II?NOA?NOAI INA?OE OE?A?IE
Eooeueeee aea?aeaaiee oaoi?/iee oi?aa?neoao
Ia i?aaao ?oeiieno
AONA*OE AeIEO?I AIAOIE?EIAE*
OAeE 621.73.343:69.15
INIAEEAINO? NO?OEOO?E OA AeAssE?
O?CEEI-IAAEAI?*I? AEANOEAINO?
OIEIAeIIAeAOI?IIAAIEO NA?AAeIUeII?AeENOEO
*AAOI?A C EIIIAEOIEI A?AO?OII
05.02.01 – iaoa??aeiciaanoai
AAOI?AOA?AOaeena?oaoe?? ia caeiaoooy iaoeiaiai nooiaiy eaiaeeaeaoa
oaoi?/ieo iaoe
Eooeuee – 1999
Aeena?oaoe??th ? ?oeiien.
?iaioa aeeiiaia a Eooeueeiio aea?aeaaiiio oaoi?/iiio oi?aa?neoao?,
I?i?noa?noai ina?oe Oe?a?ie, i. Eooeuee
Iaoeiaee ea??aiee: aeieoi? oaoi?/ieo iaoe,i?ioani?Aia?i TH??e
Aai?a?eiae/,Eooeueeee aea?aeaaiee oaoi?/iee oi?aa?neoao,caa?aeoaa/
eaoaae?e iaoa??aeiciaanoaa ? ia?iaee iaoaeo oeneii
Io?oe?ei? iiiiaioe: aeieoi? oaoi?/ieo iaoe,i?ioani? I.O.Caaai?iaei?e,
??aiainueeee aea?aeaaiee oaoi?/iee oi?aa?neoao, caa?aeoaa/ eaoaae?e
eaiaeeaeao oaoi?/ieo iaoe, aeioeaio ?.I.I?nooi, Aea?aeaaiee oi?aa?neoao
“Euea?anueea iie?oaoi?ea”
I?ia?aeia onoaiiaa: Oa?e?anueeee aea?aeaaiee iie?oaoi?/iee
oi?aa?neoaoI?i?noa?noai ina?oe Oe?a?ie, i.Oa?e?a
Caoeno a?aeaoaeaoueny “ _29_“ aeiaoiy 1999 ?ieo i _1400_ aiaeei? ia
can?aeaii? niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee E 32.075.01 a Eooeueeiio
aea?aeaaiiio oaoi?/iiio oi?aa?neoao? ca aae?anith: 263018, i. Eooeuee,
aoe. Euea?anueea, 75, iaa/aeueiee ei?ion A, aoaeeoi??y 338.
C aeena?oaoe??th iiaeia iciaeiieoenue o a?ae?ioaoe? Eooeueeiai
aea?aeaaiiai oaoi?/iiai oi?aa?neoaoo ca aae?anith : i. Eooeuee, aoe.
Euea?anueea, 75.
Aaoi?aoa?ao ?ic?neaiee “28“ aa?aniy 1999 ?ieo.
A/aiee nae?aoa?
Niaoe?ae?ciaaii? a/aii? ?aaee Ae?aeoo A.O.
CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE
Aeooaeueiinoue oaie. A no/aniiio iaoa?iaeiciaanoai aiaee?eoi iiai
iiaeeeainoi ii noai?aiith ciinino?eeeo eeoeo eiiiiceoieo iaoa?iaeia
(EEI), iniiaith yeeo ? cae/aeii ni?i /aaoie. I?e oeueiio, iniaeeai
i?ia?aneaiei iai?yieii ? neioac nieaaia, yeee aaco?oueny ia naiaeiiiio
iiaeaeuaiii nooiaiy aaoa?iaaiiinoi nenoaie Fe-C.
Aei aeaiiai eeano iiaeia a?aeianoe nieaae Fe-C-Si, yei eaaiaaii i?aeaeth
aei eiioeaio?aoe?e aeua ?? ?ic/eiiino? a oaa?aeiio i ?iaeeiio noaiao
caeica. Aaoa?iaaiiinoue iiaeenoeo /aaoiia iiaeaeuo?oueny ca ?aooiie
i?ioiaeaeaiiy nai??iaeieo oeoeooaoeieieo i?ioeania, ianeiaeeii /iai ?
iiyaa a no?oeoo?i aeeeaie aenieiiiaeenoi? oace (e-oace). I?e/iio,
noai?aiiy oiia aeey ?icoa?oaaiiy a ?iaeeiio noaii (na?aaeiueiiiaeenoi
/aaoie) caaacia/o? ooai?aiiy iniaeeai? oi?ie e-oace, eiee inoaiiy
oi?io?oueny iaaeiei ia?aeiieo e?enoaeioia eoeynoiai a?aoioo o aeaeyaei
noa?e/ii? iaieiiee.
