Eaioaa A.A. 1983 – Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai
AAAAeAIEA
Iiauoaiea yooaeoeaiinoe iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, oeo/-
oaiea nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey caieiatho aaaeiia ianoi
a aeayoaeueiinoe ia?oee e ainoaea?noaa. Ia iniiaa ?aoaiee
XXVI nuacaea ia?oee i?iaiaeyony ia?u niaa?oainoaiaaiey oicye-
noaaiiiai iaoaiecia, oeo/oathony ieaie?iaaiea e oi?aaeaiea
yeiiiieeie, ?acaeaathony oic?an/aoiua ioiioaiey. Ana yoi ii-
iiaeao iiauneoue o?iaaiue nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey,
i?eaioe?iaaoue oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue ia aeinoeaeaiea iaia-
oiaeeiuo iauanoao eiia/iuo yeiiiie/aneeo ?acoeueoaoia.
Oioy niaa?oainoaiaaiea nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey
yaeyaony i?aaeaea anaai caaea/ae yeiiiie/aneie, aaaeioth ?ieue a aa
?aoaiee ea?aao i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea yeiiiieee. I?aaiaua
ii?iu ia oieueei cae?aieytho neiaeeaoeany yeiiiie/aneea ioii-
oaiey, ii e niinianoaotho eo ?acaeoeth e niaa?oainoaiaaieth.
I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee – aaaeiue e
iaiouaieaiue yeaiaio oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia nioeeaeenoe/a-
neiai iauanoaa. A oneiaeyo niaa?oainoaiaaiey oi?i e iaoiaeia
nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey iiauoaaony ?ieue oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa a ?aaoee?iaaiee yeiiiieee.
I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, /aoeia
onoaiiaeaiea a i?aaiauo ii?iao ii?yaeea ?oeiaiaenoaa e inoua-
noaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe – iaiaoiaeeiia oneiaea
?aoaiey caaea/ yeiiiie/aneiai no?ieoaeuenoaa. Yoi o?aaoao ?ac-
?aaioee oai?aoe/aneeo iniia niaa?oainoaiaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, enneaaeiaaiey iao/iuo i?iaeai oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa.
Iaoea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iieo/eea a iineaaeiaa a?aiy cia-
/eoaeueiia ?acaeoea, ?ac?aaioaiu iniiaiua oai?aoe/aneea i?iaea-
iu. ecaeaiu iao/iua iiiia?aoee e eieeaeoeaiua o?oaeu ii ae-
ooaeueiui aii?inai i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioii-
oaiee. Aianoa n oai, aoaeo/e iieiaeie iaoeie, oicyenoaaiiia
i?aai iai?a?uaii ?acaeaaaony, ooi/iythony e niaa?oainoaothony
oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaua iiiyoey e eaoaai?ee, iooa/eaaaony iao/-
iue aiia?ao. Yoio i?ioeann oanii naycai n i?iaiaeeiuie ia?aie
niaa?oainoaiaaiey nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey, a iao/iuo
enneaaeiaaieyo iaoiaeyo io?aaeaiea iiaua yaeaiey, i?ienoiaeyuea
a nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieea, au?aaaouaathony i?aaeeiaeaiey ii
niaa?oainoaiaaieth i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo io-
iioaiee. I?e yoii aieueoia cia/aiea eiaao aeeiaieci nioeeaee-
noe/aneie yeiiiieee, iinoiyiiia ?acaeoea oicyenoaaiiuo ioii-
oaiee, o?aaothuaa aaeaeaaoiiai io?aaeaiey a iao/iuo enneaaeiaa-
ieyo ii oicyenoaaiiiio i?aao.
A i?aaeeaaaaiii enneaaeiaaiee iiaeaiaeyony iaeioi?ua eoiae
?acaeoey iaoee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ca iineaaeiea aiaeu e
aeaeaaony iiiuoea aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey oai?ee oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa n o/aoii aeinoeaiooiai o?iaiy oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiauo en-
neaaeiaaiee e nia?aiaiiuo caaea/ nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaa-
iey. A ?aaioa ?anniao?eaathony iauea iieiaeaiey oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa, aai i?aaeiao, nenoaia, oeaee, i?eioeeiu e iaoiaeu, noauae-
ou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, i?aai-
aie ?aaeei eiouanoaa a nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieea, i?aaiaua
iniiau oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa e yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaa-
iey, oicyenoaaiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa, ioaaonoaaiiinoue a oicyenoaai-
iuo ioiioaieyo, caueoa oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa e eioa?ania.
Ana yoe i?iaeaiu enneaaeothony a oai?aoe/aneii aniaeoa, i?e-
/ai aaoi?u no?aiyony aeaoue iiaia oai?aoe/aneia ?aoaiea iaeioi-
?uo ec ieo eee ooi/ieoue neiaeeaoeany ?aiaa iao/iua i?aaenoaa-
eaiey. Eiaiii iauea iieiaeaiey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iaeaieaa
y?ei au?aaeatho oa?aeoa?iua /a?ou e ii?aaeaeytho niaea?aeaiea
aeaiiie iaoee. Aianoa n oai auaeaeaathony i?aaeeiaeaiey ii oeo/-
oaieth i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a
oeaeyo niaa?oainoaiaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia, iiauoaiey
yooaeoeaiinoe iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
Ia?yaeo n iiceoeaiie ?ac?aaioeie oai?aoe/aneeo i?iaeai e
einoeoooia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa aieueoia aieiaiea oaeaeyaony
aiaeeco noaeaeaiee, auneacuaaaiuo a th?eaee/aneie iaoea ii nii?-
iui aii?inai i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioa-
iee. Yoi iaiaoiaeeii e iaecaaaeii i?e nia?aiaiiii ninoiyiee
iaoee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Aeoiaaony, /oi eiaiii oaeie iiaeoiae,
ni/aoaiea iiceoeaiie ?ac?aaioee ii?i e einoeoooia oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa n e?eoe/aneei aiaeecii noaeaeaiee o/aiuo, noiyueo
ia eiuo oai?aoe/aneeo iiceoeeyo, aoaeao niinianoaiaaoue aeaeueiae-
oaio ?acaeoeth iaoee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, niaa?oainoaiaaieth
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
?aaioa iaienaia aaoi?neei eieeaeoeaii a neaaeothuai ninoa-
aa: Aaiaa O. A. (ae. VII), Caiaiaio 3. I. (ae. Ill), Eocue-
iei A. O. (ae. IV, 1, 3, 4), Eaioaa A. A. (aaaaeaiea, ae. 1, II),
Iaiooia A. E. (ae. VI), Oai/oe E. A. (ae. IV, 2; ae. V).
!!5
Aeaaa 1
IIIssOEA
OICssENOAAIIIAI I?AAA
1. I?aaeiao oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
A niaaoneie i?aaiaie iaoea oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo-
/eei i?aaenoaaeaiea i nenoaia i?aaa eae i yaeaiee iauaeoeaiii.
Aeaiiia i?aaenoaaeaiea i?aaeeueii a oii niunea, /oi i?aai eae
th?eaee/aneay iaaeno?ieea i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony yeiiiie/aneei aace-
nii iauanoaa. Io?anee i?aaa auaeaeythony ii i?aaeiaoo ?aaoee?i-
aaiey, ii oa?aeoa?o ?aaoee?oaiuo eie iauanoaaiiuo ioiioa-
iee. Iiyoiio i?e enneaaeiaaiee io?anee i?aaa iaiaoiaeeii i?aaeaea
anaai onoaiiaeoue, eaeea iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey ?aaoee?othony
aa ii?iaie.
Aii?in i i?aaeiaoa oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa a oa/aiea ?yaea eao
iiaeaa?aaeny aeeneonneyi a i?aaiaie iaoea. I?e yoii ianoaeaeaiea
aeaiiiai aii?ina iaiin?aaenoaaiii naycuaaeinue n caaea/aie niaa?-
oainoaiaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Oioy iinea aeen-
eonnee eiioea 50-o – ia/aea 60-o aiaeia auee ecaeaiu Iniiau
a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ia aini?eiyaoea eiioeaioeeth oi-
cyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, a aeaeueiaeoai oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noai noaei ?acaeaaoueny eae naiinoiyoaeueiay noa?a i?aaiaiai
?aaoee?iaaiey. Yoi iaoei au?aaeaiea a iinoaiiaeaiee OeE EINN
i Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 25 ethiy 1975 a. (*1),
a ia?ii?eyoeyo ii niaa?oainoaiaaieth oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiec-
ia, a auaeaeaiee a no?oeoo?a Naiaea caeiiia NNN? naiinoiyoaeue-
iiai ?acaeaea, iinayuaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao i ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa.
Aianoa n oai ?acaeaaaony e naia oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaay eii-
oeaioeey, iiyaeythony iiaua iiiaiou i iai?aaeaiey a aa enoieei-
aaiee. Oae, anee a 50-a aiaeu oa?aeoa?iui auei ?acaeaeaiea o/a-
iuo ia aeaa aieueoea a?oiiu – noi?iiieeia e i?ioeaieeia oicye-
noaaiii-i?aaiaie eiioeaioeee, oi a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iiiaea
o/aiua, ?aiaa iieiinoueth io?eoeaaoea oicyenoaaiiia i?aai, noaee
auaeaeaaoue naia iiieiaiea yoie noa?u i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey.
A ?acoeueoaoa oaeiai ?acaeoey aeey nia?aiaiiiai ia?eiaea oa?ae-
oa?ia iiiaeanoaaiiinoue eiioeaioeee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa a niaao-
neie th?eaee/aneie iaoea.
(**1) NI NNN?, 1975, ? 16, n. 98.
!!6
Aieueoia ?ani?ino?aiaiea eiaao iiieiaiea oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa eae aaeeiie i naiinoiyoaeueiie io?anee i?aaa, ?aaoee?oth-
uae oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey ii ai?eciioaee e aa?oeeaee. Aeai-
iay eiioeaioeey, ?acaeaeyaiay aaoi?aii ianoiyuae ?aaiou, a ii-
neaaeiea aiaeu eioaineaii ?acaeaaaony (*2).
Ia?yaeo n yoei iieo/aao aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea e eiioeaioeey
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae eiiieaeniie io?anee, auaeaeiooay
E), E. Oienoui (*3). Oaia?ue yoa eiioeaioeey a iniiaiii iiaeaea?aeaia
e N. N. Aeaenaaaui, ?acee/athuei e
aathuei oicyenoaaiiia i?aai eae
noaia niaaoneiai i?aaa (*4).
A iineaaeiea aiaeu neiaeeeanue aua iaeia eiioeaioeey oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa. Aa aaoi?ii yaeyaony E. A. E?anueei, n/eoathuee, /oi
oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ?aaoee?oao oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey a ai-
noaea?noaaiiii naeoi?a. Iineaaeiea iiieiathony eae iaeii?iaeiua
yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey, i?iyaeythueany a i?aaiecoaiuo aino-
aea?noaii i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo a eo oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiie
oi?ia e neeaaeuaathueany iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaiecaoeey-
ie II eo iiae?acaeaeaieyie (*5). Yoa eiioeaioeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?a-
aa iiaeao auoue oneiaii iacaaia oiaa?iie, oae eae ath ioaaou-
aathony oieueei oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey a oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiie
oi?ia. A nayce n yoei ec noa?u oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eneeth-
/aaony ?aaoee?iaaiea ia iinyueo oiaa?iiai oa?aeoa?a ioiioa-
iee ii ?oeiaiaenoao oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth. Iaeiaei n yoei
iaeuecy niaeaneoueny, iineieueeo ?oeiaiaenoai e inouanoaeaiea oi-
cyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ninoaaeytho i?e nioeeaeecia ia?ac?ua-
iia aaeeinoai. I?aaenoaaeyaony iaiainiiaaiiui e ia?aie/aiea
noa?u aeaenoaey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ainoaea?noaaiiui naeoi?ii
yeiiiieee. Ainoaea?noaaiiia oicyenoai ninoaaeyao aianoa n eiiia-
?aoeaiui aaeeiue eiiieaen, iaaeaeo aai caaiueyie – ainoaea?noaai-
iuie e eiiia?aoeaiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie – neeaaeuaathony oicye-
noaaiiua ioiioaiey, ?aaoee?oaiua aaeeiuie i?aaiauie ii?ia-
ie. Iiyoiio oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ia iiaeao
auoue naaaeaii oieueei e ioiioaieyi, neeaaeuaathueiny a ainoaea?-
noaaiiii naeoi?a yeiiiieee.
