AAOEE?NEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE OIEAA?NEO
EINOEOOO I?AAA
Eiio?ieueiay ?aaioa ii eo?no
“Enoi?ey ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa ?anioaeeee Aaoei?oinoai”
I?iaaaeaiea a Aaoee?ee ao?aeoaciuo ?aoi?i 2-ie iieiaeiu 19 aaea.
1 eo?n cai/iiai ioaeaeaiey (yenoa?iao)
I?iaa?ee: i?aiiaeaaaoaeue Eneoaeei O.N.
OOA, 2000
I?iaaaeaiea a Aaoee?ee ao?aeoaciuo ?aoi?i 2-ie iieiaeiu 19 aaea.
IEAI
1. Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea ?aoi?i 2-ie iieiaeiu 19 aaea.
2. Iieiaeaiea “I aaoee?ao” io 14.05.1863 aiaea. Oeac “I ia?aaea/a
aaoee? ec aiaiiiai a a?aaeaeaineia aaaeiinoai” io 2.07.1865 a.
3. I?iaaaeaiea caineie ?aoi?iu a Aaoee?ee a 1864 a. e aa iniaaiiinoe.
4. Iniaaiiinoe i?iaaaeaiey noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu 1864 a. a e?aa.
5. I?iaaaeaiea eiio??aoi?i 1894 – 1900 aiaeu.
1. Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea ?aoi?i 2-ie iieiaeiu 19 aaea.
A ia?aie iieiaeia 19 aaea noi?ie?iaaeenue nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneea
i?aaeiinueee aeey i?aia?aciaaiee a ?innee. E?aiinoiia i?aai naea?aeeaaei
?acaeoea ?uiea e e?anoueyineiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. Iiiaue/uee
oicyenoaa aeeth/aeenue a ?uii/iue iai?io; oa, eoi ia iia i?eniiniaeoueny
e iiaui yeiiiie/aneei oneiaeyi, oa?yee naie caiee, iiiaaeaaoea a
caeeaae. Iiae oa?icie ?aaiethoeeiiiie neooaoeee a ?innee oea?neia
i?aaeoaeuenoai auioaeaeaii auei i?aaei?eiyoue ii?aaeaeaiiua oaae,
iieo/eaoea iacaaiea ao?aeoaciuo ?aoi?i.
19 oaa?aey 1861 aiaea eiia?aoi? Aeaenaiae? II ooaa?aeee ?yae
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia ii eiie?aoiui iieiaeaieyi e?anoueyineie ?aoi?iu.
Auee i?eiyou oeaio?aeueiua e ianoiua iieiaeaiey, a eioi?uo
?aaeaiaioe?iaaeenue ii?yaeie e oneiaey inaiaiaeaeaiey e?anoueyi e
ia?aaea/e ei caiaeueiuo iaaeaeia. Eo aeaaiuie eaeayie auee: e?anoueyia
iieo/aee ee/ioth naiaiaeo, e aei caeeth/aiey aueoiiie naeaeee n
iiiaueeii caiey ia?aoiaeeea a eo ee/iia iieueciaaiea.
Iieo/ea ee/ioth naiaiaeo, e?anoueyia a eioa?anao eni?aaiiai ieaoaaea
iiaeiiinoae iaaeaeyeenue caieae a ee/iia iieueciaaiea. Iniiaie yoie
naeaeee noaei aeia?iaieueiia niaeaoaiea e?anoueyieia e
caieaaeaaeaeueoea, i?e aai ionoonoaee – iaaeaeaiea caieae
inouanoaeyeinue ia iniiaa ianoiuo iieiaeaiee.
Iieuecoynue iiiaue/ueae caieae ia oneiaeyo iinoiyiiiai aeaaeaiey,
e?anoueyia ieaoeee aio ia?ie e ianee aa?ueio. I?e aeaeaiee iie iiaee
aueoieoue naith onaaeueao, iieaaua oaiaeuey iiaee auoue aueoieaiu
oieueei ii niaeaneth n iiiaueeii.
Iaaeaeaiea caieae inouanoaeyeinue ii aeia?iaieueiiio niaeaoaieth
iiiaueea e e?anoueyieia: ia?aue ia iia aeaaaoue caiaeueiue iaaeae
iaiueoa ieaeiae ii?iu, onoaiiaeaiiie ianoiui iieiaeaieai, aoi?ie ia iia
o?aaiaaoue iaaeaea aieueoa iaeneiaeueiie ii?iu, i?aaeoniio?aiiie a oii
aea iieiaeaiee.
Aeooaaie iaaeae ninoiye ec onaaeueau e iaoioiie caiee, ianoaeu e
ionoioae. Caieae iaaeaeyeenue oieueei eeoea ioaeneiai iiea.
Nianoaaiiinoue ia caieth nio?aiyeanue iiiaueeii aieioue aei niaa?oaiey
aueoiiie naeaeee, e?anoueyia ia yoio ia?eiae yaeyeenue oieueei
iieueciaaoaeyie e “a?aiaiiiiaycaiiuie”. A yoio ia?aoiaeiue ia?eiae
e?anoueyia inaiaiaeaeaeenue io ee/iie caaeneiinoe, aeey ieo ioiaiyee
iaoo?aeueiua iaeiae, nieaeaeenue ii?ia aa?ueiu e aeaiaaeiiai ia?iea.
Noaouee Iauaai iieiaeaiey iiae/a?eeaaee, /oi e?anoueyiei iieo/aao i?aai
i?eia?aoaoue a nianoaaiiinoue iaaeaeaeeiua e aeaeaeeiua eiouanoaa (a
oaeaea io/oaeaeaoue e ?anii?yaeaoueny eie) ia iaueo iniiaaieyo e ia
iniiaa a?aaeaeaineeo ocaeiiaiee.
Oaeaea a yoi a?aiy a ?innee oea ?aoi?ia ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey.
Aei?aoi?iaiiay nenoaia ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey io?aaeaea i?aeiouanoaaiii
eioa?anu aeai?yinei-iiiaue/ueaai eeanna. I?aiaeaaeaaoea a aa
aeayoaeueiinoe i?eioeeiu ath?ie?aoecia e oeaio?aeecia ia o/eouaaee
?aaeueiuo ioaeae ianoiiai ianaeaiey, i?iiuoeaiiinoe e oi?aiaiai iai?ioa.
Ea?oeia onoaoaeyeanue ia?an/eaiaiiinoueth aaeieieno?aoeaiuo, noaeaaiuo e
oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiii/ee, aiceaaaaoeony ia ianoioth aaeieieno?aoeeth.
I?iaaaeaiea e?anoueyineie ?aoi?iu o?aaiaaei iaioeiaeiie ia?ano?ieee
nenoaiu ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey. A oiaea yoie ?aoi?iu i?aaeoaeuenoai
no?aieeinue nicaeaoue iaiaoiaeeiua oneiaey aeey nio?aiaiey aeanoe a
?oeao aeai?yi-iiiaueeia, e ana aeeneonnee a?auaeenue aie?oa yoie
i?iaeaiu.
1 yiaa?y 1864 aiaea auei ooaa?aeaeaii Iieiaeaiea i aoaa?ineeo e oacaeiuo
caineeo o/?aaeaeaieyo. Ia ieo aiceaaaeinue: caaaaeiaaiea eaieoaeaie,
eiouanoaaie e aeaiueaaie cainoaa; niaea?aeaiea caineeo caeaiee e iooae
niiauaiey; ia?u ii iaania/aieth “ia?iaeiiai i?iaeiaieuenoaey”,
ia?ii?eyoey ii aeaaioai?eoaeueiinoe, acaeiiia caineia no?aoiaaiea
eiouanoaa; iiia/aiea i ?acaeoee ianoiie oi?aiaee e i?iiuoeaiiinoe;
naieoa?iua ia?u, o/anoea a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo a iaeanoe
cae?aaiio?aiaiey e ia?aciaaiey.
