiaaeeaiii ia?aae iei aicieeaao iiaay i?iaeaia: aio iiiaaeiaeony
eaeaioeoeoee?iaaoue eee aeaaea onoaiiaeoue no?iaiea eaaeaeiai ec 10, 15,
100, a iiaeao auoue e 200 aauanoa, eioi?ua ii noiaao auaeaeeoue /aua
anaai a eiee/anoaa ianeieueeeo ieeeea?aiiia.
O/?iue noiaao i/aiue yeaaaioii ?ac?aoeoue yoo i?iaeaio, anee
ia?aoeoueny e iaeioi?ui nia?aiaiiui oece/aneei iaoiaeai enneaaeiaaiey,
aaeeinoaaiii niiniaiui aeaoue ioaeiua ?acoeueoaou.
Ii eniieuecoao, iai?eia?, iann – niaeo?iiao?eth, eioi?ay caeeth/aaony
a oii, /oi ianeieueei ouny/iuo ieeeea?aiia aauanoaa iiaeaa?aatho
aiiaa?aee?iaea yeaeo?iiaie n ii?aaeae?iiie yia?aeae. Yeaeo?iiu ae?iayo
iieaeoeu ia iiiai/eneaiiua eiiu n oa?aeoa?iuie iannaie, eioi?ua
?aaeno?e?othony ia niaoeeaeueiii a?aoeea, iacuaaaiui iann – niaeo?ii.
Oaeea ineieee, iiaeiaiu eoneai iicaeee, ec eioi?uo /anoi oaea?ony
aini?iecaanoe no?oeoo?o enoiaeiuo iieaeoe eee, ii e?aeiae ia?a,
ii?aaeaeeoue eo ianno e ninoaa.
Ae?oaie nia?aiaiiue iaoiae – yaea?iue iaaieoiue ?aciiain – iicaieyao
ociaoue /enei e ianoiiieiaeaiea aoiiia aiaei?iaea a eco/aaiii ninoaaa,
eioi?iai ioaeii aeey yoie oeaee anaai eeoue ianeieueei ieeeea?aiiia.
Yoio iaoiae iniiaai ia i/aiue oyae?eii ecia?aiee eciaiaiee iaaieoiiai
iiey aie?oa eaaeaeiai aoiia aiaei?iaea.
Iaeiiaoe, aeey caaa?oaiey naieo no?oeoo?iuo enneaaeiaaiee oeiee
niiaeao ia?aoeoueny e iaeioi?ui noa?ui iaoiaeai, oaeei eae eio?ie?aniay
e oeueo?aoeieaoiaay niaeo?ineiiee. Ana yoe iaoiaeu, i?eiai?iiua aianoa
eee ii?iciue, iicaieyo aio i?eienaoue i?aaeeueioth oeie/aneoth oi?ioeo
eaaeaeiio ec eiiiiiaioia i?e?iaeiiai aeooenoiai aauanoaa. Iinea yoiai
inoaiaony oieueei iieo/eoue yoe aauanoaa – nia/aea a eaai?aoi?ee, anee
iie ieacaeenue iiauie, a caoai ia caaiaea. Ii iu ia inoaiaaeeaaainy
iiae?iaii ia yoie neioaoe/aneie /anoe enneaaeiaaiey, eioi?ay, ai?i/ai,
iiaeao iio?aaiaaoue noieue aea aeieaie e oiieie ?aaiou, /oi e iienaiiay
iaie aiaeeoe/aneay /anoue.
Oeiee, eioi?iio oaeaeinue eneonii ?ac?aoeoue i?iaeaiu, iaeia ca
ae?oaie aicieeaaoea ia?aae iei ia i?ioyaeaiee ianeieueeeo eao
enneaaeiaaiee, iieo/aao a eoiaa niaieoiiinoue oi/iuo ?acoeueoaoia; yoe
?acoeueoaou iicaieyo ia?othia?o i?enooieoue e iieiiio aini?iecaaaeaieth
eco/aiiai aeooenoiai aauanoaa.
*anoue auiieiaiey yoiai ?aoathuaai yoaia aeaenoaeoaeueii i?eiaaeeaaeeo
ia?othia?o, a ia oeieeo, oae eae iaaeinoaoi/ii niaoaoue a ioaeiie
i?iii?oeee iaia?oaeaiiua i?e aiaeeca eiiiiiaiou aeey oiai, /oiau n?aco
ainnicaeaoue i?eaeiaeueiue caiao: aeaaea i?e naiii oi/iii oeie/aneii
aiaeeca iaeioi?ua aanueia oiieea, ii ii?ie i/aiue aaaeiua aeaoaee
iaecaaaeii oneieuecatho. Ia?othia? eae ?ac e i?ecaai eiiiaine?iaaoue yoe
iineaaeiea ?acee/ey, iie?aynue ia nai? yiie?e/aneia eneonnoai, – aac
iaai neioaoe/aneia aeooenoia aauanoai ia aoaeao iaeaaeaoue anaie
ea/anoaaie naiaai i?e?iaeiiai aiaeiaa.
E, iaeiiaoe, ii iieo/ee aeooe, iieuecothueany aieueoei ni?inii, i/aiue
o?oaeii eieoe?oaiua, i?iaeaaea eioi?uo n eeoaie ieoieo oa iaiaeua
cao?aou, eioi?ua iio?aiaaeenue aeey aeinoeaeaiey iinoaaeaiiie oeaee.
… Iu iaaeaainy, /oi yoio e?aoeee iaci? aeae /eoaoaeyi ?aaeueiia
i?aaenoaaeaiea i aiciiaeiinoyo nia?aiaiiie oeiee i?e?iaeiuo aeooenouo
aauanoa. Noieo a iineaaeiee ?ac iiae/a?eiooue, /oi iieiia
aini?iecaaaeaiea yoeo aauanoa o?aaoao i?eaea/aiey iaoiaeia,
niioaaonoaothueo nia?aiaiiiio ninoiyieth oaoieee e iaoee, e
eniieueciaaiey iauaaeei?iiuo oneeee oeieeia, oeceeia, eiaeaia?ia e
ia?othia?ia, iaeaaeathueo aieueoei iiuoii, ?aaioathueo niiaua, a
eiioaeoa n aiaoiei iao/iui ie?ii.
Aianoa n oai yoe yeno?ai?aeeia?iua n?aaenoaa ia aeieaeiu nicaeaaaoue
eeethcee: iie au? aei niaoiiai i?eieoeaiu e iayooaeoeaiu ii n?aaiaieth n
oaie, eioi?uie i?e?iaea aii?oaeeea eaaeaeoth ?anoeoaeueioth eeaoeo.
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