Iiaie eiioeaioeeae oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa yaeyaony oai?ey
Ii aai iiaieth, oicyenoaaiiia i?aai yaeyaony ii?iaoeaiui ian-
neaii, aeeth/athuei ii?iu ?aciuo io?aneae i?aaa, ooieoeeiiaeue-
ii naycaiiua iaaeaeo niaie (*6). Ii o?aeoiaea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
eae ii?iaoeaiiai ianneaa ia aeaao aiciiaeiinoe /aoei ii?aaeaeeoue
a?aieoeu yoiai iiiyoey. Aaaeue ii?iaoeaiui ianneaii yaeyaony e
io?aneue i?aaa, e aa ?acaeae, e ioaeaeueiue i?aaiaie einoeooo.
Iia?e?oy noieue iauae eaoaai?eae, o?oaeii aeinoeaiooue ii?aaeaeai-
iinoe a onoaiiaeaiee iiiyoey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
(**2) Ni.: Oai?aoe/aneea i?iaeaiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. I.: Iaoea, 1975.
(**3) Ni.: Oienoie TH. E. I?iaeaiu niaa?oainoaiaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai caei-
iiaeaoaeuenoaa.- A ei.: I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioa-
iee. I.: EAIAI NNN?, 1978, n. 31-50.
(**4) Ni,: Aeaenaaa N. N. No?oeoo?a niaaoneiai i?aaa. I.: TH?eae. eeo., 1975,
n. 198,206.
(**5) E?anueei E. A. Aeooaeueiua i?iaeaiu niaaoneiai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa,
Oa?ueeia: Aeua oeiea, 1976, n. 25.
(**6) E?anaa/eeia I. A. Nenoaia i?aaa e nenoaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa: (A?ai^
aeainei-i?aaiaie aniaeo).- I?aaiaaaeaiea, 1975, E> 2. n. 70.
!!7
Iaeaieaa iainiiaaiiie eiioeaioeeae oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ya-
eyaony, ia iao acaeyae, neiaeeaoayny ca iineaaeiea aeaa aeanyoe-
eaoey e iieo/athuay aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea oai?ey oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa eae aaeeiie e naiinoiyoaeueiie io?anee i?aaa. Niaeanii
yoie eiioeaioeee oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ?aaoee?oao ioiioaiey,
neeaaeuaathueany iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie e eo
iiae?acaeaeaieyie i?e ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouanoaeaiee oicyenoaai-
iie aeayoaeueiinoe. Aeaiiua ioiioaiey iacuaathony oicyenoaaiiu-
ie e aicieeatho a i?ioeanna nioeeaeenoe/aneiai aini?iecaiaenoaa.
Iaeiaei a oiaea nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey neeaaeuaathony
ia oieueei oicyenoaaiiua, ii e o?oaeiaua ioiioaiey e ioiioaiey,
iai?aaeaiiua ia oaeiaeaoai?aiea iaoa?eaeueiuo iio?aaiinoae
a?aaeaeai. I?aaeiao oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ninoaaeytho ia ana ioii-
oaiey nioeeaeenoe/aneiai aini?iecaiaenoaa, a oieueei /anoue eo –
oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey.
Oicyenoaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue a iaoae no?aia iniiauaaaony ia
nioeeaeenoe/aneie nianoaaiiinoe e iineo ieaiiaue oa?aeoa?. Yoi
ii?aaeaeyao niaea?aeaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, neeaaeuaath-
ueony i?e inouanoaeaiee oicyenoaaiiie, aeayoaeueiinoe oe ?oei-
aiaenoaa ath. Aeaiiua ioiioaiey ni/aoatho eiouanoaaiiua e iea-
iiai-i?aaiicaoeeiiiua yeaiaiou. Yoi ioiineony eae e ai?ecii-
oaeueiui oicyenoaaiiui ioiioaieyi, neeaaeuaathueiny i?e
inouanoaeaiee oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, oae e e aa?oeeaeue-
iui. aicieeathuei i?e ?oeiaiaenoaa ath (*7).
Iaeiaei o?aeoiaea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ii ai?eciioaee
Ti aa?oeeaee eae aaeeiuo ii naiae i?e?iaea ioiioaiee aucuaaao
aic?aaeaiey ni noi?iiu iaeioi?uo o/aiuo. Ai iiiaii yoi nay-
caii ni neiaeeaoaeny ecaeaaia o?aaeeoeeae ?acaeaeaiey oeacaiiuo
ioiioaiee ia i?aaiecaoeeiiiua, ioiineiua e aaeieieno?aoeaiiio
i?aao, II eiouanoaaiiua, i?e/eneyaiua e noa?a a?aaeaeaineiai
i?aaa. Enoiaey ec iiaeiaiuo i?aaenoaaeaiee, TH. X. Eaeiueia
ieoao, /oi aeey oeeaeeenoia
oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey iaiaeii?iaeiu (*8). Oaeie
oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey ?an/eaiythony i eo /anoe ioiinyony e
aaeieieno?aoeaiiio e a?aaeaeaineiio i?aao. I?e yoii ooaa?aeaeaao-
ny. /oi ?acee/aiea a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo eiouanoaaiiuo
e ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo yeaiaioia
eiouanoaaiiua ii i?aaiecaoeeiiiua i?eciaaony aannii?iie enoeiie.
(**7) Iiae?iaiaa ni.: Eaioaa A. A. I?aaeiao e nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
I.: TH?eae. eeo.. 1969.
(**8) Ni,: Eaeiueia TH. X. Aii?inu i?eiaiaiey a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo oth?i.
Na?aoia: Ecae-ai Na?ao. oi-oa. 1976, n. 221.
(**9) Ni.: E?aaoeia A. E. Nioeeaeenoe/aneia i?iecaiaenoai e a?aaeaeaineia i?a-
ai.- I?aaiaaaeaiea, 1979. ? 2, n. 42,
!!8
Oae. A. E. ?aeoa? ienae, /oi
iiaeaeiinoue eiouanoaaiiuo, o?aeoiaea aea eo eae ni/aoathueo
eiouanoaaiiua e ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua yeaiaiou ia?ooaao
oeaeinoiinoue a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa e neiaeeaoeany a iai nayce (*10).
Iaeiaei nio?aiaiea
oeeiiiii iiieiaiee ia oieueei ia aannii?ii, ii a aunoae noaia-
ie niiieoaeueii, a, n iaoae oi/ee c?aiey, i?eioeeieaeueii iai?a-
aeeueii. Aiiaua, a?yae ee iiaeii i?eciaoue ieiaeioai?iie e?eoeeo
iiaie eiioeaioeee n iiceoeee o?aaeeoeeiiiie oai?ee, iineieueeo i?e
oaeii iiaeoiaea iiaua eaeae i?eciathony iaiainiiaaiiuie oieueei
iioiio, /oi iie ia niioaaonoaotho ii?iaa?aaaiui eie noa?ui
i?aaenoaaeaieyi (*11).
Ionoaeaaiea neiaeeaoeony i?aaiauo iiiyoee a oneiaeyo
niaa?oainoaiaaiey oi?i e iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie ia
niinianoaoao ?aoaieth iiauo caaea/. Oa?aeoa?ii, /oi, aiai?y
i eiioeaioeee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo,
A. E. ?aeoa? aeaaea ia oiiiyioe i?iaiaeeiua ia?ii?eyoey ii ni-
aa?oainoaiaaieth oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia.
?acoiaaony, i?e oaeii iiaeoiaea eneeth/aaony ?acaeoea nenoaiu
i?aaa, iiyaeaiea iiauo i?aaiauo io?aneae, niioaaonoaothueo
iaiythueiny iauanoaaiiui ioiioaieyi a oneiaeyo c?aeiai ni-
oeeaeecia.
Iaiainiiaaiiinoue eaii?e?iaaiey ?aaeueii i?ienoiaeyueo i?i-
oeannia iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey e io?aaeathueo eo iieiaeaiee
iaoee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iniciaaony e iaeioi?uie o/aiuie,
ia i?eciathueie oicyenoaaiiia i?aai naiinoiyoaeueiie io?aneueth.
Oae. N). A. E?anaa/eeia ioia/aao iai?aaeeueiinoue iieiaeaiey,
nai I. A. E?anaa/eeia, ii nouanoao, aeaenoaoao oaeei aea ia?a-
(**10) Ni.: ?aeoa? A. E. I oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaie oai?ee.- Nia. ain.. e i?aai,
1980, ? 8, n. 35-37.
(**11) Iai?aaeeueiinoue oaeiai iaoiaeieiae/aneiai i?eaia oaea ioia/aeanue a
eeoa?aoo?a. Ni,: Oienoie TH. E. Eiinoeoooeey NNN? e oicyenoaaiiia ca-
eiiiaeaoaeuenoai.- A ei,: Eiinoeoooeey NNN? e i?aaiaua i?iaeaiu niaa?-
oainoaiaaiey ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii. I.: EAIAI NNN?, 1979, n. 79.
(**)12 Eoae?yaoeaa A. I. I?aaiaay iaoea e iauanoaaiiue i?ia?ann.- Ecaanoey,
1975,7 ethey.
(**13) Ni.: E?anaa/eeia P. A. Iniiaiua yoaiu eiaeeoeeaoeee oicyenoaaiiiai ca-
eiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.- A ei.: Nai?iee o/aiuo o?oaeia Naa?aeeianeiai th?eaee-
/aneiai einoeoooa. Naa?aeeiane: Naa?aee. th?eae. ii-o, 1972, aui. 18, n. 12.
!!9
aeii ooaa?aeaeay, /oi anee oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey iaeii?iaeiu,
/oi i?eciaiea aaeeinoaa oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee eneeth/aao eo
aeeooa?aioeeaoeeth ia ai?eciioaeueiua e aa?oeeaeueiua.
Iaeiaei aeeooa?aioeeaoeey aaeeiuo iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee
aiieia aiciiaeia e i?eiaiyaony ai anao io?aneyo i?aaa. Iai?e-
ia?, a iaoea o?oaeiaiai i?aaa iiae/a?eeaaaony eae aaeeinoai, oae
e aeeooa?aioeeaoeey o?oaeiauo ioiioaiee, a i?aaeaeao eioi?uo au-
aeaeythony eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua i eieeaeoeaiua ioiioaiey (*15). A a?aae-
aeaineii i?aaa ?acee/athony eiouanoaaiiua e iaeiouanoaaiiua
ioiioaiey eae i?aaeiao yoie io?anee.
Eiia/ii, e a oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa, e ai iiiaeo ae?oaeo i?aai-
auo io?aneyo i?aaeiao ?aaoee?iaaiey ioee/aaony ia iieiie iaeii-
?iaeiinoueth, a nei?aa aaeeinoaii ioaaouaaaiuo io?aneueth iaua-
noaaiiuo ioiioaiee. I?e/ai n yoie oi/ee c?aiey i?aaeiao
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa aieaa iaeii?iaeai, /ai, neaaeai, i?aaeiao
a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa a aai o?aaeeoeeiiiii iiieiaiee. Aaaeue iaaeaeo
oicyenoaaiiuie ioiioaieyie ii ai?eciioaee e aa?oeeaee noua-
noaoao ia?ac?uaiay naycue, iie a nouiinoe ninoaaeytho /anoe aaee-
iuo e neiaeiuo oicyenoaaiiuo, ioiioaiee, ia iiaoueo auoue ?aa-
eeciaaiiuie iaeia aac ae?oaie. A oi aea a?aiy naycue iaaeaeo eio-
uanoaaiiuie e iaeiouanoaaiiuie ioiioaieyie a a?aaeaeaineii
i?aaa a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa ionoonoaoao, a eo iauaaeeiaiea a
iaeiie io?anee iniiauaaaony eeoue ia neiaeeaoeony o?aaeeoeeyo e
aaeeinoaa iaoiaea i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aeaiiuo ioiioaiee.
Aaeeinoai i?aaeiaoa ethaie io?anee i?aaa ia eneeth/aao, a, ia-
i?ioea, i?aaeiieaaaao aeeooa?aioeeaoeeth ?aaoee?oaiuo ath iaua-
noaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Oaeay aeeooa?aioeeaoeey, ia iiae?uaay aaeei-
noaa i?aaeiaoa ?aaoee?iaaiey, iicaieyao aieaa /aoei onoaiiaeoue
e?oa iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, ?aaoee?oaiuo io?aneueth.
A iineaaeiaa a?aiy auneacaii iiaiea i oii, /oi ?acaeaeaiea
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo a?aaeaeaineei e aaeieieno?aoea-
iui i?aaii eiaao iniaoth
I?e yoii e
ainoaea?noaaiiia, aaeieieno?aoiaiia, a?aaeaeaineia, oaieiaiia i
i?ioeannoaeueiia i?aai (*17). Iaeiaei aeaeaiea io?aneae i?aaa ia
iniiaiua e iainiiaiua ia iiaeao auoue i?eciaii iainiiaaiiui,
a nai auai?