Caeiiii i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue nicaeaiea o?ao ecae?aoaeueiuo eo?ee:
– eo?ey oacaeiuo caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa, ninoiyaoay i?aeiouanoaaiii ec
aeai?yi-iiiaueeia, aeey o/anoey a eioi?ie o?aaiaaeny aunieee
eiouanoaaiiue oeaic. Oacaeiua caieaaeaaeaeueoeu n iaiueoei oeaicii
o/anoaiaaee a auai?ao /a?ac oiieiiii/aiiuo;
– ai?iaeneay eo?ey, o/anoieee eioi?ie aeieaeiu auee ?aniieaaaoue
eoia/aneei naeaeaoaeuenoaii eeai i?aaei?eyoeai ii?aaeaeaiiiai ?acia?a;
– naeueneay eo?ey, a eioi?ie ia aue onoaiiaeai eiouanoaaiiue oeaic, ii
aaaaeaia nenoaia o?aonooiai/aouo auai?ia: e?anoueyia, nia?aaoeany ia
aieinoiie noiae, iinueaee naieo auai?ueeia ia nia?aiea, eioi?ia ecae?aei
caineeo aeaniuo.
Aiia?ao cainoa ninoiye ec ?anii?yaeeoaeueiuo i?aaiia – aoaa?ineeo e
oacaeiuo caineeo nia?aiee e eniieieoaeueiuo i?aaiia – oacaeiuo
aoaa?ineeo caineeo oi?aa (a no?oeoo?o iineaaeieo aoiaeeee iinoiyiiua
eaioeaey?ee, ?acaeaeythueany ia ioaeaeu). Naie oicyenoaaiiua caaea/e
cainoaa ?aoaee ia n?aaenoaa, niae?aaiua n ianaeaiey a aeaea
niaoeeaeueiiai iaeiaa.
Ai aeaaa nia?aiee oi?aa noiyee auai?iua i?aaenaaeaoaee, eioi?ua e?iia
oiai. *oi ?oeiaiaeeee aeayoaeueiinoueth caineeo o/?aaeaeaiee,
i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaiaaee io eo eiaie a ianoiuo i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo
o/?aaeaeaieyo (i?enoonoaeyo ii e?anoueyineei aeaeai). I?aaenaaeaoaeyie
caineeo nia?aiee auee i?aaeaiaeeoaee aeai?yinoaa.
Caineia nia?aiea e caineay oi?aaa (eniieieoaeueiue i?aai, ninoiyaoee ec
i?aaenaaeaoaey e aeaoo /eaiia) ecae?aeenue ia o?e aiaea. Aoaa?ineia
caineia nia?aiea ecae?aeinue /eaiaie oacaeiuo nia?aiee. I?aaenaaeaoaeue
oacaeiie oi?aau ooaa?aeaeaeny a aeieaeiinoe aoaa?iaoi?ii,
i?aaenaaeaoaeue aoaa?ineie oi?aau – ieieno?ii aioo?aiieo aeae.
Ia?yaeo n caineie ?aoi?iie oea ?aoi?ia e ai?iaeneay. 16 ethey 1870 aiaea
auei ooaa?aeaeaii Ai?iaeneia iieiaeaiea, cae?aieyaoaa nenoaio i?aaiia
ai?iaeneiai iauanoaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey: ai?iaeneia ecae?aoaeueiia nia?aiea
e ai?iaeneoth Aeoio n ai?iaeneie oi?aaie – eniieieoaeueiui i?aaiii.
Aeoio e oi?aaeaiea aicaeaaeyei iaeii eeoei – ai?iaeneay aieiaa,
ooaa?aeaeaaiue a naiae aeieaeiinoe aoaa?iaoi?ii eee ieieno?ii aioo?aiieo
aeae.
Ana ai?iaeneea ecae?aoaee a niioaaonoaee n eiouanoaaiiui (iiaeaoiui)
oeaicii aeaeeeenue ia o?e a?oiiu, eaaeaeay ec eioi?uo ecae?aea o?aoue
aeaniuo a ai?iaeneoth Aeoio. A auai?ao o/anoaiaaee eeoea, aeinoeaoea
25-eaoiaai aic?anoa, aeaaeathuea iaaeaeaeeiinoueth, i?iiuoeaiiuie eee
oi?aiauie i?aaei?eyoeyie, caieiathueany eonoa?iuie i?iiuneaie eee iaeeie
oi?aiaeae, i?aaenoaaeythuea ethaia nineiaea.
Aeoia e oi?aaa auae?aeenue ia /aou?a aiaea, iieiaeia oi?aau aeieaeia
auea iaiiaeyoueny eaaeaeua aeaa aiaea. Ai?iaeneie aieiaa iia
i?einoaiiaeoue ?aoaiea oi?aau. ?aciiaeaney Aeoiu e oi?aau ?aoae
aoaa?iaoi?.
A eiiiaoaioeeth ai?iaeneie Aeoiu aoiaeeee aii?inu: i iacia/aiee auai?iuo
aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe, onoaiiaeaiee ai?iaeneeo nai?ia, neiaeaiee iaaeieiie,
onoaiiaeaiee i?aaee i caaaaeiaaiee ai?iaeneei eiouanoaii, i i?eia?aoaiee
ai?iaeneie iaaeaeaeeiinoe, i caeiao. A iieueco ai?iaea Aeoia iiaea
onoaiaaeeaaoue neaaeothuea nai?u: n iaaeaeaeeiinoe (ioeaii/iue nai?), n
aeieoiaioia ia i?aai oi?aiaee e i?iiuoeaiiinoe, o?aeoe?ia, iinoiyeuo
aeai?ia e nuanoiuo eaaie, ecaiciiai i?iiunea, /anoiuo eioaaeae e
yeeiaaeae, eaa?oe? e aeeeuo iiiauaiee, niaae, aoeoeeiiia.
Iaeiia?aiaiii n e?anoueyineie ?aoi?iie, caineie e ai?iaeneie ?aoi?iaie
ai 2-e iieiaeia 19 aaea a ?innee nicaeaeenue i?aaeiinueee aeey
i?iaaaeaiey noaeaaiie, iieeoeaeneie e aiaiiie ?aoi?i.
No?oeoo?o aeinoaeaaiie nenoaiu ninoaaeyee ?aciiia?aciua enoi?e/anee
neiaeeaoeany i?aaiu, aeaeaaoea aa neiaeiie e caiooaiiie. Nouanoaiaaee
noaeu aeey aeai?yi, ai?iaeai, e?anoueyi, niaoeeaeueiua eiiia?/aneea,
niaanoiua, iaaeaaua e eiua noaeu. Noaeaaiua ooieoeee eniieiyee e
aaeieieno?aoeaiua i?aaiu – aoaa?ineea i?aaeaiey, i?aaiu iieeoeee e ae?.
?anniio?aiea aeae ai anao noaeaaiuo einoaioeeyo i?ienoiaeeei i?e
cae?uouo aeaa?yo. Ia aeayoaeueiinoue noaea neeueiia aeaaeaiea ieacuaaee
?acee/iua aaeieieno?aoeaiua i?aaiu, aaaeaiea neaaenoaey e eniieiaiea
i?eaiai?a i?aaeinoaaeyeenue i?aaiai iieeoeee, eioi?ua, e?iia oiai, /oi
i?eieiaee ia naay e noaeaaiua ooieoeee ii “iaeiaaaeiui” aeaeai.
Aeaeii?iecaiaenoai iiaei oyiooueny aiaeaie. A noaeaaiii i?ioeanna
ainiiaenoaiaaee eieaeceoi?neia ia/aei e oai?ey oi?iaeueiuo
aeieacaoaeuenoa.