A?aeiii, ui na?aaeiueiiiaeenoei /aaoiai aeanoeaa aeniea i?ioeae?y
ni?aoethaaiith a oiiaao oa?oy-eiacaiiy oa aeniea i?oei?noue i?e ??cieo
aeaeao iaoai?/iiai iaaaioaaeaiiy. I?ioa, aaniethoii iaaecia/aieie ?
oa?aeoa?enoeee ieanoe/iino? na?aaeiueii?aeenoeo /aaoi?a oa iniaeeaino?
?o no?oeoo?iooai?aiiy a i?ioean? ieanoe/iiai oa/?iiy. I?e oeueiio,
a?aee aei oaaae a?aeii? oyaeaiiy i?i aecia/aeueia cia/aiiy iniaeeainoae
oieiaeii? ieanoe/ii? aeaoi?iaoe?? a i?ioean? oi?ioaaiiy iaoai?/ieo
aeanoeainoae iaoae?/ieo nieaa?a ? na?aae ieo ciinino?eeino?.
Aeyaeoe aieea e-oace ia i?e?iaeo i?ioean?a oi?ioaaiiy oa?aeoa?enoee
ieanoe/iino? na?aaeiueii?aeenoeo /aaoi?a aeicaiey? noai?aiiy noaie
anaa?/iiai ia??aiii??iiai noeniaiiy a ina?aaeeo aeaoi?ioaaiiy, i?e ye?e
iaee?auei /eiii ?aae?co?oueny caeaoi?noue iaoa??aeo aei ieanoe/ii?
aeaoi?iaoe??. Ca oaeeo oiia, c i?enooiueith e-oacith (ca i?e?iaeith
a?eueo ieanoe/iith) iia’ycoaaee c?inoaiiy caaaeueiiai ??aiy ieanoe/iino?
na?aaeiueii?aeenoeo /aaoi?a. I?e oeueiio, i?aeaeuoth/e ieanoe/i?
aeanoeaino? iaoae?/ii? iao?eoe? (oa?eoecaoe?y), iiaeia i?aeoe/ii
aeei?enoaoe caeaoi?noue na?aaeiueii?aeenoeo /aaoi?a aei ieanoe/ii?
aeaoi?iaoe??, canoiniaoth/e oaeo ?ioaineaio oaoiieia?th ia?iaee oeneii
ye oieiaeia i?anoaaiiy.
Anoaiiaeaiiy caeiiii??iinoae ieanoe/iiai oa/?iiy na?aaeiueii?aeenoeo
/aaoi?a ?c ??ciei noaiii iaoae?/ii? iao?eoe? – aeicaieeoue anoaiiaeoe
iaeio c i?e/ei oi?ioaaiiy aenieeo iieaciee?a ciinino?eeino?, yea
a?oioo?oueny ia oaeo? noai?aiiy anaa?/iiai ia??aiii??iiai noeniaiiy a
ciiao aeene?aoiiai eiioaeoo ni?yaeaieo ia? oa?oy-eiacaiiy.
Ca’ycie ?iaioe c iaoeiaeie i?ia?aiaie, ieaiaie, oaiaie. Aeaia ?iaioa
aeeiioaaeanue caiaeii Aea?aeaaiiai eii?aeeiaoe?eiiai ieaio
iaoeiai-aeine?aeieo ?ia?o ?17 I?iina?oe Oe?a?ie ia 1996-1999??.: ?Iia?
eiino?oeoe?ei? iaoa??aee oa aenieiaoaeoeai? oaoiieia?? ?o ae?iaieoeoaa?.
Iacaa aea?aeathaeaeaoii? oaie ii EAeOO – “?ic?iaea ia iiaeaeueieo
nieaaao Fe-X-C nenoaie iaoeiaeo i?eioeeiia neioaco eino?oeoeieieo
/aaoiia”, oeo? oaie – 20 ae/a.
Iaoa ?iaioe. ?ic?iaeoe iaoeia? i?eioeeie ea?oaaiiy no?oeoo?ith oa
aeanoeainoyie na?aaeiueiiiaeenoeo /aaoiia i?e aeei?enoaii? oieiaeii?
ieanoe/ii? aeaoi?iaoei? oa ?aae?caoe?? iiaeo oaoiieia?/ieo iaoiae?a
aeaioiaeaiiy ae?ia?a ?c ciinino?eeeo nieaa?a a?oie EEI, a oaeiae
ioe?ieoe iiaeeeaino? canoinoaaiiy io?eiaieo ?acoeueoao?a aeey ?ice?eooy
aeayeeo aniaeo?a oi?ioaaiiy aenieeo o?eaiaeanoeainoae oaeeo iaoa??ae?a.