/aiee eo a aeecie iauanoaa, a oieueei ia th?eaee/aneeo e?eoa?eyo.
Iaoaeeaeoaeueii, /oi i?e oaeii iiaeoiaea e
ianaiu eeoue aeaaii neiaeeaoeany o?aaeeoeeiiiua io?anee, noua-
noaiaaaoea e a i?aaeoanoaothueo iauanoaaiiuo oi?iaoeeyo, oiaaea
eae iiaua io?anee i?aaa, iaeaieaa oa?aeoa?iua aeey nioeeaeenoe-
/aneiai no?iy,- o?oaeiaia i?aai, oicyenoaaiiia i?aai – ieaca-
eenue ia iniiaiuie, a aoi?inoaiaiiuie.
(**14) Oicyenoaaiiia I?aai/Iiae ?aae. A. I. A?eaaiiaa e I. A. E?anaa/eeiaa.
I.: TH?eae. eeo., 1977, n. 19.
(**15) Ni.: Niaaoneia o?oaeiaia i?aai: Aii?inu oai?ee/Ioa. ?aae. N. A. Eaaiia.
I.: Iaoea, 1978. n. 214-313.
(**16) Ni.: Aeaenaaa N. N., sseiaeaa A. O. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaai-
iuo ioiioaiee.- Nia. ain. e i?aai, 1979, ? 3, n, 63.
(**17) Ni.: Aeaenaaa N. N. Io?anee niaaoneiai i?aaa: I?iaeaiu, enoiaeiua ii-
eiaeaiey.- Nia. ain. e i?aai, 1979, ? 9, n. 20.
!!10
Iiae/a?eeaaiea iniaie
?aaoee?iaaiee yeiiiieee ieioi oaycuaaaony n i?iaiaeeiuie
iuia ia?aie niaa?oainoaiaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia. Iie
iniiauaathony eiaiii ia aaeeinoaa oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee,
a ia ia ?acaeaeaiee eo ia i?aaiecaoeeiiiua e eiouanoaaiiua,
iauaeoeaii i?eaiaeyuai e i?ioeaiiinoaaeaieth yoeo a?oii ioiioaiee.
I?ioeaiiinoaaeaiea i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo e eiouanoaaiiuo io-
iioaiee naycaii n i?aoaaee/aieai ?iee oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo io-
iioaiee a nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieea. I?e oaeii iiaeoiaea
ioiioaiey ii ai?eciioaee o?aeoothony eae eiouanoaaiiua, oiaa?-
ii-aeaiaaeiua eee eiathuea oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeioth oi?io. Iaeiaei
eiouanoaaiiua yeaiaiou eiathony e a ioiioaieyo ii aa?oeea-
ee. a ioiioaiey ii ai?eciioaee iaeaeathony a oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeioth
oi?io aeaeaei ia anaaaea. I?eiyoea oiaa?iinoe e iaoiaa?iinoe ca
iniiao eeanneoeeaoeee oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee i?eieaeaao ?ieue
eo ieaiiainoe. Iaaeaeo oai ana nioeeaeenoe/aneea oicyenoaaiiua
ioiioaiey, a oii /enea e eiathuea oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeioth oi?io,
yaeythony i?aaeaea anaai ieaiiia?iuie, eiaiii ieaiiainoue iau-
aaeeiyao eo e aeieaeia neoaeeoue iniiaiui i?eciaeii i?e oa?ae-
oa?enoeea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Ia?aioeaiea ?iee oiaa?ii-
noe nioeeaeenoe/aneeo oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee i?eaaea iaeioi-
?uo o/aiuo e o?aeoiaea nioeeaeenoe/aneiai i?iecaiaenoaa anaai
eeoue eae iaeiie ec ?aciiaeaeiinoae oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa, /oi
auei iiaeaa?aiooi iainiiaaiiie e?eoeea a eeoa?aoo?a (*18).
?acaeaeaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ia i?aaiecaoeeiiiua e
eiouanoaaiiua i?ioeai?a/eo i?ienoiaeyuae a oneiaeyo c?aeiai
nioeeaeecia yeiiiiecaoeee oi?aaeaiey io?aneyie ia?iaeiiai oi-
cyenoaa, i?eiaiaieth oic?an/aoiuo iaoiaeia a aeayoaeueiinoe ia
oieueei i?aaei?eyoee e iauaaeeiaiee, ii i i?iiuoeaiiuo e no?ie-
oaeueiuo ieienoa?noa, oe?ieiio eniieueciaaieth aeiaiai?a eae
eino?oiaioa ieaie?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Oaeea
oaiaeaioeee iaoee y?eia au?aaeaiea a iinoaiiaeaiee OeE EINN
e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN?
1979 a. (*19). A niioaaonoaee n yoei iinoaiiaeaieai (eioi?ia a aeaeue-
iaeoai aeey e?aoeinoe iacuaaaony
iaaeaeythony iaoa?eaeueiuie e oeiainiauie ?ano?naie, ia?aai-
aeyony ia naiioeiaine?iaaiea, iiauoaaony eo yeiiiie/aneay io-
aaonoaaiiinoue. A oaeeo oneiaeyo ieienoa?noaa anooiatho a oic-
?an/aoiua ioiioaiey n i?aaei?eyoeyie e iauaaeeiaieyie, eioua-
noaaiiua yeaiaiou a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo ii aa?oeeaee
i?iyaeythony iniaaiii io/aoeeai.
(**18) Ni.: Iaiooia A. E. Niaa?oainoaiaaiea i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicye-
noaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Eeaa: Iaoe, aeoiea, 1982, n. 22.
(**19) NI NNN?, 1979, ? 18, no. 118.
!!11
Aii?aee yoiio iaeioi?ua o/aiua i?iaeieaeatho ianoaeaaoue ia
iaiaoiaeeiinoe ?aca?aie/aiey eiouanoaaiiuo e i?aaiecaoeeii-
iuo ioiioaiee, naycuaay oic?an/ao oieueei n ia?aie a?oiiie io-
iioaiee (*20). Ii iiaeii ee n/eoaoue, /oi aeaenoaothuaa ia oic?an-
/aoiuo ia/aeao ieienoa?noai i?e ?oeiaiaenoai iiae/eiaiiuie
i?aaei?eyoeyie anooiaao n ieie a i?aaiecaoeeiiiua ioiioaiey,
eeoaiiua eiouanoaaiiuo yeaiaioia? Iiaeii ee o?aeoiaaoue oi-
cyenoaaiiue aeiaiai?, eniieuecoaiue a ea/anoaa eino?oiaioa iea-
ie?iaaiey, eae ?aaoee?othuee oieueei eiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey,
lie eiathuea ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo yeaiaioia? Aeoiaaony, /oi
a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiea i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo e
eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieea ia
oieueei ia ioaa/aao ?aaeueiie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, ii e i?ioeai?a/eo
caaea/ai niaa?oainoaiaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia.
Ia?aioeaiea oiaa?iie oi?iu i?eaiaeeo iaeioi?uo o/aiuo i e
io?eoeaieth i?aaiaiai oa?aeoa?a aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
Aioo?eoicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey, neeaaeuaathueany iaaeaeo iiae-
?acaeaeaieyie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia, ia yaeythony oiaa?iuie, ia
iiaoo ?anniao?eaaoueny eae a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaua e a neeo yoiai
iauyaeythony aiana ia i?aaiauie, a i?aaiecaoeeiiii-oaoie/anee-
ie (*21). Ii iiaieth noi?iiieeia iiaeiaiuo aicc?aiee, ioiioaiey
iaaeaeo iiae?acaeaeaieyie oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia
iua ioiioaiey iinyo aiieia ?aaeueiue i?aaiaie oa?aeoa?, a i?i-
oeanna eo inouanoaeaiey o iiae?acaeaeaiee oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia
aicieeatho acaeiiua i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe, i?eiaieoaeueii e aioo-
?eoicyenoaaiiui ioiioaieyi iaaeaeo iiae?acaeaeaieyie i?iecaiae-
noaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee yoi i?yii onoaiiaeaii a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
(ni. 3, ae. 2).
Aieueoae /anoueth ia?aioeaiea oiaa?iie oi?iu oicyenoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee naycaia n io?eoeaieai oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaie eiioeai-
oeee. Ii a iineaaeiaa a?aiy iiyaeeanue auaeaeiooay E. A. E?anueei
II ?anniio?aiiay auoa eiioeaioeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, niaeanii-
eioi?ie i?aaeiaoii yoie io?anee yaeythony oicyenoaaiiua ioii-
oaiey a oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiie oi?ia. A niioaaonoaee n oaeei iiie-
iaieai oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey ii ai?eciioaee io?uaathony io
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ii aa?oeeaee, eioi?ua i?e/eneythony
e aaeieieno?aoeaiiio i?aao. Aac aeinoaoi/iuo iniiaaiee i?e-
ciathony eiathueie oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeioth oi?io aioo?eoicyenoaai-
iua ioiioaiey. Oaeei ia?acii, ia?aioeaiea ?iee oiaa?iinoe i?e-
aaea it a yoii neo/aa e ?ac?uao oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ii
ai?eciioaee e aa?oeeaee.
(**20) Ni,: Ianeia A. O., Iooeei A. A., I?iiiiaiei E. O. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?i-
aaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe a oneiaeyo nioeeaeecia,- Nia. ain.
e i?aai, 1980, ? 1, n. 16.
(**21) Ni.: A?aoonue N. I. TH?eaee/aneea eeia a niaaoneii a?aaeaeaineii oe?aaa..
I.: Ainth?ecaeao, 1947, n. 291; Nia/ae A. A. Aioo?eoicyenoaaiiue oic?an-
/ao a i?iiuoeaiiinoe: I?aaiaua aii?inu. I.: TH?eae. eeo., 1972, n. 31;
?aoieeiae/ A. A. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe iau-
aaeeiaiey (eiiaeiaoa).- Nia. ain. e i?aai, 1975, ? 2, n. 87.
(**22) Eiiei I. I. Iniiau i?aaiaie i?aaiecaiee e oi?aaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaii.
Na?aoia: Ecae-ai Na?ao. oi-oa. 1976, n. 71.
!!12
Iaaeaeo oai aaeeinoai yoeo ioiioaiee ninoaaeyao iniiao i?i-
aiaeeiuo ia?ii?eyoee ii niaa?oainoaiaaieth oicyenoaaiiiai ia-
oaiecia. Oicyenoaaiiue iaoaieci iaiaeeiaeiai ii?aaeaeyaony
o/aiuie-yeiiiienoaie. A. ?aaeaaa n/eoaao, /oi oicyenoaaiiue
iaoaieci yaeyaony eaoaai?eae i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee e
aeeth/aao aeaa o?iaiy: iauaeoeaiue iaoaieci aeaenoaey yeiiiie-
/aneeo caeiiia e eiie?aoiua oi?iu e iaoiaeu noauaeoeaiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe ainoaea?noaa a i?ioeanna oi?aaeaiey ia?iaeiui oicye-
noaii (*23). E. E. Aaaeeei iiae/a?eeaaao ia?ac?uaiia aaeeinoai
oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia n aeayoaeueiinoueth nioeeaeenoe/aneiai
ainoaea?noaa ii ?oeiaiaenoao yeiiiieeie^ Ii n/eoaao, /oi oicye-
noaaiiue iaoaieci – neiaeiia e iiiaiieaiiaia yaeaiea, eioi?ia
iaeuecy iieiinoueth ioianoe e noa?a yeiiiie/aneiai aacena eee
noauaeoeaiuo oaeoi?ia (*24). Ii iiaieth I. A. Aoie/a,
A. I. ?oiyioeaa iieaaaao, /oi
aeaeyao oicyenoaaiiue iaoaieci eae
Ana yoi iieacuaaao, /oi oicyenoaaiiue iaoaieci iiaeii ?an-
niao?eaaoue a ?aciuo aniaeoao: n iaeiie noi?iiu, eae iauaeoea-
iue iaoaieci nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieee, a n ae?oaie – eae
niaieoiiinoue yeiiiie/aneeo, i?aaiauo, nioeeaeueii-ineoieiae/a-
neeo e i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo no?oeoo?, oi?i e iaoiaeia, iaania/eaath-
ueo ?aoeeiiaeueiia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiie-
ee. Aieaa i?aaeeueiui i?aaenoaaeyaony aoi?ia iiieiaiea oicye-
noaaiiiai iaoaiecia, auyaeythuaa aai cia/aiea eae aeoeaiiai
(**23) Ni.: ?aaeaaa A. Niaa?oainoaiaaiea iaoaiecia nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicye-
noaiaaiey.- Ieai. oic-ai, 1979, ? 6, n. 72.