A iiya?a 1864 aiaea auee ooaa?aeaeaiu e anooieee a neeo iniiaiua aeou
noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu: O/?aaeaeaiey noaeaaiuo onoaiiaeaiee, Onoaa oaieiaiiai
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, Onoaa i iaeacaieyo, iaeaaaaiuo ie?iauie noaeueyie.
Nicaeaaaeenue aeaa noaeaaiua nenoaiu: ianoiua e iauea noaeu. E ianoiui
ioiineeenue aieinoiua noaeu, ie?iaua noaeuee e nuacaeu ie?iauo noaeae,
e iauei – ie?oaeiua noaeu, o/?aaeaeaaiua aeey ianeieueeeo oacaeia;
noaeaaiua (ii a?aaeaeaineei e oaieiaiui aeaeai) iaeaou, ?ani?ino?aiyaoea
naith aeayoaeueiinoue ia ianeieueei aoaa?iee eee iaeanoae; eannaoeeiiiua
(ii a?aaeaeaineei e oaieiaiui aeaeai) aeaia?oaiaiou Naiaoa. Aeanoue yoeo
noaeia ?ani?ino?aiyeanue ia ana noa?u, e?iia oao, aaea aeaenoaiaaea
th?enaeeeoeey aeooiaiuo, aiaiiuo, eiiia?/aneeo, e?anoueyineeo e
eii?iae/aneeo noaeia.
Iiaua i?eioeeiu a?aaeaeaineiai i?ioeanna cae?aieye Onoaa a?aaeaeaineiai
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa 1864 aiaea. Ene iiaeaaaeny ie?iaiio noaeuea a
ienueiaiiie eee onoiie oi?ia, ioaao/ee aucuaaeny a noae iiaanoeie. A
noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa noi?iiu iaiaieaaeenue neiaaniuie iieacaieyie,
iiaee auoue i?aaenoaaeaiu ienueiaiiua e aauanoaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa.
Noi?iiu eiaee i?aai i?eaeaeaoue a i?ioeann aaeaieaoia. Caeeth/aiea ii
?acoeueoaoai noaeaaiiai ninoycaiey aeaeae i?ieo?i?. Noae auiinee
?aoaiea, ioi?ieaiiia a aeaea ?aciethoeee. Aeiioneaeenue eannaoeeiiiue
eee aiaeeyoeeiiiue ia?aniio? aeaea. Iinea enoa/aiey n?ieia,
onoaiiaeaiiuo aeey ia?aniio?a, enooeo auaeaaaeny eniieieoaeueiue eeno,
i?aaenaaeaoaeue noaea iacia/ae noaeaaiiai i?enoaaa, i?eaiaeeaoaai a
eniieiaiea ?aoaiea i acuneaiee. Oaieiaiue i?ioeann ?aaeaiaioe?iaaeny
Onoaaii oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa e ?acaeaeyeny ia noaaeee:
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea (aeiciaiea e i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia
neaaenoaea) e nianoaaiii nai noaeaaiue i?ioeann (noaeaaiia neaaenoaea,
i?aiey noi?ii, caeeth/aiea i?aaenaaeaoaey noaea, aa?aeeeo n o/anoeai
i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae).
A iniiao i?aia?aciaaiee noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu 1864 aiaea aue iieiaeai
i?eioeei ?acaeaeaiey aeanoae: noaeaaiay aeanoue ioaeaeyeanue io
caeiiiaeaoaeueiie, eniieieoaeueiie, aaeieieno?aoeaiie. A caeiia
ioia/aeinue ?aaainoai anao ia?aae caeiiii.
A 1862 aiaeo ai?iaeneay e oacaeiay iieeoeey auee iauaaeeiaiu a aaeeioth
iieeoeaeneoth nenoaio ni neiaeiie “ea?a?oe/aneie eanoieoeae”,
ia/aaoothny n o?yaeieea e i?enoaaa e ia oacaeiii o?iaia aicaeaaeyaoothny
eni?aaieeii. Ii yoie ?aoi?ia i?aaiu iieeoeaeneiai iaaeci?a
neiioeaio?e?iaaee a naieo ?oeao anth ?aaeueioth ?ai?anneaioth aeanoue a
Oeaio?a e ia ianoao.
?aoi?iu cao?iioee e noa?o oth?aiioth, aaea auee ioiaiaiu oaeaniua
iaeacaiey aeey aeaiuei, aeiiieieoaeueiua oaeaniua iaeacaiey, eeaeiaiea,
ia?aie/eaaeinue i?eiaiaiea ?ica. A a?iee ioiaiyeenue oieoe?ooaiu, a a
1885 aiaeo e i?eiaiaiea ?ica.
A nenoaia aioo?aiieo aeae iniiaioth ?ieue noaee ea?aoue aeaia?oaiaiou
iieeoeee e iaueo aeae, aeaaiua oi?aaeai6ey ii aeaeai ia/aoe e oth?aiiue
e caineie ioaeaeu.
A 1865 aiaeo “A?aiaiiua i?aaeea i ia/aoe” cia/eoaeueii niya/aee
oeaico?o.
1 yiaa?y 1874 aiaea aue ooaa?aeaeai “Onoaa i aieineie iiaeiiinoe”,
aaiaeeaoeeny aeey anaai ioaeneiai ianaeaiey. Eeoea, aeinoeaoea 21 aiaea
i?ecuaaeenue ia neoaeao ii ae?aaeth. Ia iiiaaoea a iinoiyiiua aienea
ca/eneyeenue a iiie/aiea. Iauee n?ie neoaeau a nooiiooiuo aieneao
onoaiaaeeaaeny 15 eao (ec ieo aeaenoaeoaeueiay neoaeaa ninoaaeyea 6 eao
e neoaeaa a caiana – 9 eao). Ai oeioa niioaaonoaaiii 7 eao e 3 aiaea. A
eaaeaeii aiaiiii ie?oaa o/?aaeaeaeny aiaiii-ie?oaeiie noae.
Ia?a/eneaiiua ?aoi?iu 2-ie iieiaeiu 19 aaea anoanoaaiii einioeenue e
Aaoee?eth. Ii a Aaoee?ee a yoeo ?aoi?iao auee naie ioee/ey.
2. Iieiaeaiea “I aaoee?ao” io 14.05.1863 aiaea. Oeac “I ia?aaea/a
aaoee? ec aiaiiiai a a?aaeaeaineia aaaeiinoai” io 2.07.1865 a.
A 19 aaea “oa??eoi?ey Aaoee?ee aoiaeeea a I?aiao?aneoth, Ia?ineoth,
Ayoneoth e Na?aoianeoth aoaa?iee. A I?aiao?aneie aoaa?iee – yoi
Aoaoeueieineee, Iaicaeeineee, Ae?neee, O?ieoeeee, Ooeineee,
Aaeaaaaaneee, Noa?eeoaiaeneee, I?aiao?aneee, Aocoeoeneee,
Aoao?oneaiianeee, *aeyaeineee e Aa?oiao?aeueneee oacaeu; a Ia?ineie –
Ineineee, Ia?ineee, E?aniiooeineee, Aeaoa?eiao?aneee e Oaae?eineee
oacaeu; a Ayoneie – Aeaaoaeneee e Na?aioeueneee oacaeu; a Na?aoianeie –
Aieueneee , Oaieuineee e Oioeineee oacaeu”.
N 1798 aiaea aaoee?u auee i?aa?auaiu a aiaiii-eaca/uea nineiauea.
Aaoei?oinoai ?acaeaeai ia 11 aaoee?neeo e 5 ieoa?neeo eaioiiia.