Aeaia iaoa aeinyaa?oueny ae?ioaiiyi ianooiieo caaaeaiue:
– aea/aiiyi iniaeeainoae no?oeoo?iiai noaio aeeeaie c
na?aaeiueiiiaeenoeo /aaoiia;
– aeineiaeaeaiiyi no?oeoo?ieo ciii nieaaia a i?ioeani oa?i?/ii? ia?iaee;
– anoaiiaeaiiyi iniaeeainoae no?oeoo?iooai?aiiy oa i?ioeano oi?ioaaiiy
iaoaii/ieo ia?aiao?ia nieaaia i?e oieiaeiie ieanoe/iie aeaoi?iaoei? a
oiiaao anaai/iiai ia?iaiiii?iiai noeniaiiy;
– ?ic?iaeith niiniaia ii?aeiaiiy cia/iiai aeaoi?iaoe?eiiai ci?oeiaiiy
oieiaeiiaeaoi?iiaaieo na?aaeiueiiiaeenoeo /aaoiia c iaoiaeaie io?eiaiiy
ae?iaia.
Iaoeiaa iiaecia ?iaioe iieyaa? o ianooiiiio:
– aia?oa aeyaeaii aieea aenieii?aeenoi? e-oace ia oa?aeoa?enoeee
ieanoe/iino? na?aaeiueii?aeenoeo /aaoi?a ??ciiai no?oeoo?iiai eeano;
– iieacaii, ui oi?ioaaiiy aenieeo iaoaii/ieo ia?aiao?ia
na?aaeiueii?aeenoeo /aaoi?a i?e oieiaeiie ieanoe/iie aeaoi?iaoei?
coiiaeaii nai???aeiith noia?iiceoe??th iai?oaeaiue, ?i?oe?aoi?ii
aeieeiaiiy yei? ? aenieii?aeenoa e-oaca EEI;
– aecia/aii iaeei c aniaeoia i?e?iaee oi?ioaaiiy aenieeo iieacieeia
ciininoieeinoi, ui caniiaaiee ia oaeo? noai?aiiy anaai/iiai
ia?iaiiii?iiai noeniaiiy a aeene?aoieo ciiao eiioaeoo ni?yaeaieo ia?
oa?oy-eiacaiiy.
I?aeoe/ia cia/aiiy io?eiaieo ?acoeueoao?a. A ?acoeueoao? i?iaaaeaii?
?iaioe noai?aii iiaee iai?yiie aeaioiaeaiiy o?eaiae?ia?a c i?eioeeiiai
iiaeo eeaa?ieo eiiiiceoieo iaoa??ae?a- na?aaeiueii?aeenoeo /aaoi?a.
?ic?iaeaii ia?aiao?e ?ioaineaii? oaoiieia?? io?eiaiiy i?aeoeiiee?a
eiacaiiy c aeaieo nieaa?a oeyoii oieiaeiiai i?anoaaiiy, ye? iiaeooue
aeei?enoiaoaaoenue a o?eaiaoceao n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo iaoei,
aaoiiia?e?a oa ?ioeo iaoai?ci?a. Eiie?aoi? i?iiiceoe?? ia?aaeai?
Eooeueeiio aaoiiia?eueiiio caaiaeo, a yeino? ?aeiiaiaeaoe?e ii cai?i?
aooeie oeai?iy iiai?ioiiai eoeaea aaoiiia?ey ?EoAC”.
Iniaenoee aianie caeiaoaa/a. A aeena?oaoe?th aeeth/aii eeoa o?
aenia?eiaioaeuei? oa oai?aoe/i? ?acoeueoaoe, ye? aoee io?eiai?
aaciina?aaeiuei aeena?oaioii. O/anoue o iinoaiiaoe? ?acii c iaoeiaei
ea??aieeii eiie?aoieo caaaeaiue aeine?aeaeaiue. ?io? ni?aaaoi?e ?ia?o
a?aee o/anoue o aiae?c? oa iaaiai?thaaii? ?acoeueoao?a aeine?aeaeaiue,
i?aeaioiaoe? iaoa??ae?a iioae?eiaaieo ?acii c aeena?oaioii iaoeiaeo
i?aoeue.
Ai?iaaoeiy ?iaioe. Aeena?oaoeieia ?iaioa iaaiai?thaaeanue ia
?icoe?aiiiio iaoeiaiio naiiia?i EAeOO. Iniiaii ?acoeueoaoe
aeineiaeaeaiue aeiiiaiaeaeenue:
– ia iiaeia?iaeiie iaoeiai-oaoii/iie eiioa?aioei? “Eiiiiceoeieii
iaoa?iaee a aenieiaoaeoeaieo oaoiieiaiyo iaoaiineeaaeaeueiiai
ae?iaieoeoaa” (i. Aeoooa, 27-29.05.1997?.);
– ia iiaeia?iaeiiio naiiia?i “?aieiai/ii iiaeaei oa i?ioeane
aeaoi?ioaaiiy ii?enoeo i eiiiiceoeieieo iaoa?iaeia” (i.Eiaaeue, 29.09-
5.10.1997?.);
– ia i?aeia?iaei?e iaoeiai-oaoi?/i?e eiioa?aioe?? ?Eeoua eiiiiceoeeiiiua
iaoa?eaeu – 97” (i. Ee?a, aeiaoaiue – eenoiiaae 1997?.);
– ia o?ueio iaoeiai-oaoii/ieo eiioa?aioeiyo
i?ioani?nueei-aeeeaaeaoeueeiai neeaaeo EAeOO a 1995-1997 ??.