(**24) Ni.: Aaaeeei E. E. Oicyenoaaiiue iaoaieci e yeiiiie/aneay iieeoeea
ia?oee.- Aii?. yeiiiieee, 1980, ? 1, n. 7.
(**25) Aoiei I. A. Oicyenoaaiiue iaoaieci ?acaeoiai nioeeaeecia: Nouiinoue,
no?oeoo?a, i?iaeaiu e ia?niaeoeau. I.: Iaoea, 1980, n. 49.
(**26) ?oiyioeaa A. I. Oicyenoaaiiue iaoaieci ?acaeoiai nioeeaeecia.- Nioe.
eiaeono?ey, 1979,5 ieo.
(**27) Iaaeaaaeaa A. Eaieineea i?eioeeiu oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie a nia?aiai-
iuo oneiaeyo.- Eiiioieno, 1980, ? 5, n. 26.
!!13
oaeoi?a iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe nioeeaeenoe/aneiai i?iecaiae-
noaa. Ia?aia aea aai iiieiaiea, iiae/a?eeaathuaa iauaeoeaiinoue
aeaenoaey yeiiiie/aneeo caeiiia, ii nouanoao ioiaeaeanoaeyao oi-
cyenoaaiiue iaoaieci n yeiiiieeie eae niaieoiiinoueth i?iec-
aiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Ii iauaeoeaiia aeaenoaea yeiiiie/aneeo
caeiiia – yoi ia oicyenoaaiiue iaoaieci, a aai iauaeoeaiay iniiaa.
Eniieueciaaiea iiiyoey
i?aaeeueiiio iniuneaieth ?iee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa a ?aaoee-
?iaaiee yeiiiieee. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo io-
iioaiee ninoaaeyao yeaiaio oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia, a yoii
niunea oicyenoaaiiia i?aai caieiaao a oicyenoaaiiii iaoaiec-
ia oaeia aea ianoi, eae e aai yeiiiie/aneea, i?aaiecaoeeiiiua
e nioeeaeueii-ineoieiae/aneea yeaiaiou. A oi aea a?aiy a nayce
n inouanoaeaieai oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e ?oeiaiaenoaa ath
a i?aaiauo oi?iao oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ninoaaeyao th?eaee/aneoth
iniiao anaai oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia, ?aaoee?oao ioiioaiey,
neeaaeuaathueany iaaeaeo aai caaiueyie ii ai?eciioaee e aa?oeeaee.
Caaiueyie oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia yaeythony nioeeaeenoe/a-
neea i?aaiecaoeee e eo iiae?acaeaeaiey. Eiaiii iie yaeythony o/a-
noieeaie oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee nioeeaeenoe/aneiai iauanoaa.
Yoi i?yii auoaeaao ec nouiinoe ieaiiaie nioeeaeenoe/aneie yei-
iiieee. a eioi?ie oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue aaaeoo ia ioaeaeue-
iua a?aaeaeaia, a eo eieeaeoeau. Aeaiiia ianoiyoaeuenoai iiae/a?-
eeaaaony eae oa?aeoa?iue i?eciae oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a
iaoea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ia oieueei iaoae no?aiu, ii e ca-
?oaaaeiuo nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?ai. Oae, /aoineiaaoeeee o/aiue
N. Aaiae ioia/aao, /oi noauaeoaie oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee
. aunooiatho oieueei i?aaieciaaiiua eieeaeoeau o?oaeyueony (*28).
Iaeiaei iaeioi?ua o/aiua n/eoatho o/anoieeaie oicyenoaai-
iuo ioiioaiee e ioaeaeueiuo a?aaeaeai. Enoiaey ec yoiai e o?ae-
ooy oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue eae
A. I. Ei?aiaa e A. E. Iao?ia i?eoiaeyo e auaiaeo, /oi oicye-
noaaiiuua ioiioaiey aeieaeiu ?aaoee?iaaoueny ii/oe anaie io?an-
eyie i?aaa, ninoaaeythueie, ii eo iiaieth, oicyenoaaiiia caei-
iiaeaoaeuenoai (*29). Ii i?e oaeii iiaeoiaea iiiyoea oicyenoaaiiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
Yoi i?ienoiaeeo a ?acoeueoaoa niaoaiey ?acii?iaeiuo ioiioa-
iee, neeaaeuaathueony a nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieea, ii ?aaoee-
?oaiuo ?acee/iuie io?aneyie i?aaa. Iaaeaeo oai oicyenoaaiiia
i?aai – ia aaeeinoaaiiay io?aneue, eiathuay ioiioaiea e i?aai-
aiio ?aaoee?iaaieth yeiiiieee. Iii ninoaaeyao eeoue aai na?aeoea-
aeio, iniiaiia yae?i. Ia?yaeo n oicyenoaaiiui i?aaii aeey ?aao-
ee?iaaiey yeiiiieee eniieuecothony e iiiaea ae?oaea io?anee
i?aaa – o?oaeiaia, eieoiciia, aaeieieno?aoeaiia, a?aaeaeaineia,
i?e?iaeiio?aieoaeueiia e ae?.
(**28) Ceskoslovenske hospodarske pravo. Praha, 1979, s. 21.
(**29) Ni.: Ei?aiaa A. I., Iao?ia A. E. Aii?inu niaa?oainoaiaaiey oicyeno-
aaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.- I?aaiaaaeaiea, 1978, ? 4, n. 33.
(**30) Ni.: Oienoie TH. E. Eiinoeoooeey NNN? e oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noai.- A ei.: Eiinoeoooeey NNN? e i?aaiaua i?iaeaiu niaa?oainoai-
aaiey ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii, n. 77.
!!14
O/anoea a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo oieueei nioeeaeenoe/a-
neeo i?aaiecaoeee e eo iiae?acaeaeaiee iniaaiii i/aaeaeii a naaoa
ii?aaeaeaiey nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieee, aeaaaaiiai a no. 16
Eiinoeoooeee NNN?. Ia?yaeo n eniieuecoaiui a ae. 2 Eiinoeoo-
oeee oe?ieei iiieiaieai ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa eae yeiiiie/a-
neie nenoaiu a oeacaiiie noaouea Eiinoeoooeee yeiiiieea ii?aaea-
eyaony a aieaa oceii niunea – eae aaeeiue ia?iaeiioicyenoaai-
iue eiiieaen, ioaaouaathuee ana caaiuey iauanoaaiiiai i?iec-
aiaenoaa, ?ani?aaeaeaiey e iaiaia ia oa??eoi?ee no?aiu A. aeaiiii
ii?aaeaeaiee ia?auaao ia naay aieiaiea ionoonoaea oeacaiey ia
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia iio?aaeaiea. Ioiioaiey a?aaeaeai, iai?aaeaiiua
ia oaeiaeaoai?aiea eo eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo iio?aaiinoae, iiiyoeai
ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiiai eiiieaena ia ioaaouaathony.
Aaaeii e oi, /oi ?a/ue eaeao ia oieueei i caaiueyo, aaaeoueo
oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa e iaiaia,
ii e ?oeiaiaeyueo ath. Oaeei ia?acii, a ninoaa aaeeiiai ia?iaeii-
oicyenoaaiiiai eiiieaena aoiaeyo eae i?aaei?eyoey e iauaaeeia-
iey, oae e i?aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. Iaaeaeo ieie
neeaaeuaathony oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey ii ai?eciioaee e aa?oe-
eaee, o?aaothuea aaeeiiai i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Ana yoi iiea-
cuaaao i?aaeeueiinoue o?aeoiaee oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee eae
neeaaeuaathueony i?e inouanoaeaiee oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
e ?oeiaiaenoaa ath aaeeiuo ioiioaiee, eiathueo eeoue aeaeiaua
?acee/ey.
Aeaiiue auaiae niioaaonoaoao iiieiaieth oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe eae aeayoaeueiinoe nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee ia
iniiaa ieaia e i?eioeeiia nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey.
Caiaoei, /oi, eiaaea a Eiinoeoooeee NNN? ?a/ue eaeao ia eiaeeae-
aeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe a?aaeaeai a noa?a eonoa?ii-?aianeaiiuo
i?iiuneia, naeueneiai oicyenoaa e auoiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey iana-
eaiey, iia oa?aeoa?ecoaony ia eae
neeaaeuaathueany a i?ioeanna eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie o?oaeiaie aeayoaeue-
iinoe, oicyenoaaiiuie ia yaeythony.
Nioeeaeenoe/aneia oicyenoaiaaiea ninoaaeyao naiinoiyoaeue-
ioth e aaaeiaeooth noa?o i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey.
Oioy i?aaeiaoii oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa yaeythony oicyenoaai-
iua ioiioaiey, ii?iu yoie io?anee iiaoo aicaeaenoaiaaoue e ia-
iin?aaenoaaiii ia oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue eae oaeiaoth, eiaaea
(**31) I?aaaea, 1982. 23 iiya.
!!15
oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey ia aicieeatho. ?acoiaaony, oicyenoaai-
iay aeayoaeueiinoue iau/ii au?aaeaaony a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioa-
ieyo, ii iia aaaeaony ia i?aaei?eyoee a i?aaeaeao oeaoa eee o/anoea
a niioaaonoaee n i?iecaiaenoaaiiie oaoiieiaeae, onoaiiaeaiiie a
i?aaiauo ii?iao, e aei ia?aaea/e aeaoaeae eee iieooaa?eeaoia a
ae?oaia iiae?acaeaeaiea oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaua ioiioaiey ia aic-
ieeatho. Ianiio?y ia yoi oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaie ?aaeei ?ani?i-
no?aiyaony e ia oaeoth oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue.
Aii?in i aiciiaeiinoe ?aaoee?iaaiey ii?iaie i?aaa ia oieue-
ei iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, ii e ii?aaeaeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe eae
oaeiaie yaeyaony nii?iui a i?aaiaie iaoea, a iineaaeiaa a?aiy
iiiaea o/aiua noaee i?eciaaaoue oaeoth aiciiaeiinoue, a /anoiinoe,
i?eiaieoaeueii e ?aaoee?iaaieth i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe e ae?oaeo
aaniethoiuo i?aa. ?aaoee?iaaiea ii?iaie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe inouanoaeyaony n
iiiiuueth oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneeo ii?i, eiathueo aaaeiia cia/a-
iea aeey i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa (ni. 5).
Eiia/ii, a iniiaiii oicyenoaaiiia i?aai aicaeaenoaoao ia
yeiiiieeo iooai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
Oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey, o?aaoee?iaaiiua i?aaii, noaiiayony
oicyenoaaiiuie ae?aaiioiioaieyie. Iiiyoea i?aaiioiioaiey
?anniao?eaaaony a oai?ee i?aaa, e iu ia aoaeai inoaiaaeeaaoueny
caeanue ia iaueo aii?inao i?aaiioiioaiey. Ioiaoei eeoue, /oi
aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee anyeiai i?aaiioiioaiey iaiaoiaeeii ?ane?uoue
ai yeaiaiou, eaeiauie iau/ii i?eciathony noauaeou, iauaeo e
niaea?aeaiea i?aaiioiioaiey.
Ana yoe yeaiaiou a eiia/iii n/aoa ii?aaeaeythony nouiinoueth
iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, ninoaaeythueo i?aaeiao io?anee i?aaa.
Iiyoiio neacaiiia i oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo oa?aeoa?ecoao
e oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey. Oae, anee o/anoieeaie oicye-
noaaiiuo ioiioaiee iiaoo auoue oieueei nioeeaeenoe/aneea i?aa-
iecaoeee e eo iiae?acaeaeaiey, oi yoei ii?aaeaeyaony e ninoaa
noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee (iiae?iaiaa ni. ae. 2).
Ioiineoaeueii iauaeoia i?aaiioiioaiee auneacuaathony ?ac-
iua oi/ee c?aiey, iauaeoaie i?aaiioiioaiee i?eciathony eeai
aeaenoaey eo o/anoieeia, eeai ia?yaeo n yoei oaeaea e iaoa?eaeue-
iua e iaiaoa?eaeueiua aeaaa. N oi/ee c?aiey oa?aeoa?a oicye-
noaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee i?aaenoaaeyaony i?aaeeueiui ?anniao-
?eaaoue a ea/anoaa eo iauaeoa ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe
a nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieea – oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue,
?oeiaiaenoai ath.