Iaeiia?aiaiii auei ia?aciaaii 5 eaioiiia i?aiao?aneeo e 2 eaioiia
o?aeueneeo eacaeia. I?e ia?aaiaea aaoee? a aiaiii-eaca/uea nineiaea
auee oiaei eniieueciaaiu iniaaiiinoe eo aeecie e auoa. Oea?neia
i?aaeoaeuenoai ioia/aea aieueooth neeiiiinoue aaoee? e aiaiiiee neoaeaa
e oiaei yoei iieueciaaeanue. Eaioiiiay nenoaia ia inoaaaeanue
iaeciaiiie. I?ienoiaeeei iauaaeeiaiea aaoee? e ieoa?ae a ?aieao iaeiiai
aienea. Ii iaeciaiiui inoaaaeinue, /oi aaoee?u ioiineeenue e
aiaiii-eaca/ueaio nineiaueth. Yoa eaioiiiay nenoaia i?inouanoaiaaea aei
1865 aiaea e iaeiaeeea naie ioia/aoee ia i?iaaaeaiea ?aoi?i 2-ie
iieiaeiu 19 aaea a Aaoee?ee.
Iinea i?eniaaeeiaiey eacaoneeo caiaeue e ?innee a 40 – 50-o aiaeao 19
aaea Aaoee?ey oo?aoeea naia ie?aeiiia iieiaeaiea, i?aa?aoeaoenue a iaeio
ec aioo?aiieo iaeanoae. Oai naiui ioiaea iaiaoiaeeiinoue oe?ieiai
i?eaea/aiey aaoee? e iia?aie/iie neoaeaa. Iiyoiio i?aaeoaeuenoai ?aoeei
iinoaiaiii e ii /anoyi ia?aaanoe eo a iiaeaoiia nineiaea. A 1848 aiaeo
aaoee?i-ieoa?neia aienei auei ?acaeaeaii ia aeaa /anoe: ia?aay n
ianaeaieai a 200 ouny/ aeoo auea iaeiaeaia aianoi aiaiiie neoaeau
aeaiaaeiui nai?ii, aoi?ay, ninoiyuay ec 101 ouny/e aeoo, i?iaeieaeaea
ianoe aiaiioth neoaeao. Aiaiiay neoaeaa eanaeanue oieueei /aou?ao
i?eeeiaeiuo aaoee?neeo eaioiiia. Aeaeueiaeoee oaa ii iooe ia?auaiey
aaoee? a iiaeaoiia nineiaea aue naeaeai a 1855 aiaeo, eiaaea e aieneo
auee i?eniaaeeiaiu oaioy?e e aiauee. Aaoee?neia aienei auei
?ani?aaeaeaii ii-iiaiio ia eaioiiu, eioi?uo oaia?ue noaei 28.
Iinea ioiaiu e?aiinoiiai i?aaa oea?neia i?aaeoaeuenoai ?innee i?enooieei
e ianoaeaeaieth aii?ina ia oi?acaeiaiee eaioiiiie nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey o
aaoee?, ieoa?ae, oaioy?ae, e ia?aaiaea eo a a?aaeaeaineia nineiaea. 14
iay 1863 aiaea Aeaenaiae? II ooaa?aeee “Iieiaeaiea i aaoee?ao”, a
eioi?ii aiai?eeinue: “Eii?iaeoeu, ecaanoiua iiae iacaaieai aaoee?,
iaua?yeia, oaioy?ae e aiaueae, eiathuea iauaa iaeiaiiaaiea Aaoee?neiai
aienea, iieo/atho a?aaeaeaineia ono?ienoai, eae naiaiaeiua iauaaoaee, ia
iniiaaieyo a nai Iieiaeaiee ii?aaeaeaiiuo”. Ia?aaiae a a?aaeaeaineia
nineiaea einioeny aaoee? e eo aiaiiuo i?eiouaiieeia, i?iaeeaathueo a
I?aiao?aneie, Ia?ineie, Naia?neie e Ayoneie aoaa?ieyo. Iieiaeaiea 14 iay
1863 aiaea i?aaeinoaaeyei aaoee?ai e i?eiouaiieeai ana i?aaa, eioi?ua
auee ii?aaeaeaiu ?aoi?iie 1961 aiaea aeey e?anoueyi: aoiaeeoue a
aeiaiai?iua ioiioaiey, i?eia?aoaoue a nianoaaiiinoue aeaeaeeiia e
iaaeaeaeeiia eiouanoai, ioe?uaaoue e niaea?aeaoue oi?aiaua caaaaeaiey,
caieiaoueny ?aianeaie, ia?aoiaeeoue a ae?oaea nineiaey, ioeo/aoueny ec
iano aeeoaeuenoaa e o.ae. Nicaeaaaeinue naeueneia e aieinoiia i?aaeaiea,
noiaeiia n e?anoueyineei “naiioi?aaeaieai” ?onneiai ianaeaiey.
Niaeanii iieiaeaiey io 14 iay, eaioiiiay nenoaia oi?aaeaiey auea
nio?aiaia n iaeioi?uie eciaiaieyie. Yoi auei iaiaoiaeeii aeey
iinoaiaiiiai neeyiey aaoee? e i?eiouaiieeia n i?i/ei e?anoueyineei
ianaeaieai aoaa?iee. *enei eaioiiia iinoaiaiii nie?auaeinue n 28 aei 11.
Eo a?aieoeu i?eaeeceeenue e oacaeiiio aeaeaieth. Ooieoeee eaioiiiuo
ia/aeueieeia oaia?ue ia?aie/eaaeenue i?aaaie e iaycaiiinoyie ie?iauo
iin?aaeieeia. Iinea ?aaeecaoeee Iieiaeaiey i aaoee?ao eaioiiiia
oi?aaeaiea iiaeeaaeaei ieii/aoaeueiiio oi?acaeiaieth.
Iieiaeaiea io 14 iay ia aianei a aeeciue aaoee? e i?eiouaiieeia iniauo
eciaiaiee. Iii ocaeiieei ia?aaiae ianoiiai ianaeaiey ec aiaiiiai a
a?aaeaeaineia ninoiyiea, eioi?ue iineaaeiaaoaeueii inouanoaeyeny
i?aaeoaeuenoaii a i?aae?aoi?iaiiua aeanyoeeaoey. Ca aaoee?aie e
i?eiouaiieeaie “ianeoaeaueo” eaioiiia auee cae?aieaiu aeaiaaeiua
iiaeiiinoe acaiai aiaiiie neoaeau, a oaeaea caineea, ie?neea e i?i/ea
ieaoaaee, eioi?ua iie aiineee ia?aaia n ae?oaeie iiaeaoiuie nineiaeyie.
Ianaeaiea aea neoaeaueo eaioiiia i?iaeieaeaei ianoe i?aaeithth aiaiioth
neoaeao. Caeii aue ano?a/ai ianaeaieai aoaa?iee n iaeia?aieai, iaeiaei
aicieeee iianaiey, naycaiiua n i?aia?aciaaieyie, eioi?ua iiaoo
iineaaeiaaoue iaiin?aaenoaaiii ca aai aaaaeaieai.
Anei?a iinea aaaaeaiey caeiia ia/aee ?ani?ino?aiyoueny neooe i oii, /oi
i?aaeoaeuenoai niae?aaony eeoeoue aaoee? eo aio/eiiie caiee e iaaeaeeoue
eo eae auaoeo e?aiinoiuo, i?e/eneeoue aaoee? e eo i?eiouaiieeia a
ainoaea?noaaiiua e?anoueyia, a?aoue n ieo ?aeo?oo e e?anoeoue
ionoeueiai. Oaeea aea neooe oiaeeee e a ?onneeo naeaieyo. A iaeioi?uo
ianoao nayuaiieee ia/aee i?ecuaaoue ianoiia ianaeaiea i?eiyoue
o?enoeainoai, oa?iaeay a i?ioeaiii neo/aa ia?auaieai a ainoaea?noaaiiuo
e?anoueyi e ianeeuenoaaiiui aunaeaieai ec Aaoee?ee. AEeoaee iaeioi?uo
aea?aaaiue Aaeaaaaaneiai e Aoao?oneaineiai oacaeia ia/aee aioiaeoueny e
ia?anaeaieth ia ?aeo Eoei a Neae?ue n oeaeueth i?e/eneaiey eo a oaiioiaa
eaca/anoai.