Ioae?eaoe??. Ca ?acoeueoaoaie iniiaieo aeine?aeaeaiue iioae?eiaaii 12
iaoeiaeo i?aoeue.
No?oeoo?a i ianya aeena?oaoei?. Aeena?oaoeiy neeaaea?oueny c anooio,
i’yoe ?icaeieia, iniiaieo aeniiaeia, eioa?aoo?e oa aeiaeaoeia.
Aeeeaaeaia ia 130 noi?. iaoeiiieniiai oaenoo, aiiuo? 51 ?en, 13
oaaeeoeue, aiaeiia?aoith c 132 aeaea?ae.
EI?IOEEE CIINO ?IAIOE
O anooii iaa?oioiaaii aeooaeueiinoue oaie aeena?oaoei?, iaaaaeaii
aiaeiiinoi i?i iaoeiao iiaecio ?iaioe oa aeeeaaeaii oaa?aeaeaiiy, yei
aeiinyoueny ia caoeno.
Ia?oee ?icaeie aeena?oaoei? i?enay/aiee iaeyaeo no/anieo iai?yieia
iie?auaiiy aenieoaoaoeieieo oa?aeoa?enoee /aaoiieo aeeeaie. Aiaeii/aii
iiai iiaeeeainoi neioaco EEI, iniiaith yeeo ? cae/aeii /aaoie. Iienaii
iniaeeainoi e?enoaeicaoei? iiaeenoeo, na?aaeiueiiiaeenoeo /aaoiia, ye
iaeii?? c a?oi aeaiiai eeano EEI.
I?iaiaeiciaaii iaoiaee aeaoi?ioaaiiy /aaoiia c iaoith io?eiaiiy ae?iaia.
Aenoiooi i?eiouaiiy i?i iiaeeeainoi iiaeaeuaiiy ieanoe/iinoi
na?aaeiueiiiaeenoeo /aaoiia, ye iaoa?iaeia c nooo?ai aiaeiiiiei aiae
aiaeiieo /aaoiia no?oeoo?iei noaiii. Noi?ioeueiaaii iaoa oa caaaeaiiy
aeineiaeaeaiue.
A ae?oaiio ?icaeiei iienaii iaoiaee no?oeoo?ieo aeineiaeaeaiue
iaoa?iaeia, ui aea/athoueny. I?iaiaeiciaaii iniaeeainoi no?oeoo?iiai
noaio na?aaeiueiiiaeenoeo /aaoiia o aeeeaeao (AE30?250ii) oa iiney
o?aaeeoeieieo aeaeia oaieiai? ia?iaee. Iaaaaeaii iaoiaeeeo ioeiiee
ieanoe/iinoi na?aaeiueiiiaeenoeo /aaoiia a oiiaao anaai/iiai
ia?iaiiii?iiai noeniaiiy i?e oieiaeiiio aeaoi?ioaaiii.
Ia iniiai iaoaeia?aoi/ieo aeineiaeaeaiue (IEI-8, IEI-10, IAN-10) eeoeo
na?aaeiueiiiaeenoeo /aaoiia aecia/aii iioa?aae eiioeaio?aoe?? eaaoth/iai
eiiiiiaioa (iiaei), i?e yeiio aeinyaa?oueny ooai?aiiy aeiaeaoeiai?
no?oeoo?ii? neeaaeiai? /aaoiia – aenieiiiaeenoi? e-oace. I?e
eiioeaio?aoei? iiaei a aeineiaeaeoaaieo /aaoiao (oaae.1) iiiaae 6,0%ian.
aenieiiiaeenoi aeeth/aiiy oi?iothoueny iaaeiei ia?aeiieo e?enoaeioia
a?aoioo o aeaeyaei iaieiiee oa ?iaiiii?ii ?iciiaeieythoueny a ia’?ii
iaoa?iaeo (?en. 1). ?icii? oeeo aeeth/aiue eieeaa?oueny a iaaeao
100…200 iei.