Ia?yaeo n oaeei iaeaieaa iauei ii?aaeaeaieai iauaeoia oi-
cyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee iiaoo auoue auaeaeaiu e aieaa eii-
e?aoiua iauaeou a ioaeaeueiuo i?aaiioiioaieyo. Oae, a i?aaeaeao
iauaai iiiyoey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iauaeoii i?aaiioii-
oaiee iiaeao auoue aeayoaeueiinoue ii i?iecaiaenoao iaoa?eaeueiuo
aeaa, inouanoaeaieth ?aaio, ieacaieth oneoa a noa?a yeiiiieee.
Aeayoaeueiinoue ii ?oeiaiaenoao
yeiiiieeie eae iauaeo oicye-
noaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee oaeaea iiaeao auoue iiae?acaeaeaia ia
!!16
aieaa eiie?aoiua aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe, aunooiathuea iauaeoaie
i?aaiioiioaiee. Iauaeoaie oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee a
noa?a ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie iiaoo aunooiaoue: oicyenoaaiiia
oi?aaeaiea, ieaie?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eiio?ieue
ca aa inouanoaeaieai.
Niaea?aeaiea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaiioiioaiey ninoaaeytho i?aaa
e iaycaiiinoe aai o/anoieeia. ?a/ue eaeao i noauaeoeaiuo i?aaao
e iaycaiiinoyo, aicieeathueo a i?aaiioiioaieyo. Ia?yaeo n yoei
noauaeoeaiua oicyenoaaiiua i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe iiaoo noua-
noaiaaoue e aia i?aaiioiioaiee, iniiauaaoueny iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa (ni. ae. 2).
A eeoa?aoo?a ii oicyenoaaiiiio i?aao ia ?ac ioia/aeenue
oa?aeoa?iua /a?ou oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee: oaniay naycue
iaaeaeo i?aaiioiioaieyie ii ai?eciioaee e aa?oeeaee, ninoaa-
eythueie
i?aaiioiioaiey; aeeeoaeueiue oa?aeoa? oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiio-
iioaiee; naycue i?aa e iaycaiiinoae eo noauaeoia (*32).
A i?aaeaeao aaeeiiai ?iaeiaiai iiiyoey oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiio-
iioaiee auaeaeythony eo ioaeaeueiua aeaeu. Eeanneoeeaoeey oicye-
noaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee iiaeao i?iaiaeeoueny ii ?acee/iui i?e-
ciaeai. I?aaeaea anaai, iie ?acee/athony ii naiaio iauaeoo. N yoie
oi/ee c?aiey auaeaeythony aeaa a?oiiu oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioii-
oaiee: naycaiiua n inouanoaeaieai oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
(i?aaiioiioaiey ii ai?eciioaee) e naycaiiua n ?oeiaiaenoaii
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth (i?aaiioiioaiey ii aa?oeeaee).
Eeanneoeeaoeey i?aaiioiioaiee ii iauaeoai iiaeao auoue e
aieaa aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiie. Oae, a i?aaeaeao i?aaiioiioaiee ii
?oeiaiaenoao oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth iiaoo auaeaeyoueny iea-
iiaua i?aaiioiioaiey (*33). Iniaui aeaeii oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiio-
iioaiee yaeythony oeiainiai-oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey,
naycaiiua n ?ani?aaeaeaieai oeiainiauo ?ano?nia a oicyenoaai-
iie nenoaia (*34).
Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey iiaoo eeanneoeoee?iaaoueny e
ii noauaeoai. N yoie oi/ee c?aiey iie iiae?acaeaeythony ia i?aai-
ioiioaiey iaaeaeo oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie e i?aaiioiioaiey,
neeaaeuaathueany aioo?e oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia (aioo?eoicyeno-
aaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey). Eiia/ii, aeaeaiea i?aaiioiioaiee ii
noauaeoai e ii iauaeoai naycaii iaaeaeo niaie. Oae, a i?aaeaeao
aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee, a naith i/a?aaeue, iiaeii
?acee/aoue i?aaiioiioaiey ii aa?oeeaee, neeaaeuaathueany iaae-
aeo oicyenoaaiiui i?aaiii a oeaeii e aai iiae?acaeaeaieyie,
e i?aaiioiioaiey ii ai?eciioaee, neeaaeuaathueany iaaeaeo iiae-
?acaeaeaieyie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia.
(**32) Iiae?iaiaa ni.: Eaioaa A. A. I?aaeiao e nenonea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa,
n. 101-114.
(**33) Ni.: Ia?oaiueyiia A. N. Iaeioi?ua i?iaeaiu i?aaiaiai iaania/aiey ?aa-
eecaoeee eiinoeoooeeiiiuo i?eioeeiia ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iaeiui oicyeno-
aii.- A ei.: Eiinoeoooeey NNN? e i?aaiaua i?iaeaiu niaa?oainoaiaa-
iey ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii, n. 116.
(**34) Ni.: *a?aiaoei A. I. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ?ani?aaeaeaiey oeiaini-
auo ?ano?nia oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu a i?iiuoeaiiinoe. I,: EAIAI
NNN?, 1979, n. 3.
!!17
Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiiioiioaiey iiaoo eeanneoeoee?iaaoueny
e ii eniieuecoaiui, a ieo iaoiaeai ?aaoee?iaaiey. N yoie oi/ee
c?aiey iiaeii ?acee/aoue oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey, ?aao-
ee?oaiua iaoiaeii iaycaoaeueiuo i?aaeienaiee, iaoiaeii niaeani-
aaiey e iaoiaeii ?aeiiaiaeaoeee. Iaeiaei oaeay eeanneoeeaoeey
i?aaiioiioaiee iaonoie/eaa, iineieueeo aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey iae-
ieo e oao aea ioiioaiee iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny ?acee/iua iaoiaeu.
Iai?eia?, ieaiiaua i?aaiioiioaiey aieueoae /anoueth ?aaoee?o-
thony iaoiaeii iaycaoaeueiuo i?aaeienaiee, ii a iineaaeiaa a?aiy
aic?anoaao ?ieue oicyenoaaiiiai aeiaiai?a eae eino?oiaioa ieaie-
?iaaiey, /oi naycaii n eniieueciaaieai iaoiaea niaeaniaaiey a oa-
eeo i?aaiioiioaieyo.
2. Iaoiaeu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
Aii?in i iaoiaeao i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo io-
iioaiee iiaeaa?aaaony a th?eaee/aneie iaoea ia iaiaa iaeeaeaiiie
aeeneonnee, /ai aii?in i i?aaeiaoa oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. I?e
yoii ia ia/aeueiuo yoaiao ?acaeoey nia?aiaiiie oicyenoaaiii-
i?aaiaie eiioeaioeee aii?in i iaoiaeao noaaeeny aeaaiui ia?acii
a aniaeoa i?aaiecaoeee i?aaiauo naycae iaaeaeo noauaeoaie oicye-
noaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
I?e oaeii iiieiaiee iaoiaeia i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey iie
?anniao?eaaeenue iiiaeie o/aiuie a ea/anoaa aeiiieieoaeueiiai
e?eoa?ey aeey auaeaeaiey io?aneae i?aaa. N. N. Aeaenaaa, iai?e-
ia?, ienae:
enneaaeiaaiea aii?ina i iaoiaeao i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey a oaeie
ieineinoe iieacaei, /oi eeoue iaiiiaea io?anee i?aaa eiatho naie
niaoeeoe/aneee iaoiae i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Iiyoiio e iiy-
aeeanue eiioeaioeey
naie niaoeeoe/aneee iaoiae, oiaaea eae ana ae?oaea io?anee naiaai
iaoiaea ia eiatho e eniieuecotho iaoiaeu ae?oaeo io?aneae.
A oi aea a?aiy n naiiai ia/aea ?acaeoey nia?aiaiiie oi-
cyenoaaiii-i?aaiaie eiioeaioeee auneacuaaeanue eaeay i oii. /oi
aeey io?anee i?aaa aiana ia iaycaoaeai naie niaoeeoe/aneee e i?e-
oii aaeeinoaaiiue iaoiae ?aaoee?iaaiey. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai,
eae e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea io?anee i?aaa, iai?eia? o?oaeiaia, eie-
oiciia, caiaeueiia i?aai, eniieuecoao ianeieueei naycaiiuo iaaeaeo
niaie iaoiaeia ?aaoee?iaaiey.
I?e/ai aieueoae /anoueth auaeaeyeenue aeaa oaeeo iaoiaea: iaoiae
iiae/eiaiey i iaoiae niaeaniaaiey. .A aeaeueiaeoai noae auaeaeyoue-
ny aua iaeei iaoiae i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioii-
oaiee – iaoiae ?aeiiaiaeaoeee. *oi eanaaony iaoiaea iiae/eiaiey,
oi ii noae eiaiiaaoueny iaoiaeii iaycaoaeueiuo i?aaeienaiee, ii-
(**35) Aeaenaaa N. N. Iauea oai?aoe/aneea i?iaeaiu nenoaiu niaaoneiai i?a-
aa. I.: Ainth?ecaeao, 1961, n. 46.
!!18
neieueeo oaeay oa?ieiieiaey aieaa oi/ii io?aaeaao niaoeeoeeo
yoiai iaoiaea a ioee/ea io ninoiyiey iiae/eiaiiinoe (*36).
Eniieueciaaiea a iaeiie io?anee i?aaa ianeieueeeo iaoiaeia ?a-
aoee?iaaiey aeaao aiciiaeiinoue aeoeaii aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia i?aa-
iecaoeeth iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Oioy iaoiaeu i?aaiaiai ?aao-
ee?iaaiey e ii?aaeaeythony oa?aeoa?ii ?aaoee?oaiuo ioiioaiee,
caeanue iao aaoiiaoecia. ?oeiaiaey yeiiiieeie, ainoaea?noai auae-
?aao iaeaieaa ?aoeeiiaeueiua iaoiaeu ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaai-
iuo ioiioaiee, iicaieythuea iaania/eoue yooaeoeaiia ooieoeei-
ie?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia, niinianoaothuea iiauoa-
ieth yooaeoeaiinoe iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
A yoii niunea aaaeii oyniaiea ?iee noauaeoeaiiai oaeoi?a
a oi?ie?iaaiee i?aaa e aai nenoaiu. Oioy nenoaia i?aaa e in-
iiauaaaony ia iauaeoeaiuo i?aaeiinueeao, ia oa?aeoa?a ?aaoee-
?oaiuo iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, i?aai nicaeaaony aieae ethaeae
e noauaeoeaiue oaeoi?, iaee/ea iauanoaaiiiai eioa?ana a oi?-
ie?iaaiee e ?acaeoee oie eee eiie io?anee i?aaa eiatho aaae-
iia cia/aiea.
Ioia/ay yoi, N. I. Ei?iaaa ienae: (*37). Aiai?y i niioiioaiee iauae-
oeaiiai e noauaeoeaiiai a i?aaa, A. E. ?aeoa? iiae/a?eeaae, /oi
Ni/aoaiea iauaeoeaiiai e noauaeoeaiiai a i?aaa eiaao i?y-
iia ioiioaiea e iaoiaeai i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Ainoaea?noai
iiaeao e aeieaeii, ?oeiaiaenoaoynue iauaeoeaii iaoneiaeaiiuie ei-
oa?anaie ?acaeoey iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, auae?aoue iaeaieaa
?aoeeiiaeueiua iaoiaeu ?aaoee?iaaiey, niinianoaothuea oaeiio
?acaeoeth. Yoa eaeay a iineaaeiaa a?aiy iieo/aao oe?ieia ?ani?i-
no?aiaiea a i?aaiaie i?.oea. a oii /enea e n?aaee o/aiuo, iau/ii
o?aeoiaaaoeo iaoiae eae aaeeiue e naienoaaiiue ii?aaeaeaiiiio
i?aaeiaoo ?aaoee?iaaiey.
Iai?eia?, N. I. A?aoonue, ?aiaa n/eoaaoee, /oi eaaeaeiio
i?aaeiaoo ?aaoee?iaaiey aeieaeai niioaaonoaiaaoue naie i?enouee
aio iaoiae (*39), a iineaaeiaa a?aiy aunooiee n eiioeaioeeae aeaoo
a ?acee/iuo ni/aoaieyo ai anao io?aneyo niaaoneiai i?aaa.
A iineaaeiaa a?aiy a th?eaee/aneie iaoea aii?in i iaoiaeao
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey noae iiieiaoueny ia oieueei eae niinia
i?aaiecaoeee i?aaiauo naycae iaaeaeo noauaeoaie i?aaiioiioaiee,.
ii E eae ae?oaea niiniau aicaeaenoaey io?anee i?aaa ia iiaaaeaiea
ethaeae. A yoii niunea iiiyoea iaoiaea i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
noaei ii nouanoao ioiaeaeanoaeyoueny n i?aaiaui ?aaeeiii, oa-
?aeoa?iui aeey io?anee i?aaa.