Ia?aaiae a a?aaeaeaineia ninoiyiea aucaae aieueoia iianaiea aio/eiieeia
e i?eiouaiieeia ca eo caiee e naiaiaeo. Oi?acaeiaiea aiaiii-eaca/ueaai
nineiaey, iaeiaeaiey ianaeaiey aeaiaaeiuie iiaeiiinoyie acaiai neoaeau
?anniao?eaaeenue eae i?aa?auaiea a ainoaea?noaaiiuo e?anoueyi. Iniaaiiia
iaaeiaieuenoai aaoee? e i?eiouaiieeia aucaaei iaeiaeaiea iiaeiiinoyie
oaieaiiuo a ionoaaeo e oao, eoi ?aiueoa ia ieaoee eo (noa?eee, aeaoe,
aieueiua e o.ae.). Aeooia iaaeiaieuenoai /oanoaiaaeinue e n?aaee auaoeo
eaioiiiuo ia/aeueieeia. Iaaeiaieueii auei e ianoiia aeooiaainoai,
cia/aiea eioi?iai ?acei oiaei ec-ca iono?aiaiey aai io ?aoaiey auoiauo e
iaeeeo noaeaaiuo aeae.
Eeoaiea aiaiii-oaiaeaeueiie aa?oooee i?aaeiae aeanoe ia icia/aei
eeeaeaeaoeee yenieoaoaoi?neie i?ineieee n?aaee aaoee? e i?eiouaiieeia.
I?e nicaeaiee naeueneiai e aieinoiiai oi?aaeaiey auaoea ia/aeueieee
aiiaue caiyee ainiiaenoaothuaa iieiaeaiea. Eae e i?aaeaea ?yaeiaia
ianaeaiea auei ioaeaii ia i?iecaie e ?aca?aaeaiea aeanoue eioueo eeoe.
Iiaua aeieaeiinoiua eeoea auee caia/aiu ai acyoi/ie/anoaa e ae?oaeo
ceioiio?aaeaieyo.
Ia oaeiaeaoai?yei e ninoiyiea aeaeii?iecaiaenoa a aaoee?neeo e oaoa?neeo
aieinoyo. A ?innee aeaeiaay ia?aienea aeieaeia auea aanoenue ia ?onneii
ycuea. Iia aea aaeanue ia oth?eneii ia?a/ee ec-ca iaiiieiaiey iiiaeie
noa?oeiaie ?onneiai. Ia?aaeei a iiiiuue ?onneei iena?yi i?eieiaeenue
naie – aaoee?neea. Oaeaea, iaei auei ?onneeo oeie.
Ianiio?y ia aieueoea o?oaeiinoe a ?aaeecaoeee Iieiaeaiey io 14 iay 1863
aiaea, i?aaeoaeuenoai n/eoaei eoiae aai i?aoai?aiey a aeeciue
oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiuie e aicaoaeeei aii?in ia ieii/aoaeueiie ia?aaea/a
aaoee? e i?eiouaiieeia a a?aaeaeaineia aaaeiinoai.
Oaeei ia?acii, Iieiaeaiea i aaoee?ao io 14 iay 1863 aiaea noaei ia/aeii
ioiaiu eaioiiiie nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey ia oa??eoi?ee e?ay e yaeeinue
ninoaaiie /anoueth e?anoueyineie ?aoi?iu 1861 aiaea.
2 ethey 1865 aiaea aue i?eiyo caeii “I ia?aaea/a oi?aaeaiey aaoee?aie ec
aiaiiiai a a?aaeaeaineia aaaeiinoai”, niaeanii eioi?iio ieii/aoaeueii
oi?acaeiyeinue eaioiiiia oi?aaeaiea. A eiioea 1865 aiaea e ia/aea 1866
aaoee?u e i?eiouaiieee ia?aoee a caaaaeuaaiea iaueo aoaa?ineeo e
oacaeiuo i?enoonoaee ii e?anoueyineei aeaeai e ie?iauo iin?aaeieeia.
Auee inaiaiaeaeaiu io iaoo?aeueiie neoaeau e iaeiaeaiu aeaiaaeiuie
iiaeiiinoyie aeeoaee “neoaeaueo” (I?aiao?aneiai e Aa?oiao?aeueneiai)
eaioiiia. I?ae?aoeei naith aeayoaeueiinoue iauaa oi?aaeaiea aaoee?aie.
A caeiiao 1863 e 1865 aiaea inoaeenue aia iiey c?aiey aii?inu
caieaono?ienoaa aio/eiieeia e i?eiouaiieeia. Iaaeaeaiea ianoiiai
ianaeaiey caieae i?aaeoaeuenoai naycuaaei n iineaaeothuae
yeni?ii?eaoeeae aaoee?neeo oaiaeee. Io/oaeaeaiea aio/eiiuo caiaeue
aeieaeii auei oe?aieoue aeai?yineia caieaaeaaeaiea a e?aa.
3. I?iaaaeaiea caineie ?aoi?iu a Aaoee?ee a 1864 a.
e aa iniaaiiinoe.
Ioiaia e?aiinoiiai i?aaa a Aaoee?ee aucaaea iaiaoiaeeiinoue ae?oaeo
i?aia?aciaaiee, a oii /enea e a iaeanoe ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey.
Ooeineia aeai?yinoai oaea 19 aeaeaa?y 1863 aiaea ia aoaa?ineii nia?aiee
iinoaiiaeei oiaeaoaenoaiaaoue ia?aae i?aaeoaeuenoaii i nei?aeoai
ioe?uoee caineeo o/?aaeaeaiee ia oa??eoi?ee e?ay. Ii naia caineay
?aoi?ia 1864 aiaea i?ioaeaea ia oa??eoi?ee e?ay ni naieie iniaaiiinoyie.
Aa?iaa aiiaua ieeaeeo eciaiaiee a e?aa ia auei ianiio?y ia iaoe?ioth
ia?aieneo aoaa?ineeo ia/aeueieeia n i?aaeoaeuenoaii. A yoie ia?aienea
auee i?inueau eae iiaeii auno?ae ioe?uoue cainoaa ia oa??eoi?ee
Aaoee?ee. Ii eo iiaieth, cainoaa aeieaeiu auee inaiaiaeeoue
aaeieieno?aoeeth io ia?aiaieoaeueiuo aeey iaa oicyenoaaiiuo aeae.
Ii eeoue /a?ac 10 eao 14 iay 1874 aiaea Ainoaea?noaaiiue Niaao ?innee
iinoaiiaee: “Auni/aeoaa ooaa?aeaeaiiia 1-ai yiaa?y 1864 aiaea iieiaeaiea
i caineeo o/?aaeaeaieyo ?ani?ino?aieoue ia Ooeineoth aoaa?ieth”. A
i?iaaaeaiea caineie ?aoi?iu ia oa??eoi?ee I?aiao?aneiai e?ay
ioeeaaeuaaeinue aua ia iaii?aaeaeaiiia a?aiy.