Eieaeueiei ?aioaaiiaiaeicii ia ?ano?iaiio aeaeo?iiiiio iie?ineiii
iie?iaiaeicaoi?i ia?ee ?YIIA-101A aecia/aii, ui a e-oaci /anoeiai
?ic/eiythoueny i?aeoe/ii ani eiiiiiaioe /aaoiia, e?ii aoaeaoeth oa ni?ee
(% ian.: Fe – 4…6, Si6%ian.)
niinoa?iaa?oueny /ioea noaaeieiinoue a i?ioeani ?o oieiaeii? ieanoe/ii?
aeaoi?iaoei? (e?eaa 4, ?en.2). Ia ii/aoeo ieanoe/iiai oa/iiiy ci?oeiaiiy
a-oace niia?eueith?oueny ? ia ae?aa?ai? aeaoi?iaoe?? ooai?th?oueny ciia
?ioaineaiiai ieanoe/iiai oa/?iiy. Iiney 40% caeeoeiai? aeaoi?iaoei?
aiaeaoaa?oueny iioaineaia ciioeiaiiy oa?eoo, ia ui aeaco? oaeaeeee ??no
i?eaaaeaiiai iai?oaeaiiy c?acea.
Ii-nooi, ieanoe/io aeaoi?iaoeith na?aaeiueiiiaeenoiai /aaoio c aiinoii
iiaei 8,53% iiaeia ?icaeoe ia aeaa ia??iaea. Ia?oee ia??iae
oa?aeoa?eco?oueny ?ioaineaiith ieanoe/iith aeaoi?iaoe??th aac iii?oiiai
aeaoi?iaoe?eiiai ci?oeiaiiy. Ia ae?oaiio ia??iae?, yeee ianoa? i?ney
35…40% a?aeiinii? aeaoi?iaoe??, a?aeaoaa?oueny ?ioaineaia aeaoi?iaoe?eia
ci?oeiaiiy ?c cia/iei c?inoaiiyi i?eaaaeaiiai iai?oaeaiiy ii oiaeo
aeaoi?iaoe??.
Aaaeeeaei ianeiaeeii iiyae oa ?icoe?aiiy noaaei? iioaineaii? ieanoe/ii?
aeaoi?iaoei? ? iiaeeeainoue iiaeaeuaiiy ?ano?no ieanoe/iinoi eaaiaaieo
iiaeaeth /aaoiia (iiiaae 70%). Aiaeii/an, caa?iaa?oueny aoaeo
aeaoi?iaoeieiiai ciioeiaiiy. Aeey /aaoio ieaaee 4 i?eaaaeaia iai?oaeaiiy
i?e ?oeioaaii? c?inoa? iaeaea aaeai/i ii aiaeiioaiith aei e?eoe/iiai
(s?ce?), yea aiaeiiaiaea? ii/aoeo ieanoe/iiai oa/iiiy.
?en. 2 – Aeiaa?aie aeaoi?iaoei? oa?eoieo na?aaeiueiiiaeenoeo
/aaoiia, % ian. Cu: 1 – 3,5; 2 – 4,15; 3 – 6,25; 4 – 8,53.
Io?eiaii aeiaa?aie aeaoi?iaoei? nooo?ai aiae?iciythoueny aiae aiaeiieo a
iaoeiiaoaeoaaiii a?ao?oeciaaieo /aaoi?a c iaeaeueie ieanoe/ieie
aeanoeainoyie (A* c oa?eoiith iao?eoeath, eiae? /aaoie). Anoaiiaeaii, ui
a ??aiioe?iieo oiiaao aenia?eiaioo aeey oaeeo nieaa?a aeanoeaee
i?yiie?i?eiee oa?aeoa? ci?ie i?eaaaeaiiai iai?oaeaiiy c iaeith
oaeaee?noth aeaoi?iaoe?eiiai ci?oeiaiiy. Ieanoe/ia aeaoi?iaoeiy
caeii/o?oueny i?e aeineoue iaeiio cia/aii? i?eaaaeaiiai iai?oaeaiiy
(s?c=530IIa). Iaoaiici ?oeioaaiiy ooo aiaeiiaiaea? o?aaeeoeieiei
oyaeaiiyi i?i i?ioeane aeano?oeoei? a?aoioeciaaieo /aaoiia: cia/ia
niioai?aiiy a?aoioieo e?enoaeioia coiiaeth? ooai?aiiy iae?io?iuei.
I?enooiinoue a no?oeoo?i a?aoioeciaaieo /aaoiia aenieiiiaeenoi? e-oace
ciiith? ?icaeoie ieanoe/ii? aeaoi?iaoei?, ui aoei anoaiiaeaii
iaoaeia?aoi/ieie aeineiaeaeaiiyie.
A ii/aoeiaee ia?iiae aeaoi?iaoeieia neooaoeiy a na?aaeiueiiiaeenoeo
/aaoiao (Cu>6,0% ian.) oa?aeoa?eco?oueny aoaeoii iiaeaeuaiiy
ieanoe/iinoi nieaao, ca ?aooiie iiaeeiaiiy (?aeaenaoei?) iai?oaeaiue
e-oacith. Aeaia yaeua caaaey/o? iniaeeaie aca?iiaei? no?oeoo?ieo
neeaaeiaeo eiiiiceoiiai iaoa?iaeo c ?iciei ?iaiai iaoaii/ieo ia?aiao?ia.