A oaeii ieaia aeaiiue aii?in o?aeooaony A. O. sseiaeaaui,
eioi?ue iiieiaao iaoiae io?anee i?aaa eae
?eaaaony a ieaia eae iauaeoeaiiai, oae e noauaeoeaiiai i?aaa.
Enoiaey ec oaeiai iiieiaiey a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaie iaoiae ?aaoee-
?iaaiey oa?aeoa?ecoaony ?yaeii niiniaia eee i?eaiia aicaeaeno-
aey ia ?aaoee?oaiua ioiioaiey (aeicaieeoaeueiue oa?aeoa?,
th?eaee/aneia ?aaainoai noauaeoia, niiniaiinoue e i?aaiiaeaaeaieth,
aeeniiceoeaiinoue, eieoeeaoeaa e o. i.) (*42). Aiaeiae/iia iiieiaiea
iaoiaea eniieuecoaony e ae?oaeie o/aiuie. Oae, iaoiae o?oaeiaiai
i?aaa oa?aeoa?ecoaony n yoeo iiceoeee oanoueth ?acee/iuie nii-
niaaie aicaeaenoaey aeaiiie io?anee ia ?aaoee?oaiua ioii-
oaiey (*43).
I?e oaeii iiaeoiaea a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe ?a/ue eaeao ia i aaeeiii
iaoiaea, oa?aeoa?iii aeey io?anee i?aaa, a i niaieoiiinoe iaoi-
aeia, eniieuecoaiuo a iae. A eeoa?aoo?a ni?aaaaeeeai oeacuaaeinue,
/oi iiaeiaiay o?aeoiaea i?aoaaee/eaaao cia/aiea iaoiaea ii n?a-
aiaieth n i?aaiaui ?aaeeiii, oa?aeoa?iui aeey io?anee i?aaa (*44).
Ii nouanoao caeanue iiae iaoiaeii i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey iiie-
iathony iauea th?eaee/aneea naienoaa io?anee i?aaa, oa?aeoa?iua
aeey iaa i?eaiu aicaeaenoaey ia iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey.
Ii iaoaio iiaieth, oeaiiinoue oaeiai iiaeoiaea aanueia ioiine-
oaeueia. Aeey th?eaee/aneie oa?aeoa?enoeee io?anee aieaa i?aaeeue-
ii eniieueciaaoue iiiyoea i?aaiaiai ?aaeeia, aiai?eoue ia i
i?aaa, noauaeoia i?aaa, oeaeyo e i?eioeeiao io?anee, iaoiaeao i?-
aaiecaoeee i?aaiauo naycae, eniieuecoaiuo a iae.
(**40) Ni.: A?aoonue N. I. Io?aneue niaaoneiai i?aaa: Iiiyoea, i?aaeiao, iaoiae.-
Nia. ain. e i?aai, 1979. ? II, n. 26.
(**41) sseiaeaa A. O. A?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaie iaoiae ?aaoee?iaaiey iauanoaai-
iuo ioiioaiee. Naa?aeeiane: Naa?aee. th?eae. ii-o, 1972, n. 65.
(**42) sseiaeaa A. O. A?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaie iaoiae ?aaoee?iaaiey iauanoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee, n. 69.
(**43) Ni.: Niaaoneia o?oaeiaia i?aai: Aii?inu oai?ee, n. 204.
(**44) Ni.: Iac?ei A. I. Ianoi a?aaeaeaineie i?aainoauaeoiinoe a iaoaiecia
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey.- A ei.: I?aaiaua i?iaeaiu a?aaeaeaineie
i?aainoauaeoiinoe. Naa?aeeiane: Naa?aee. th?eae. ei-o, 1978, n. 49.
!!20
Enoiaey ec oe?ieiai iiieiaiey iaoiaea eae i?aaiaiai ?aaee-
ia io?anee, iiaeii neiino?oe?iaaoue aaeeiue iaoiae e a oicyeno
aaiiii i?aaa. Oae, A. Iaioea? (AAe?) ienae: (*45). Aeaeaa ii
ia?a/eneyao ioia/aiiua iaie iniaaiiinoe oicyenoaaiiuo i?aai-
ioiioaiee: aeeeoaeueiinoue yoeo ioiioaiee, ni/aoaiea ioiioaiee
ii ai?eciioaee e aa?oeeaee, ia?ac?uaiay naycue i?aaiioiioaiee,
iey, aeeth/athuea aeaonoi?iiiea i?aaiioiioaiey, naycue i?aa e
iaycaiiinoae eo o/anoieeia.
A. A. Oioei n/eoaao, /oi iaoiae i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey nea-
aeoao ?anniao?eaaoue eae
yeaiaio, eioi?ue iaeaieaa ?aeueaoii ii?aaeaeyao nouiinoue io?an-
ee (*46). Ii a oii e aeaei, /oi ?a/ue eaeao ia i aaeeiii iaoiaea, a i
nenoaia niiniaia eee iaoiaeia, oioy n?aaee ieo iiaeii auaeaeeoue
iaeaieaa aaaeiua e oa?aeoa?iua aeey io?anee i?eaiu i?aaiaiai
aicaeaenoaey ia ?aaoee?oaiua ioiioaiey.
Auea naeaeaia e ae?oaay iiiuoea auyaeoue aaeeiue iaoiae i?a-
aiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. E. A. E?anueei
i?eoae e auaiaeo, /oi
aeaeaiea oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaiai iaoiaea i?aaenoaaeyaony iai?aaeeue-
iui, iineieueeo oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey oi?ie?othony
eiaiii aieae o/anoieeia eee oioy au iaeiiai ec o/anoieeia i?a-
aiioiioaiey. Oae, a oicyenoaaiiii i?aaiioiioaiee ii aa?oeea-
ee, iai?eia? a ieaiiaii i?aaiioiioaiee, iaeia ec noi?ii ooaa?ae-
aeaao aeey ae?oaie ieaiiaia caaeaiea, ii?aaeaeythuaa niaea?aeaiea aa
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. A oicyenoaaiiii i?aaiioiioaiee
ii ai?eciioaee niaea?aeaiea i?aaiioiioaiey ii?aaeaeytho iaa aai
noauaeoa, oioy iie e iaycaiu aeaenoaiaaoue a ?aieao ieaiiaiai ca-
aeaiey, i?aaeii?aaeaeythuaai a ecaanoiie /anoe (ii ia iieiinoueth)
niaea?aeaiea i?aaiioiioaiey.
A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo aiciiaeiinoe naiinoiyoaeueiiai onoa-
iiaeaiey oici?aaiaie niaea?aeaiey i?aaiioiioaiee ?anoe?ytho-
ny, /aio niinianoaoao eniieueciaaiea oicyenoaaiiiai aeiaiai?a
eae eino?oiaioa ieaie?iaaiey, i?e eioi?ii noi?iiu a aeiaiai?a
ii?aaeaeytho iiiaieeaoo?o e anni?oeiaio iiaeeaaeauae ecaioiaea-
(**45) Badestein I., Panzer W. Theoretische Probleme des Wirtschaftsrechtsver-
haitnisses. Berlin: Hochschule fur Okonomi’e. 1978. S. \0-II.
(**46) Oioei A. A. Iaoiae i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee
a i?iiuoeaiiinoe.- A ei.: I?iaeaiu niaa?oainoaiaaiey oi?aaeaiey
i?iiuoeaiiui i?iecaiaenoaii. Aeiiaoee: EYI AI ONN?. 1978. ‘n. 8.
(**47) E?anueei E. A. Aeooaeueiua i?iaeaiu niaaoneiai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa,
n. 68.
!!21
ieth i?iaeoeoeee. Aieaa oiai, aiaeiaie ieai ninoaaeyaony iaiin?aae-
noaaiii ia i?aaei?eyoeyo e a i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaieyo,
ieaie?iaaiea inouanoaeyaony nieco, aneaaenoaea /aai ieciaua
caaiuey aeoeaii aicaeaenoaotho ia oi?ie?iaaiea e aa?oeeaeueiuo
ieaiiauo i?aaiioiioaiee. Aeoiaaony, /oi i?eaaaeaiiia ii?aaea-
eaiea iaoiaea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa i?ioeai?a/eo i?eioeeio ni/a-
oaiey oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey n oicyenoaaiiie naiinoiy-
oaeueiinoueth e eieoeeaoeaie i?aaei?eyoee e iauaaeeiaiee.
Aua iaeio iiiuoeo neiino?oe?iaaoue aaeeiue
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa naeaeae A. E. Ciaiaineee. Ii ii?aaeaeyao aai
eae
oii, /oi ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiua eioa?anu ii naiaio cia/aieth
auoa eioa?ania ioaeaeueiuo noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, /oi
eo oic?an/aoiua eioa?anu, oioy iie e o/eouaathony a i?aaiaii
?aaoee?iaaiee oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, aeieaeiu auoue iiae/eia-
iu eioa?anai anaai iauanoaa. Ii iiaeii ee n/eoaoue iiae/eiaiea
anao o/anoieeia oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiie
oeaee iaoiaeii ?aaoee?iaaiey? Aaaeue iiae iaoiaeii ?aaoee?iaaiey
iiieiathony i?eaiu e niiniau aicaeaenoaey i?aaa ia iauanoaai-
iua ioiioaiey, a iiae/eiaiea noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiie oeaee eee eioa?ano iiaeao auoue aeinoeaio-
oi ?aciuie i?eaiaie e niiniaaie. Ana yoi, ia iao acaeyae, icia-
/aao, /oi i?ei?eoao ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiuo eioa?ania iaae eioa?a-
naie ioaeaeueiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia – ia iaoiae ?aaoee?iaa-
iey, a i?eioeei nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey.
I?e ii?aaeaeaiee iaoiaeia i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey iaiaoi-
aeeii o/eouaaoue ia oieueei iniaaiiinoe ?acee/iuo io?aneae, ii
e iauea naienoaa nenoaiu i?aaa. Yoi niioaaonoaoao nenoaiiiio
iiaeoiaeo e i?aaiaiio ?aaoee?iaaieth iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee,
o?aeoiaea anaai i?aaa a oeaeii eae
iiaenenoaiao – io?aneyo i?aaa – aeieaeiu eniieueciaaoueny e aaee-
iua iaoiaeu ?aaoee?iaaiey. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa i?aai oo?aoeo
naienoai aaeeiiai nenoaiiiai ia?aciaaiey.
Eioa?aniua niia?aaeaiey a yoii iai?aaeaiee auee auneacaiu
A. Ae. Ni?ieeiui, i?eoaaeoei e auaiaeo i iaee/ee o nenoaiu i?a-
aa a oeaeii aaeeiiai i?aaeiaoa e aaeeiiai iaoiaea ?aaoee?iaaiey.
I?e yoii a ea/anoaa aaeeiiai iaoiaea ?aaoee?iaaiey ii ?anniao-
?eaaao niaieoiiinoue o?ao ia?ae/iuo niiniaia aicaeaenoaey ia ii-
aaaeaiea ethaeae – aeicaieaiea, i?aaeienaiea e cai?ao (*50).
?aoeeiiaeueiui a yoie eiioeaioeee yaeyaony, ia iao acaeyae,
aaeeiue iiaeoiae e iaoiaeai i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ?aciuo io?an-
eae, niinianoaothuee ia oieueei auyaeaieth eo aeeooa?aioeeaoeee,
(**48) Ciaiaineee A. E. Niaa?oainoaiaaiea oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa:
Oeaeue e n?aaenoaa. Eeaa: Iaoe. aeoiea, 1980, n. 70.
(**49) Ni.: Ea?eiia Ae. A. Oeeinioneea i?iaeaiu i?aaa. I.: Iuneue, 1972, n. 282.
(**50) Ni.: Ni?ieei A. Ae. I aaeeiii iaoiaea i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey.- Nia. ain.
e i?aai, 1975, ? 7, n. 31.
!!22
ii e onoaiiaeaieth eo aaeeinoaa a nenoaia i?aaa. Aianoa n oai
iaeuecy niaeaneoueny n o?aeoiaeie ?acee/iuo niiniaia aicaeaenoaey
ia iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey a ea/anoaa aaeeiiai iaoiaea ?aaoee?i-
aaiey. Caeanue ?a/ue eaeao ia i aaeeiii, a ?acee/iuo iaoiaeao ?aaoee-
?iaaiey, eniieuecoaiuo ai anao io?aneyo niaaoneiai i?aaa.