A Ooeineie aoaa?iee caineea o/?aaeaeaiey auee aaaaeaiu 25 oaa?aey 1875
aiaea. Iie ninoiyee ec ?anii?yaeeoaeueiuo i?aaiia – aoaa?ineeo e
oacaeiuo caineeo nia?aiee e eniieieoaeueiuo – oacaeiuo e aoaa?ineeo
caineeo oi?aa. Niaeanii “Iieiaeaieth io 1 yiaa?y 1864 aiaea”, auai?u a
ieo i?iaiaeeeenue ia o?ao ecae?aoaeueiuo eo?eyo: caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa
(caiaeueiue oeaic a Ooeineie aoaa?iee onoaiaaeeaaeny io 200 aei 350
aeanyoei), ai?iaeneeo ecae?aoaeae (eeoea, eiathuea eoia/aneea
naeaeaoaeuenoaa, i?iiuoeaiiua e oi?aiaua i?aaei?eyoey n aiaeiaui
iai?ioii ia iaiaa 6 oun. ?oa.), e naeueneiai iauanoaa. Auai? a cainoaa
io naeueneiai iauanoaa aue iiiainooiai/aoui. Nia/aea naeueneee noiae
auaeaeaae i?aaenoaaeoaeae ia aieinoiie noiae, a oa, a naith i/a?aaeue,
ecae?aee onoaiiaeaiiia /enei caineeo aeaniuo. Oaeay iiiainooiai/aoay
nenoaia iicaieyea i?iaiaeeoue a cainoaa iaeaieaa caaeeoi/iuo e oaiaeiuo
aaeieieno?aoeee e?anoueyi.
Eiiiaoaioeey cainoa Ooeineie aoaa?iee ia?aie/eaaeanue oicyenoaaiiuie
aii?inaie ianoiiai cia/aiey: no?ieoaeuenoai e niaea?aeaiea a eni?aaiii
ninoiyiee iinoiauo, aei?ia, iinoia, ia?ai?aa, caineeo oeie, aieueieoe,
i?ethoia e o.ae. Ia iaycaiiinoe cainoa eaaeaea oaeaea yoaiii-a?anoaineay
iiaeiiinoue ia aioo?aiieo aei?iaao aoaa?iee, iinoaaea iiaeaiae aeey
?acuacaeia a?aaeaeaineeo e iieeoeaeneeo aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe. Oaeia
oe?ieia o?aeoiaaiea ooieoeee cainoaa iauyniyaony oai, /oi i?aaeoaeuenoai
no?aieeinue ia?aeiaeeoue ?yae iaycaiiinoae n aaeieieno?aoeee ia i?aaiu
ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey.
Aeey aaaeaiey oicyenoaaiiuo aeae e niaea?aeaiey nianoaaiiuo o/?aaeaeaiee
cainoaai i?aaeinoaaeyeenue i?aaa ii iacia/aieth, ?aneeaaeea, nai?o e
?anoiaeiaaieth ianoiuo iaeiaia -– caineeo nai?ia. Eie iaeaaaeenue
aeieoiaiou, aeathuea i?aai ia oi?aiaeth, ai?iaeneay iaaeaeaeeiinoue,
eana, caiee. Iaeaieaa cia/eoaeueiie a aoaa?ineii caineii nai?a auea
aeiey n caiaeue e eania. A 1880 aiaeo iia ninoaaeyea 82,5 %, a a 1890
aiaeo – 65,5 % io iauae noiiu caineeo iaeiaia.
Cainoaai i?aaeinoaaeyeenue i?aaa ii ?anoiaeiaaieth nia?aiiuo eie
iaeiaia. ?anoiaeu iiae?acaeaeyeenue ia iaycaoaeueiua, eioi?ua aiineeenue
a aaeaaiaeiua caineea niaou, e iaiaycaoaeueiua – aianaiea eioi?uo a
niaou caaenaei io oniio?aiey caineeo nia?aiee. Ec iaycaoaeueiuo
?anoiaeia naiuie cia/eoaeueiuie auee ?anoiaeu ii aei?iaeiie i?iaeiiinoe.
Ec iaiaycaoaeueiuo – ?anoiaeu ia ia?aciaaiea, cae?aaiio?aiaiea.
Iiiaea naeueneea oeieu a aoaa?iee auee iaycaiu naiei nouanoaiaaieai
cainoao. Ec 746 ia/aeueiuo oeie, aeaenoaiaaaoeo ia oa??eoi?ee e?ay a
eiioea 19 aaea 25 % i?eiaaeeaaeaei ieienoa?noao i?inaauaiey, 42 % –
cainoao, 33 % – oea?eiaiiio aaaeiinoao.
Cainoaa auaeaeyee aeaiueae e ia no?ieoaeuenoai aieueieoe e ea/aaieoe,
ianeoaeeaathuee eo ia?niiae. Ec 48 aieueieoe, aeaenoaiaaaoeo a aoaa?iee
a oi a?aiy, 22 i?eiaaeeaaeaee cainoao.
Oaeaea cainoai niinianoaiaaei ?anoe?aieth iooae niiauaiey a e?aa,
no?ieoaeuenoao iinoia, aeaia.
4. Iniaaiiinoe i?iaaaeaiey noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu 1864 a. a e?aa.
A Oeaio?aeueiie ?innee noaeaaiay ?aoi?ia ia/aeanue a 1864 aiaeo. Ii iia
?anoyioeanue ia aeeeoaeueiue ia?eiae.
Iinea i/aiue aeeeoaeueiie ia?aienee iaaeaeo aaeieieno?aoeeae e?ay e
i?aaeoaeuenoaii iineaaeiaae oeac Aeaenaiae?a II Naiaoo, i?aaeienuaathuee
“ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 1887 a. i?enooieoue e Aaaaeaieth ie?iauo noaeaaiuo
onoaiiaeaiee ioaeaeueii io iaueo a aoaa?ieyo Ooeineie, I?aiao?aneie e
Ano?aoaineie”. A niioaaonoaee n iei oa??eoi?ey Ooeineie aoaa?iee
aeaeeeanue ia 6 ie?iauo ie?oaia. Eaaeaeue ie?oa ninoiye ec ianeieueeeo
ie?iauo noaeaaiuo o/anoeia: I?aiao?aneee, Ooeineee, Ae?neee,
Ceaoionoianeee, Aaeaaaaaneee – ec 6-oe, Noa?eeoaiaeneee – ec 4-o,
Iaicaeeineee – ec 5-oe. A iaeioi?uo o/anoeao e?iia o/anoeiaiai,
ii/aoiiai ie?iauo noaeae auee oaeaea aeiaaai/iua.
Auai?u ie?iauo noaeae a Ooeineie aoaa?iee i?iaiaeeeenue ia oacaeiuo
caineeo nia?aieyo, iinea /aai iie ooaa?aeaeaeenue a aeieaeiinoe Naiaoii.
Iiaenoaeiinoe ie?iauo noaeae iiaeeaaeaee iaeicia/eoaeueiua a?aaeaeaineea
e oaieiaiua aeaea. Noaeaaiua ?anneaaeiaaiey i?iaiaeeeenue 2 ?aca a
iaaeaeth.
Aiaeeyoeeiiiie einoaioeeae ii ia?aniio?o i?eaiai?ia o/anoeiauo noaeae
aue nuacae ie?iaiai ie?oaa. A Ooeineie aoaa?iee ii aia?aua ioe?ueny 28
yiaa?y 1879 aiaea. Ia /aou?ao nuacaeao Ooeineiai ie?iaiai ie?oaa,
ninoiyaoeo a ai?aea – naioya?a 1879 aiaea ii aeaeiaai o/anoeiauo noaeae
auei ?anniio?aii 85 aeae. Ec ieo 32 aeaea auei ?aoaii a iieueco
iaaeiyaiuo, 7 ioeiaeaii, 46 i?eaiai?ia – aac eciaiaiee. Oaeei ia?acii,
i?eaiai?u ie?iauo noaeae ia anaaaea yaeyeenue ieii/aoaeueiuie.
Ia?aciaaiea einoeoooa ie?iauo noaeae yaeyeinue eeoue /anoe/iie
?aaeecaoeeae noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu. Iiyoiio iauanoaaiiinoue Aaoee?ee a 80-o
aiaeao ia?aoeeanue e i?aaeoaeuenoao n i?inueaie onei?eoue i?ioeann aa
caaa?oaiey. Oeac “I aaaaeaiee noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu a iieiii iauaia a
Ooeineie e I?aiao?aneie aoaa?ieyo” iiyaeeny 9 ia?oa 1892 aiaea. Ii
oi?acaeiee Ooeineoth e I?aiao?aneea iaeaou oaieiaiiai e a?aaeaeaineiai
noaea, a aianoi ieo aaae o?e ie?oaeiuo noaea a I?aiao?aa, Ooa e
O?ieoeea, yaeythueany noaeaie ia?aie einoaioeee ii oaieiaiui e
a?aaeaeaineei noaeai, i?aauoaaoei iiaenoaeiinoue ie?iauo noaeae.