Iath/e, ye iaoa?iae c a.oe.e. a?aoeith, cia/io eieueeinoue nenoai
eiacaiiy nooo?ai ?icii? i?i?ioaoei?, e-oaca /aaoio caeaoia, caaaeyee
eaae?e ?aaeicaoei? oeeo nenoai, aei iiaeeiaiiy cia/ii? aeiei
iae?iaeaoi?iaoei? nieaao a ii/aoeiaee ia?iiae aeaoi?ioaaiiy. I?e
oeueiio, e-oaca cacia? iiiioii? aeaoi?iaoei? ia oiii iaei niioai?aieo
ca?ai oa?eoo (?en. 3, a).
a a
?en. 3 – Niioai?aiiy e-oace oa?eoiiai na?aaeiueiiiaeenoiai
/aaoio (8,53% ian. Cu) aeey ciie iioaineaii? aeaoi?iaoei?.
I?io?aaeaii iioaeai. ?400.Nooiiiue inaaeee:
a – 40%; a – 70%.
Ciioeithth/enue a oeae ia?iiae, e-oaca a iiaeaeueoiio (>40% caeeoeiai?
aeaoi?iaoei?) aenooia? ye nai??iaeiee eiioeaio?aoi? iai?oaeaiue,
iiioeithth/e ieanoe/io aeaoi?iaoeith iaoaei/ii? iao?eoei. I?e oeueiio,
aiaeaoaa?oueny cia/ia ciioeiaiiy a-oace na?aaeiueiiiaeenoeo /aaoiia c
ooai?aiiyi nai??iaeieo iaaeciioeiaieo aeieyiie, ye? aeeth/athoue
aenieiiiaeeno? aeeth/aiiy oa i?eeaae? aei ieo oa?eoi? ca?ia. Inoaiii, o
aeacaieo iinoeyo, caciathoue cia/iiai niioai?aiiy (?en. 3, a). Aeia?a
iii?oiei ? oaeo caa?aaeaiiy aiaeiinii eiiiaeoii? oi?ie a?aoioieie
e?enoaeioaie, ?icoaoiaaieie o aenieiiiaeenoie iaieiioei. e-oaca, a
oeueiio aeiaaeeo, aenooia? ye ieanoe/ia iaieia, ui caeaoia aoaeoeaii
?icnithaaoe iiea iai?oaeaiue iaaeiei a?aoioieo e?enoaeioia.
Iienaiee iaoaiici ieanoe/ii? aeaoi?aoei? na?aaeiueiiiaeenoeo /aaoiia
iiaeoaa?aeaeo?oueny oa?aeoa?ii ciiie iie?ioaa?aeinoi a- oa e-oace a
i?ioeani aeaoi?iaoei? (?en. 4).
A ?acoeueoao? i?iaaaeaieo aeine?aeaeaiue anoaiiaeaii, ui o aeiaaeeo
iiaeaeuaiiy oaa?aeinoi iaoaei/ii? iao?eoei na?aaeiueiiiaeenoeo /aaoiia
(ii?iaeicaoeiy, icioa?ii/ia aa?ooaaiiy), nooue aecia/aiiai iaoaiicio
aeaoi?iaoei? caa?iaa?oueny.
Nienie iioae?eiaaieo i?aoeue ca oaiith aeena?oaoe??
1.Aia?i TH.A., Aeieo?the I.A., Aona/oe Ae.A. Iniaaiiinoe no?oeoo?u e
naienoa aunieiiaaeenouo /oaoiia n oa?iaeaeiui a?aoeoii//Eeoaeiia
i?iecaiaenoai.- 1997.-?10.-N.10-12
2.Aia?i TH.A., Aona/oe Ae.A., Aia?i A.TH. Eciininoieeinoue e
aeaoi?iaoeeiiiay niiniaiinoue eiiiiceoia ia iniiaa /oaoiia n oa?iaeaeiui
a?aoeoii// I?ioeannu eeouey.- 1997.-?4.-N.15-17.