Aiaeece?oy ninoaa yoeo iaoiaeia, iaeuecy ia ia?aoeoue aieiaiea
ia ionoonoaea n?aaee ieo iaoiaea ?aeiiaiaeaoeee, eioi?ue oaeaea
aeieaeai caiyoue naiinoiyoaeueiia ianoi a nenoaia iaoiaeia i?aai-
aiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. E?iia oiai, iaaeinoaoeii i?aaeeiaeaiiie
A. Ae. Ni?ieeiui nenoaiu iaoiaeia ?aaoee?iaaiey yaeyaony oi,
/oi ii enoiaeeo a iniiaiii ec iiieiaiey iaoiaeia eeoue eae nii-
niaia aicaeaenoaey a niunea iauaeoeaiiai i?aaa, oioneay ae?oaoth.
noi?iio – i?aaiecaoeeth i?aaiauo naycae iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie i?a-
aiioiioaiee.
I?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi n o/aoii yoeo oaeoi?ia aieaa i?aaeeueii
auei au neaaeothuei ia?acii ii?aaeaeeoue iaoiaeu i?aaiaiai ?aao-
ee?iaaiey, aaeeiua aeey anae nenoaiu niaaoneiai i?aaa:
1) iaoiae iaycaoaeueiuo i?aaeienaiee (aeeth/athuee iaoiae i?e-
eaca e iaoiae cai?aoa);
2) iaoiae aaoiiiiiuo ?aoaiee (aeeth/athuee iaoiae niaeaniaa-
iey e iaoiae ?ac?aoaiey);
3) iaoiae ?aeiiaiaeaoeee;
I?eiaieoaeueii e oicyenoaaiiiio i?aao yoe iaoiaeu iiaeii
auei au noi?ioee?iaaoue neaaeothuei ia?acii:
1) iaoiae iaycaoaeueiuo i?aaeienaiee;
2) iaoiae aaoiiiiiuo ?aoaiee;
a) iaoiae niaeaniaaiey (i?eiaieoaeueii e i?aaiecaoeee i?aai-
auo naycae iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee);
a) iaoiae ?ac?aoaiey (i?eiaieoaeueii e niaea?aeaieth oicyeno-
aaiii-i?aaiauo ii?i);
3) iaoiae ?aeiiaiaeaoeee (*51).
Aaaeouaa ianoi n?aaee yoeo iaoiaeia caieiaao iaoiae iaycaoaeue-
iuo i?aaeienaiee, iaania/eaathuee i?iaaaeaiea a aeeciue oeaio?a-
eeciaaiiiai ia/aea a ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie. Yoio iaoiae e ?aiue-
oa auaeaeyeny eae iaeei ec oa?aeoa?iuo niiniaia i?aaiaiai ?aao-
ee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, a nayce n /ai iaiainiiaai-
iu ooaa?aeaeaiey TH. I. Eiceiaa i oii, /oi yeiau (*52). Eiia/ii, iaoiae iaycaoaeueiuo i?aaeienaiee
eniieuecoaony a ni/aoaiee n iaoiaeii aaoiiiiiuo ?aoaiee e iaoi-
aeii ?aeiiaiaeaoeee, /oi oa?aeoa?ii aeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Ii
ec yoiai aiana ia auoaeaao io?eoeaiea aeanoiinoe ainoaea?noaaiii-
ai oi?aaeaiey ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii. Enoaoe, TH. I. Eiceia oae-
aea aeiioneaao eniieueciaaiea a aaeieieno?aoeaiii i?aaa ia oieueei
(**51) Ni.: Eaioaa A. A., Oaoiaoia A. I. Oeaee i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey e ne-
noaia i?aaa.- I?aaiaaaeaiea, 1976, ? 4, n. 32.
(**52) Ni,: Eiceia TH. I. Aaeieieno?aoeaiua i?aaiioiioaiey. I.:TH?eae. eeo.,
1976, n. 86.
!!23
iaoiaea aeanoe e iiae/eiaiey, ii e iaoiaea niaeaniaaiey, aiai?eo
i aa?oeeaeueiuo e ai?eciioaeueiuo i?aaiioiioaieyo (*53).
Caeai/eaay ?anniio?aiea iaoiaeia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, ia-
iaoiaeeii aua ?ac iiae/a?eiooue iai?aaeeueiinoue eo niaoaiey n
.iauei i?aaiaui ?aaeeiii, oa?aeoa?iui aeey yoie io?anee i?a-
aa. I?aaiaie ?aaeei – iiiyoea aieaa oe?ieia, aeeth/athuaa oa-
?aeoa?iua /a?ou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae io?anee i?aaa. Yoe
/a?ou ?ane?uaathony ia oieueei a iaoiaeao ?aaoee?iaaiey, ii e a
oa?aeoa?a oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee, eo o/anoieeia, ii?i,
oeaeae e i?eioeeiia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. A ioee/ea io yoiai ia-
oiaeu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa – iiiyoea aieaa oceia, ii?aaeaeythuaa
oa?aeoa? i?aaiaiai aicaeaenoaey ia ?aaoee?oaiua iauanoaaiiua
ioiioaiey. Ni/aoaiea iaoiaeia iaycaoaeueiuo i?aaeienaiee, aaoi-
iiiiuo ?aoaiee e ?aeiiaiaeaoeee aeaao aiciiaeiinoue iaania/eoue
?aoeeiiaeueioth i?aaiecaoeeth oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, yooaeoea-
iia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia nioeeaeenoe/a-
neiai iauanoaa.
!!23
3. Oeaee e i?eioeeiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
Niaea?aeaiea e nenoaia i?aaa i?aaeii?aaeaeythony iauaeoeaiuie
oneiaeyie aeecie iauanoaa. Iaeiaei i?aai nicaeaaony ethaeueie,
i?aneaaeothueie ii?aaeaeaiiua iauanoaaiii cia/eiua oeaee. I?a-
ai ia iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny eae eaoaai?ey iauaeoeaiay a iie-
iii niunea neiaa, aanueia aaaeai noauaeoeaiue oaeoi? a oi?ie-
?iaaiee e ?acaeoee i?aaiaie nenoaiu.
Yoi aeaeaao iaiaoiaeeiui o/ao oeaee i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee i?e ii?aaeaeaiee nenoaiu i?aaa e io-
aeaeueiuo aoiaeyueo a iaa io?aneae. Iu oaea ioia/aee, /oi aei ii-
neaaeiaai a?aiaie aeaiiue iiiaio iaaeiioeaieaaeny, i?aiaeaaeaei
iauaeoeaenoneia iiieiaiea nenoaiu i?aaa, io?anee i?aaa ?an-
niao?eaaeenue eae iauaeoeaii nouanoaothuea e iiaeeaaeauea io-
e?uoeth a i?ioeanna iao/iie aeayoaeueiinoe. Aaaeiia cia/aiea eia-
ao ?acaeoea iiaiai acaeyaea ia i?aai eae ni/aoathuaa iauaeoea-
iua e noauaeoeaiua iiiaiou (ni. 2).
O/ao noauaeoeaiiai oaeoi?a a i?aaa iniaaiii aaaeai iioiio,
/oi i?aai eniieuecoaony iauanoaii ia oieueei aeey cae?aieaiey
neiaeeaoeony iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, ii e aeey eo ?acaeoey
a ii?aaeaeaiiii iai?aaeaiee, iaiaoiaeeiii a eioa?anao iauanoaa,
ainiiaenoaothuaai a iai eeanna, a a oneiaeyo iaoaai iauaia?iaeii-
ai ainoaea?noaa – anaai niaaoneiai ia?iaea. Yoi ioiineony ia oieue-
ei e i?aao a oeaeii, ii e e ioaeaeueiui aai io?aneyi, a oii /enea
e oicyenoaaiiiio i?aao, eniieuecoaiiio a ea/anoaa eino?oiaioa
i?aaiecaoeee iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, oi?iu ?oeiaiaenoaa ni-
oeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieeie. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai neoaeeo aeinoe-
aeaieth oeaeae yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee ia?oee e ainoaea?noaa, nii-
(**53) Ni.: Oai aea, n. 120, 152, 171.
!!24
nianoaoao /aoeiio ooieoeeiie?iaaieth oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia,.
iiauoaieth yooaeoeaiinoe iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
?oeiaiaey yeiiiieeie, nioeeaeenoe/aneia ainoaea?noai aeaenoao-
ao ia oieueei eae iineoaeue iieeoe/aneie aeanoe, ii e eae niano-
aaiiee iniiaiuo n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa. Eiaiii iiyoiio aeey oi-
cyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, eniieuecoaiiai a ea/anoaa eino?oiaioa ?oei-
aiaenoaa yeiiiieeie, oa?aeoa?ia aeoeaiay, oai?/aneay ?ieue.
A nayce n yoei auyaeaiea oeaeae i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicye-
noaaiiuo ioiioaiee eiaao aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey ii?aaeaeaiey oi-
cyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae io?anee i?aaa. A eeoa?aoo?a i?aaeeueii
ioia/aeinue, /oi o/ao noauaeoeaiiai oaeoi?a
Ec yoiai auoaeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue o/aoa i?e ii?aaeaeaiee oi-
cyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, eae e ae?oaeo i?aaiauo io?aneae, oeaee i?aai
aiai ?aaoee?iaaiey niioaaonoaothueo ioiioaiee. Oieueei o/ao
oeaee i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey iiiiaeao iieiinoueth ?ane?uoue oa-
?aeoa?enoeeo io?anee i?aaa, auyaeoue oa?aeoa?iue aeey iaa i?aai-
aie ?aaeei. Onoaiiaeaiey i?aaeiaoa e iaoiaeia ?aaoee?iaaiey aeey
yoiai aua iaaeinoaoi/ii.
Eiia/ii, niaaoneia i?aai eae nenoaia eiaao aaeeioth iauoth
oeaeue aeey anao naieo iiaenenoai – io?aneae i?aaa. Iauay oeaeue ni-
aaoneiai i?aaa ii?aaeaeyaony iieeoeeie ia?oee e ainoaea?noaa, ath-
yaeyaony iaania/aiea ?acaeoey iaoaai iauanoaa aeey aeinoeaeaiey
caaea/ no?ieoaeuenoaa eiiioiecia. Iiiyoii, /oi oaeia ii?aaeaeaiea
oeaeae i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee iineo
ii iaiaoiaeeiinoe iauee oa?aeoa?, ia eaaeaeii yoaia enoi?e/anei-
ai ?acaeoey yoa iauay oeaeue ooi/iyaony e eiie?aoece?oaony.
A aeaiiii neo/aa aaaeii iiae/a?eiooue, /oi i?aai eae aaeeiay ne-
noaia eiaao iauoth oeaeue, i?aaeii?aaeaeythuoth oeaee ioaeaeueiuo
ninoaaeythueo yoo nenoaio io?aneae i?aaa.
Oeaee ioaeaeueiuo io?aneae i?aaa iinyo aieaa oceee oa?aeoa?
e caaenyo io i?aaeiaoa eo ?aaoee?iaaiey. A cia/eoaeueiie ia?a
oeaee io?aneae i?aaa – yoi oeaee iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, eioi-
?ua ?aaoee?othony eo ii?iaie. N oaeeo iiceoeee neaaeoao i?eciaoue,
/oi oeaeueth oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa yaeyaony iaania/aiea ?aoeeiiaeue-
iiai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey. A ioee/ea io yoiai oeaeue
a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa – iaania/aiea iaoa?eaeueiuo e eoeueoo?iuo
iio?aaiinoae a?aaeaeai, caiaeueiiai i?aaa – iaania/aiea ?aoeei-
iaeueiiai caieaiieueciaaiey e o. ae.
?acaa?iooia ii?aaeaeaiea oeaee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa aeaao
A. E. Ciaiaineee. I?aaaea, ii aiai?eo i oeaee oicyenoaaiiiai ca-
eiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, a ia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae naiinoiyoaeueiie
io?anee, ii a aai iiieiaiee yoe iiiyoey a iniiaiii niaiaaeatho.
A niioaaonoaee n oaeei iiieiaieai oeaeue oicyenoaaiiiai caeiii-
(**54) Iieyineay A. I., Naie? ?. Ae. Niioiioaiea iauaeoeaiiai e noauaeoea-
iiai a i?aaa.- Nia. ain. e i?aai, 1969, ? 6, n. 23.
!!25
aeaoaeuenoaa ii?aaeaeyaony eae iaania/aiea iiauoaiey yooaeoeaii-
noe iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa iooai oii?yaei/aiey eee i?aaie-
caoeee oniaoiiai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey iaoaiecia nioeeaeenoe/anei-
ai oicyenoaiaaiey. I?e yoii ?acee/athony aeaa aniaeoa oeaee:
yeiiiie/aneee – iiauoaiea yooaeoeaiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa e i?a-
aiaie – oeo/oaiea ooieoeeiie?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai iaoa-
iecia (*55).