Ie?oaeiua noaeu Aaoee?ee ninoiyee ec i?aaenaaeaoaey, aai oiaa?eua,
/eaiia noaea, aeaoo nae?aoa?ae, eo iiiiuieeia e noaeaaiuo i?enoaaia.
Aeaea iiaenoaeeiuo a ie?oaeiuo noaeao ?aoaeenue aac i?enyaeiuo
canaaeaoaeae, einoeooo eioi?uo a Aaoee?ee aue aaaaeai oieueei a 1898
aiaeo. I?enyaeiuie iiaee auoue eeoea, aeaaeathuea iaaeaeaeeiui
eiouanoaii, ioeaiaiiui io 500 aei 2000 ?oa., eee aiaeiaui aeioiaeii io
400 aei 1000 ?oa., caiaeueiui iaaeaeii ia iaiaa 100 aeanyoei, a oaeaea
eoioeu 1 e 2 aeeueaeee.
Aua iaeiie iniaaiiinoueth i?iaaaeaiey noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu a Aaoee?ee noaea
iaiineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Iia caeeth/aeanue a oii, /oi a
e?aa auea aaaaeaia Noaeaaiay iaeaoa. I?eiaieoaeueii e Ooeineie aoaa?iee
aa ?ieue eniieiyea Eacaineay noaeaaiay iaeaoa, a e I?aiao?aneie –
Na?aoianeay iaeaoa. A eaaeaeie ec ieo aaiaeeeanue aeieaeiinoue oiaa?eua
i?ieo?i?a ii aaoee?neei aeaeai.
Oaeaea iniaaiiinoueth ?aoi?iu noaei nio?aiaiea aieinoiuo noaeia aeey
aaoee?. Ninoaa noaea ecae?aeny aaeaaiaeii ia aieinoiii noiaea a
eiee/anoaa 4 – 15 i/a?aaeiuo noaeae. A aai eiiiaoaioeeth aoiaeeei
?acae?aoaeuenoai nii?ia e oyaea iaaeaeo aaoee?aie, i?eiaaeeaaeaueie a
iaeiie aieinoe, n oeaiie enea aei 100 ?oa. Aieinoiie noae iia
i?eaiaa?eaaoue aeiiaiuo e iauanoaaiiui ?aaioai aei 6 aeiae, aeaiaaeiiio
oo?aoo aei 3 ?oa., oaeaniiio iaeacaieth aei 20 oaea?ia. Auai? iaeacaiey
i?aaeinoaaeyeny ia oniio?aiea naiiai noaea. I?eaiai?u aieinoiiai noaea
n/eoaeenue ieii/aoaeueiuie e ia iiaeeaaeaee iaaeaeiaaieth.
Noaeaaiay ?aoi?ia ia/aea i?iaiaeeoueny a Aaoee?ee ai?acaei iicaea, /ai a
Oeaio?aeueiie ?innee. Aa ?aaeecaoeey caoyioeanue ia iiiaea aiaeu, e a
i?ioeanna aa auee aeiiouaiu na?ueaciua ionooieaiey io iaueo iieiaeaiee
noaeaaiuo onoaaia. Aaaaeaiea noaeii?iecaiaenoaa ia ?onnii ycuea
cao?oaeiyei aiciiaeiinoue ia?onneeo ia?iaeia e?ay ionoaeaaoue naie
eioa?anu. Eo ioiioaiea onoaoaeyeinue oai, /oi ii ioiioaieth e iei
nio?aiyeinue oaeaniia iaeacaiea.
Iaeiaei i?e anao naieo ionooieaieyo io ao?aeoaciuo i?eioeeiia noaeaaiay
?aoi?ia auea cia/eoaeueiui oaaii aia?aae. Iia aaaea oaeea noaeaaiua
o/?aaeaeaiey e ii?yaeee, eioi?ua ia?aie/eaaee i?iecaie, e iaania/eaaee
ieieioi caeiiiinoe, iaiaoiaeeiue aeey ao?aeoaciiai ?acaeoey e?ay.
5. I?iaaaeaiea eiio??aoi?i 80 – 90-a aiaeu 19 aaea.
A 1880-a aiaeu 19 aaea i?aaeoaeuenoai ?innee ?acei ia?aie/eei
i?iaaaeaiea ao?aeoaciuo ?aoi?i. Eeaa?aeueiue ia?eiae a ?acaeoee
?inneeneie ainoaea?noaaiiinoe caeai/eaaeny. Ia/aeanue yiioa eiio??aoi?i.
Oae iinea iieooaiey ia eiia?aoi?a Aeaenaiae?a II, eioi?ue aue
noi?iiieeii ?aoi?i, oneeeeinue i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiia ianooieaiea ia
noaeaaioth nenoaio, ii?iaeaeaiioth ?aoi?iie. A 1881 aiaeo auei i?eiyoi
niaoeeaeueiia “Iieiaeaiea i ia?ao e ia?aaeaeaieth ainoaea?noaaiiiai
ii?yaeea e iauanoaaiiiai niieienoaey”, eioi?ia ocaeiieei oaea ?aiaa
i?eiaiyaoeany ia i?aeoeea ?anoiaeaeaiey n iieiaeaieyie ?aoi?i. Oae ec
noaeia noaee ecuiaoueny iaeaieaa aaaeiua aeaea ii ainoaea?noaaiiui
i?anooieaieyi e ia?aaeaaaoueny ia ?anniio?aiea Iniaiai i?enoonoaey
Naiaoa ?innee n o/anoeai nineiaiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae. A 1874 a. ec
aaaeaiey iaueo noaeia ecuyou aeaea i “i?ioeaicaeiiiuo niiauanoaao” e
o/anoee a ieo. Niaeanii iieiaeaieth 1881 aiaea ieieno?o aioo?aiieo aeae
e aaia?ae-aoaa?iaoi?o i?aaeinoaaeyeinue i?aai ia?aaeaaaoue ?yae aeae ia
?anniio?aiea aiaiiuo noaeia aeey ?aoaiey ii caeiiai aiaiiiai a?aiaie.
Aiaiiua noaeu ?anniao?eaaee aeaea a e?ao/aeoea n?iee n ieieiaeueiuie
aa?aioeyie i?aa iaaeiyaiuo, i?eaiaa?eaay e naiui no?iaui iaeacaieyi. A n
1887 aiaea noaeo i?aaeinoaaeyeinue i?aai cae?uaaoue aeaa?e canaaeaiee,
iauyaeyy neooathueany aeaea “aeaeeeaoiui”, “eiioeaeaioeeaeueiui” eee
“nae?aoiui”.