3. Aia?i TH.A., Aeieo?the I.A., Aona/oe Ae.A. Oai?aoe/aneea aniaeou
neioaca eeoaeiuo eiiiiceoiuo iaoa?eaeia//Oace aeiiiauaeae iuaeii?iaeiiai
naiuia?o “?aiaiau/iu iiaeaeu oa i?ioeane aeaoi?ioaaiiy ii?enoeo u
eiiiiceoieo iaoa?uaeua”.-Eooeuee:EI.-1997.-N.69
Aiioaoe?y
?iaioa i?enay/aia aea/aiith iioaioe?eieo iiaeeeainoae oi?ioaaiiy
o?ceei-iaoai?/ieo aeanoeainoae na?aaeiueii?aeenoeo /aaoi?a ye iiaiai
eeano eeoeo eiiiiceoieo o?eaiiaoa??ae?a. Anoaiiaeaii, ui a /aaoiao c
eiiiaeoiei a?ao?oii, ye? i?noyoue 6,0…8,0% ian. i?ae?, ooai?aiiy
aenieii?aeenoi? e-oace a?aeaoaa?oueny o aeaeyae? iaieiiee iaaeiei
e?enoae?o?a a?ao?oo. Iieacaii, ui i?e oieiaei?e ieanoe/i?e aeaoi?iaoe??
ca oiia anaa?/iiai ia??aiii??iiai noeniaiiy, na?aaeiueii?aeeno? /aaoie
oaeiai neeaaeo oa?aeoa?ecothoueny aenieeie caianii ieanoe/iino? oa
caeaoi?noth aei iaoai?/iiai ci?oeiaiiy. ?ic?iaeaii iaoai?ci oieiaeii?
ieanoe/ii? aeaoi?iaoe?? na?aaeiueii?aeenoeo /aaoi?a, a iniiao yeiai
iieeaaeaii iniaeeaino? aca?iiae?? no?oeoo?ieo neeaaeiaeo c ??cieie
iaoai?/ieie ia?aiao?aie (iaoae?/ia iao?eoey (eaaiaaia nenoaia Fe-C) +
N(a?ao?o) + e-oaca). Iniiaiei aoaeoii oaei? aca?iiae?? ? aeeeth/aiiy
yaeua ?noioiiai a?ao?oiiai oa?oaaiiy /aaoio.
Aiiioaoeey
A ?aaioa eco/aeanue a?oiia n?aaeiaiaaeenouo /oaoiia n eiiiaeoiui
a?aoeoii (Cu=3,5…8,53% ian.).
Iniiaiie oeaeueth enneaaeiaaiee auei onoaiiaeaiea caeiiiia?iinoae
no?oeoo?iia?aciaaiey e oi?ie?iaaiey oa?aeoa?enoee ieanoe/iinoe
n?aaeiaiaaeenouo /oaoiia eae eeoaeiuo eiiiiceoiuo iaoa?eaeia n iniaui
no?oeoo?iui ninoiyieai.
Oa?aeoa?iie /a?oie no?oeoo?iiai ninoiyiey eco/aaiuo nieaaia yaeyaony
i?enoonoaea a ioeeaeao, iieo/aiiuo ii niaoeeaeueiie oaoiieiaee,
noa?e/aneeo aeeth/aiee aunieiiaaeenoie e-oacu. Onoaiiaeaii, /oi aeey
iaeaieaa ecaanoiuo a ioa/anoaaiiii iaoeiino?iaiee eiino?oeoeeiiiuo
/oaoiia (aN,Si=5…6%ian.) niaea?aeaiea iaaee aeey onoie/eaiai
oi?ie?iaaiey e-oacu niioaaonoaoao ia iaiaa 6,0% ian.
Oeacaiiay iniaaiiinoue no?oeoo?iiai ninoiyiey n?aaeiaiaaeenouo /oaoiia
niinianoaoao nouanoaaiiiio iiauoaieth eo ieanoe/ii/oe. Eco/aiea aeaiiie
oa?aeoa?enoeee i?iaiaeeee ioo?i eniieueciaaiey ecaanoiiai iaoiaea
oieiaeiiai aeaoi?ie?iaaiey o?oieeo iaoa?eaeia a oneiaeyo ananoi?iiiaai
ia?aaiiia?iiai naeaoey. I?e yoii, eiaaony aiciiaeiinoue i?ineaaeeoue
?aaeoeeth iaoa?eaea ia aeaenoaea oaiaaioeeaeueiuo iai?yaeaiee,
ioaa/athueo ca aai ieanoe/aneia oa/aiea.
N?aaee ?anniao?eaaaiuo a ?aaioa nieaaia i?e oieiaeiii aeaoi?ie?iaaiee a
oneiaeyo ananoi?iiiaai ia?aaiiia?iiai naeaoey oa?eoiua /oaoiu n 8,53%
ian.Cu oa?aeoa?ecothony iaeaieueoae ieanoe/iinoueth (aei 70% inoaoi/iie
aeaoi?iaoeee). E?iia oiai, a aeaiiuo oneiaeyo, iaaethaeaaony
cia/eoaeueiia oi?i/iaiea iaoa?eaea aac iniai naienoaaiiie aeey iau/iuo
/oaoiia neienoinoe eneaae?iiuo e?enoaeeeoia a?aoeoa e iaoaeee/aneie
iao?eoeu.
Eciaiaiea o?aaeeoeeiiiie neooaoeee caeeth/aaony a naiaia?aciii
acaeiiaeaenoaee oac n nouanoaaiii ?acee/iuie iaoaie/aneeie ia?aiao?aie
(iaoaeee/aneay iao?eoea + a?aoeo + e-oaca). ?acaeoea ieanoe/aneiai
oa/aiey a ia/aeueiue ia?eiae, nii?iaiaeaeaaony naeaeoeaiui iiaeiuaieai
aeaoi?iaoeee aunieiiaaeenoie e-oacie, /oi iaoneiaeaii i?e?iaeie
e?enoaeee/aneiai no?iaiey iineaaeiae (a.oe.e. ?ao?oea). A oi aea a?aiy,
niiniaiinoue e cia/eoaeueiiio oi?i/iaieth e-oacu, a iineaaenoaee
eciaiyao neooaoeeth e i?e noaiaie aeaoi?iaoeee aieaa 40% iaeaieaa
eioaineaii aeaoi?ie?oaony iaoaeee/aneay iao?eoea. Ia aeaiiii yoaia
e-oaca aunooiaao eae eiioeaio?aoi? iai?yaeaiee, eieoeee?oy nouanoaaiiia
aeaoi?iaoeeiiiia oi?i/iaiea iaoaee/aneie iao?eoeu. Oaeia yaeaiea eiaao
iaeaieueoaa i?iyaeaiea a iau?iao iniiau /oaoia, eioi?ua ?aciauaiu aaeece
e-oacu, /oi i?eaiaeeo e oi?ie?iaaieth ?aciau?iiuo o/anoeia n aunieei
iaoaie/aneei oi?i/iaieai.
Ca n/?o oi?iiaeaiey aeaoi?ie?iaaiey iaoaeee/aneie iao?eoeu cia/eoaeueii
?anoe?yaony iaeanoue aaciianiie aeaoi?iaoeee a?aoeoece?iaaiiuo /oaoiia,
n eneeth/aieai i?aaeaeaa?aiaiiie aeeno?oeoeee e?enoaeeeoia a?aoeoa e
?ac?ooaiey iaoa?eaea. Aeaiiia ianoiyoaeuenoai aeaei aiciiaeiinoue
eniieueciaaoue onoaiiaeaiiue o?iaaiue ieanoe/iinoe n?aaeiaiaaeenouo
/oaoiia ioo?i i?eiaiaiey oieiaeiiai i?anniaaiey aeey iieo/aiey
o?eaiecaeaeee eae iaeiiai ec aiciiaeiuo i?aeoe/aneeo niiniaia
?aaeecaoeee ?acoeueoaoia ?aaiou.
A enneaaeiaaieyo iaaethaeaee i?iyaeaiea ianniia?aiina iaaee e iauaa
iieiaeeoaeueiia aeeyiea ia i?ioeann eiioaeoe?iaaiey iaoa?eaea n
aeaoi?ie?othuei eino?oiaioii, i?enoonoaothuae a /oaoiao aunieiiaaeenoie
oacu. Onoaiiaeaiiia i?e yoii, yooaeoeaiia oi?i/iaiea nieaaia
iaoneaaeeaaao cia/eoaeueiia iiauoaiea eciininoieeinoe i?annecaeaeee (a
10…15 ?ac). Yoi aea?o aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aoue aunieiea/anoaaiiua
ecaeaeey ec oa??eoiuo n?aaeiaiaaeenouo /oaoiia aeey oceia o?aiey
neieueaeaiey, aaea o?aaothony aunieea aioeo?eeoeeiiiua ia?aiao?u i?e
aeinoaoi/iie eciininoieeinoe.
Abstract
This thesis deals with studying the ways to form physical/mechanical
properties of medium-copper cast irons as a new class of cast composite
tribomaterials. It is estimated that with cast irons, containing compact
graphite and 6-8% of copper, high-copper e-phase is formed as a shell
around graphite crystallites. It is shown that in the process of cold
strain in conditions of close irregular compression, medium-copper cast
irons present a high degree of residual deformation and mechanical
strengthening. A new mechanism for cold strain of medium-copper cast
irons, based on special interaction between structure components with
various mechanical characteristics (metal matrix (alloy system Fe-C) + C
(graphite) + e-phase) has been worked out. The major effect of such
interaction is exclusion of any considerable graphite stratification of
cast iron.
*aaoi, eeoee eiiiiceoiee iaoa??ae, aenieii?aeenoa oaca, iaoai?/ia
ci?oeiaiiy, no?oeoo?a, oieiaeia i?anoaaiiy, ciinino?ee?noue.
*oaoi, eeoie eiiiiceoeeiiiue iaoa?eae, no?oeoo?a, aunieiiaaeenoay oaca,
ieanoe/aneay aeaoi?iaoeey, iaoaie/aneia oi?i/iaiea, oieiaeiia
i?anniaaiea, eciininoieeinoue.
Nast iron, cast composite, high-copper phase, mechanical strengthening,
structure, cold pressing, wear-resistance.
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