A 1889 aiaeo anooieei a aeaenoaea Iieiaeaiea i caineeo o/anoeiauo
ia/aeueieeao, ?ac?ooeaoaa ?acaeaeueiinoue noaeaaiie e aaeieieno?aoeaiie
aeanoae. A oacaeao aianoi ie?iauo noaeae aaiaeeeny einoeooo caineeo
ia/aeueieeia, iaaeaeaiiuo oe?ieeie aaeieieno?aoeaii-noaeaaiuie i?aaaie a
ioiioaiey e?anoueyineiai ianaeaiey. Iie inouanoaeyee iaaeci? iaae
naeueneeie e aieinoiuie i?aaiaie naiioi?aaeaiey, ?oeiaiaeeee iieeoeeae,
iaaece?aee ca aeayoaeueiinoueth aieinoiuo noaeia. Oae a io/aoa Ooeineiai
Aoaa?iaoi?a Eiaaeiiaa Ieeieay O?enoioi?iae/a i aeayoaeueiinoe
o/?aaeaeaiee, ia?aciaaiiuo ii caeiio 12.07.1889 (ca 1895 – 1896 aa.)
aiai?eony, /oi “Aaeaaaaaneee oacaeiue i?aaeaiaeeoaeue aeai?yinoaa
niiauaao, /oi caineea ia/aeueieee ii?aaaeaee naay, eo aeayoaeueiinoue
oniaoia. “Oaia?ue oaea ana io?anee naeueneiai auoa cao?iioou eie…Nae/an
aieinoiua e naeueneea aeieaeiinoiua eeoea iaoiaeyony iiae iaonuiiui
eiio?ieai caineiai ia/aeueieea e n?aco aea ca oiouaiey ii neoaeaa
iaeacuaathony e ecaiiythony ec neoaeau…”. A ea/anoaa oeaica aeey
aieinoiiai ia/aeueieea onoaiaaeeaaeenue: aunoaa ia?aciaaiea eee caiyoea
a oa/aiea ianeieueeeo eao aeieaeiinoe ie?iaiai iin?aaeieea, ie?iaiai
noaeuee, aunieee eiouanoaaiiue oeaic e caaiea iioiinoaaiiiai aeai?yieia.
Nineiaiue i?eioeei iiaeai?a eaae?ia i?iyaeeny caeanue ni anae
ioe?iaaiiinoueth.
Oaeaea i eiio??aoi?iao oea?neiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa, iai?aaeaiiuo ia
aeaeueiaeoaa oneeaiea iiceoeee aeai?yinoaa, aiai?eo e niiinoaaeaiea
aeaiiuo ii aiaeai i ninoaaa aeaniuo a oacaeiuo caineeo nia?aieyo. Oae a
1891 aiaeo ec 179 oacaeiuo caineeo aeaniuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae ia?aiai
ecae?aoaeueiiai nia?aiey 100 /aeiaae eee 55,8 % , aoi?iai 21 eee 11,7%,
o?aoueaai 58 /aeiaae eee 32,4% (n?aaieoaeueii e 1890 a. ni. ia no?. 19
aeaiiie ?aaiou). Oaeei ia?acii iaaethaeaaony cia/eoaeueiia oaaee/aiea a
oacaeiii caineii nia?aiee i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa io aeai?yi e ao?aeoacee e
caiaoiia nie?auaiea i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa io naeueneeo iauanoa.
Ninoaa aeaniuo a caineeo o/?aaeaeaieyo Ooeineie aoaa?iee ii?aaeaeyeny ia
oieueei nioeeaeueiie eiio??aoi?iie, ii e iaoeeiiaeueiie iieeoeeie
i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Eo 38 aeaniuo ia?aiai Ooeineiai aoaa?ineiai nia?aiey aue
eeoue iaeei i?aaenoaaeoaeue ei?aiiie iaoeeiiaeueiinoe – aaoee?
O.N.Aaeoa?yeia. I caeiiiia?iinoe oaeiai iieiaeaiey naeaeaoaeuenoaoao e
oio oaeo, /oi ec 6 oacaeiuo caineeo oi?aa ca 1875 – 1914 aiaea eeoue
aeaaaeaeu ai aeaaa Aaeaaaaaneie e iaeei ?ac Ceaoionoianeie iaoiaeeeenue
i?aaenoaaeoaee ei?aiiie iaoeeiiaeueiinoe.
Ia?aeeaeueii n caineeie ia/aeueieeaie a oacaea aeaenoaiaaee oacaeiua
ie?oaeiua noaeu, /eaiu eioi?uo ?anniao?eaaee aeaea, ecuyoua o ie?iauo
noaeae, ii ia ia?aoaaeoea e caineei ia/aeueieeai. A ai?iaeao aianoi
ie?iauo noaeae iiyaeeenue ai?iaeneea noaeuee, iacia/aaiua ieieno?ii
thnoeoeee. Aoi?ie einoaioeeae aeey yoeo noaeia noae oacaeiue nuacae,
ninoiyuee ec /eaia oacaeiiai ie?oaeiiai noaeia, iaeiiai-aeaoo ai?iaeneeo
noaeae e ianeieueeeo caineeo ia/aeueieeia. Nuacae aicaeaaeye
i?aaeaiaeeoaeue oacaeiiai aeai?yinoaa. Oaeei ia?acii, aieueoeinoai iano
a yoeo i?aaiao neeaaeuaaeinue ca ainoaea?noaaiiuie aeieaeiinoiuie
eeoeaie.
Cainoaa Ooeineie aoaa?iee n naiiai ia/aea auee iinoaaeaiu iiae eiio?ieue
aoaa?iaoi?a. Ii iia eneeth/eoue ec /enea aeaniuo iaoaiaeioth aio
eaiaeeaeaoo?o e i?eciaoue iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie iinoaiiaeaiey caineeo
nia?aiee. Cainoaa ia eiaee eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe. Aeaaea aeey
acuneaiey iaaeieiie ii caineei nai?ai iie auee auioaeaeaiu ia?auaoueny
ca iiiiuueth e aoaa?iaoi?o e iieeoeee.
Aaeieieno?aoeaiia aiaoaoaeuenoai a noaeii?iecaiaenoai iiaeaeei ca niaie
iooiae io iaeiiai ec aaaeiaeoeo i?eioeeiia noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu – aeaniinoe
noaea. Iaiiiiei, /oi a 1887 aiaeo i?iaicaeaoaii i?aai noaea
?anniao?eaaoue aeaea i?e cae?uouo aeaa?yo, a a 1891 aiaeo ?acei
noceeanue aeaniinoue a?aaeaeaineiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa.
Oaeei ia?acii, i?iaaaey 60 – 80-o aiaeao 19 aaea ao?aeoaciua ?aoi?iu ia
oa??eoi?ee anae ?innee e Aaoee?ee a /anoiinoe, oea?neia i?aaeoaeuenoai
iaianei a 80 – 90-o aiaeao oaea? ii/oe ii anai aiiaue aicieeoei
einoeoooai.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u
1. E.A.Enaaa. Enoi?ey ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa ?inee. I. TH?enou, 1998a.
nn267 – 283.
2. Iaeeeia I.E. I?iaeaiu ?aaeecaoeee noaa?aieoaoa ?A. Ecae-a Aaoee?ne.
Oi-oa. 1999. O 1, n. 24.
3. O.A. Eoeoeia. O.N. Eneoaeei. Enoi?ey ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa
Aaoei?oinoaia. –Ooa: Eeoai, 1996a.
4. iiae ?aae. E.A.Aeiaiiaa. Enoi?ey Aaoei?oinoaia /anoue1 n ae?aaiaeoeo
a?aiai aei 1917 a.: Aaoe. Oi-o, Ooa,1991 a.
E.A.Enaaa. Enoi?ey ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa ?inee. I. TH?enou, 1998a. nn267
– 283.
Iaeeeia I.E. I?iaeaiu ?aaeecaoeee noaa?aieoaoa ?A. Ecae-a Aaoee?ne.
Oi-oa. 1999. O 1, n. 24.
O.A. Eoeoeia. O.N. Eneoaeei. Enoi?ey ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa
Aaoei?oinoaia. –Ooa: Eeoai, 1996a.
iiae ?aae. E.A.Aeiaiiaa. Enoi?ey Aaoei?oinoaia /anoue1 n ae?aaiaeoeo
a?aiai aei 1917 a.: Aaoe.Oi-o,Ooa,1991a.,n.252
Ni. oai aea. N.257.
O.A. Eoeoeia. O.N. Eneoaeei. Enoi?ey ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa
Aaoei?oinoaia. –Ooa: Eeoai, 1996a.
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