Aeoiaaony, /oi i?eaaaeaiiia ii?aaeaeaiea i?aaeeueii io?aaeaao
oeaeue oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Iaeiaei aucuaaao niiiaiea ioianaiea
iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa e yeiiiie/aneie oeaee,
a iaania/aiey ooieoeeiie?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia –
e i?aaiaie. Aeoiaaony, i?aaeeueiaa n/eoaoue, /oi oicyenoaaiii-i?a-
aiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea a oeaeii iai?aaeaii ia aeinoeaeaiea yeiii-
ie/aneeo oeaeae iooai eniieueciaaiey i?aaiauo n?aaenoa. Iiyoiio
e niaa?oainoaiaaiea oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia e iiauoaiea yo-
oaeoeaiinoe iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa – oeaee yeiiiie/aneea,
a aeinoeaeaiea eo iaania/eaaaony n iiiiuueth i?aaiauo n?aaenoa.
Auyaeaiea oeaee io?aneae i?aaa iiiiaaao /aoeiio ?aca?aie-
/aieth eo a nenoaia niaaoneiai i?aaa. Eiaiii oeaeue i?aaiaiai ?a-
aoee?iaaiey iaeaieaa y?ei oa?aeoa?ecoao io?aneue i?aaa, iniia-
ioth iai?aaeaiiinoue aa ii?i e einoeoooia. Aianoa n oai iaiaoiaee-
ii o/eouaaoue e oi, /oi ?aciua io?anee i?aaa iiaoo o/anoaiaaoue
a ?aaeecaoeee aaeeiie oeaee. Iai?eia?, auei au iaaa?ii n/e-
oaoue /oi oeaeue iaania/aiey ?aoeeiiaeueiiai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oi-
cyenoaiaaiey aeinoeaaaony oieueei n?aaenoaaie oicyenoaaiiiai i?a-
aa. Ia naiii aeaea a oaeii iaania/aiee o/anoaotho e ae?oaea io-
?anee i?aaa – o?oaeiaia, eieoiciia, caiaeueiia, aaeieieno?aoeaiia
i?aai e o. ae. Ana iie eniieuecothony a i?aaiaii ?aaoee?iaaiee
yeiiiieee, eaaeaeay io?aneue naieie niaoeeoe/aneeie n?aaenoaaie
niinianoaoao iiauoaieth yooaeoeaiinoe iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiae-
noaa. Iaeiaei iniiaiay oeaeue iacaaiiuo io?aneae ninoieo ia a iaania-
/aiee ooieoeeiie?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia, a a ?aoaiee
eiuo caaea/, naycaiiuo n oa?aeoa?ii eo i?aaeiaoa. Oae, oeaeueth
o?oaeiaiai i?aaa yaeyaony ?aoeeiiaeueiay i?aaiecaoeey o?oaea.
oeaeueth eieoiciiai i?aaa – iaania/aiea i?aaiecaoeee e aeayoaeueii-
noe eieoicia, oeaeueth aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa-iaania/aiea yo-
oaeoeaiiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iaania-
/aiea ?aoeeiiaeueiiai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey n?aaenoaa-
ie yoeo io?aneae- ia aeaaiay eo oeaeue, a iaeia ec /anoiuo oea-
eae. ?aoaaiuo a ?aieao iauae oeaee io?anee.
?acoiaaony, io?anee i?aaa ia iiaoo ?aca?aie/eaaoueny oieueei
ii eo oeaee. Oeaeue eae e?eoa?ee ?aca?aie/aiey io?aneae aeieaeia
eniieueciaaoueny a ia?ac?uaiii aaeeinoaa n ae?oaeie i?eciaeaie.
oa?aeoa?ecothueie io?anee i?aaa: eo i?aaeiaoii, iaoiaeaie, noau-
aeoaie e i?eioeeiaie. Eeoue aianoa ni anaie yoeie i?eciaeaie
oeaeue i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey iiaeao e aeieaeia eniieueciaaoueny
aeey ii?aaeaeaiey io?anee i?aaa.
(**55) Ni.: Ciaiaineee A. Ae. Oeac. ni/., n. 52.
!!26
Iaeuecy niaeaneoueny n o/aiuie, aic?aaeathueie i?ioea eniieue-
ciaaiey oeaee aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee io?anee i?aaa ii oiio iioeao,.
/oi iaeeiaeiaua oeaee iiaoo aeinoeaaoueny n?aaenoaaie ?aciuo io?an-
eae.(*56) Aaaeue oeaeue eniieuecoaony ia eae aaeeinoaaiiue e?eoa?ee,.
a eae iaeei ec i?eciaeia io?anee. E anee iiaeieoe e aii?ino n
oaeeo iiceoeee, neaaeoao i?eciaoue, /oi eiaiii oeaeue oa?aeoa?ecoao
io?aneue i?aaa iaeaieaa y?ei e io/aoeeai.
Aieaa oiai, auei au iaaa?ii n/eoaoue, /oi oeaeue i?aaiaiai ?a-
aoee?iaaiey eiaao cia/aiea oieueei aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee nenoaiu
i?aaa a oeaeii e aa e?oiiuo iiae?acaeaeaiee – io?aneae i?aaa.
Oeaeue oa?aeoa?ia e aeey iiaeio?aneae, ?acaeaeia io?anee i?aaa, aa-
einoeoooia e ioaeaeueiuo i?aaiauo ii?i. I?e yoii iiaeii aiai-
?eoue i noai?aeeiaoeee oeaeae i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Oeaeue i?aaa
eae aaeeiie nenoaiu yaeyaony iaeaieaa iauae, oiaaea eae oeaeue io-
?anee i?aaa au?aaeaao caaea/e nenoaiu i?aaa ia iaeiii ec o/ano-
eia aa ooieoeeiie?iaaiey e aeieaeia nii.oaaonoaiaaoue iauae oeaee
i?aaa. Aiaeiae/iui ia?acii oeaee iiaeio?aneae e ?acaeaeia io?an-
ee aeieaeiu niioaaonoaiaaoue iauae oeaee io?anee. Oeaeue i?aaiai-
ai einoeoooa oi?ioee?oaony a ?aieao io?anee, iiaeio?anee eee
?acaeaea io?anee i?aaa, a oeaeue ioaeaeueiie ii?iu – a ?aieao oeaee
niioaaonoaothuaai i?aaiaiai einoeoooa. Oaeei ia?acii, oeaeue iiae-
?acaeaeaiey nenoaiu i?aaa aieaa ieceiai o?iaiy aeieaeia niioaao-
noaiaaoue oeaee iiae?acaeaeaiey aieaa aunieiai o?iaiy, eiie?aoece-
?iaaoue aa a niioaaonoaee n oa?aeoa?ii aeaiiiai iiae?acaeaeaiey.
Noai?aeeiaoeey oeaeae ?acee/iuo iiae?acaeaeaiee nenoaiu i?aaa ia-
iaoiaeeia aeey iaania/aiey /aoeiai e niaeaniaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaa-
iey iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee (*57).
E oeaeyi i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aeecee i?eioeeiu io?anee:
i?aaa. Iiae i?eioeeiaie io?anee i?aaa neaaeoao iiieiaoue ?oeiai-
aeyuea ia/aea, ii?aaeaeythuea oa?aeoa? i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
niioaaonoaothueo iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Iiiyoii, /oi oaeea
?oeiaiaeyuea ia/aea ii?aaeaeythony ia iniiaa iauaeoeaii nouano-
aothueo yeiiiie/aneeo oneiaee, n o/aoii oa?aeoa?a ?aaoee?oa-
iuo io?aneueth iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee e oeaeae eo ?aaoee?iaaiey.
I?eioeeiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa enoi?e/anee neiaeeeenue e ia-
iaeiie?aoii ?anniao?eaaeenue a th?eaee/aneie iaoea (*58). I?e yoii
iiae/a?eeaaeenue aaeeinoai e aeeooa?aioeeaoeey i?eioeeiia oicyeno-
aaiiiai i?aaa, eo iinoiyiiia ?acaeoea, iiyaeaiea iiauo i?eioee-
iia i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
(**56) Ni,: A?aoonue N. I. Io?aneue niaaoneiai i?aaa: Iiiyoea, i?aaeiao, iaoiae.-
Nia. ain. e i?aai, 1979, ?11, n. 29.
(**57) Ni.: Eaioaa A. A., Oaoiaoia A. I. Oeaee i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey e ne-
noaia i?aaa.- I?aaiaaaeaiea, 1976, ? 4, n. 26.
(**58) Ni.: Oaaeaainyi A. N. Ia iniiaiuo i?eioeeiao nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicye-
noaiaaiey.- Nia. ain. e i?aai, 1966, ? 10, n. 89-92.
!!27
Eiia/ii, a iniiaiii ninoaa i?eioeeiia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
inoaaony iaeciaiiui. E iei ioiinyony aaeeinoai iieeoe/aneiai e
oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, inouanoaeaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe ia iniiaa nioeeaeenoe/aneie nianoaaiiinoe, aeaiie?aoe-
/aneee oeaio?aeeci, ieaiiainoue, oicyenoaaiiue ?an/ao, nioeeaee-
noe/aneay caeiiiinoue a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo. Aianoa n oai
yoe neiaeeaoeany e ii?aaeaeeaoea naay i?eioeeiu oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa iinoiyiii ?acaeaathony e ooi/iythony.
Aicueiai e i?eia?o i?eioeei inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe ia iniiaa nioeeaeenoe/aneie nianoaaiiinoe. Ii nei-
aeeeny a ?acoeueoaoa nioeeaeenoe/aneie iaoeeiiaeecaoeee n?aaenoa
i?iecaiaenoaa e eiaao aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee oicye-
noaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Aeaiiua ioiioaiey neeaaeuaathony ia iniiaa
nioeeaeenoe/aneie nianoaaiiinoe ia n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa. Nioeea-
eenoe/aneia ainoaea?noai ia oieueei ?oeiaiaeeo yeiiiieeie, ii e
o/anoaoao a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo /a?ac naie oicyenoaaiiua
i?aaiu. I?e yoii iii aeaenoaoao ia oieueei eae iineoaeue iieeoe-
/aneie aeanoe, ii e eae nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa. Eie-
eaeoeaiay nianoaaiiinoue ninoaaeyao iniiao oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe e eiiia?aoeaiuo e iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee.
A ii?aaeaeaiee oi?i nioeeaeenoe/aneie nianoaaiiinoe aaaeioth
?ieue ea?atho iieiaeaiey Eiinoeoooeee NNN?. A no. 10 Eiinoeoo-
oeee NNN? 1977 a. oeacuaaaony, /oi iniiao yeiiiie/aneie nenoa-
iu ninoaaeyao nioeeaeenoe/aneay nianoaaiiinoue ia n?aaenoaa i?iec-
aiaenoaa a oi?ia ainoaea?noaaiiie (iauaia?iaeiie) e eieoicii-ei*->
ia?aoeaiie nianoaaiiinoe. Aeaeaa oeacuaaaony aua iaeia oi?ia
nioeeaeenoe/aneie nianoaaiiinoe, eioi?ay ia oiiieiaeanue a aeae-
noaiaaaoae ?aiaa Eiinoeoooeee,- nianoaaiiinoue i?ionithciuo e
eiuo iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee.
Iaeiaei a ioee/ea io ainoaea?noaaiiie e eieoicii-eiiia?aoea-
iie nianoaaiiinoe yoa oi?ia nioeeaeenoe/aneie nianoaaiiinoe ia
ioiineony e iniiaa yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu. Oicyenoaaiiua ioii-
oaiey a nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieea neeaaeuaathony aeaaiui ia-
?acii ia aaca ainoaea?noaaiiie e eieoicii-eiiia?aoeaiie nianoaai-
iinoe, eiaiii iie eiatho i?iecaiaenoaaiiue oa?aeoa?, ninoaaeytho
iniiao nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey. Nianoaaiiinoue aea
i?ionithciuo e eiuo iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee i?aaeiacia/aia
aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey iaoa?eaeueiuo e eoeueoo?iuo iio?aaiinoae
eo /eaiia, oioy a ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo e iia iiaeao auoue iniiaie
aeey o/anoey aeaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo.
Auaeaeaiea a ea/anoaa iniiau yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu oi?i ni-
oeeaeenoe/aneie nianoaaiiinoe, eiathueo i?iecaiaenoaaiiia cia-
/aiea, aaaeii aeey iiieiaiey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae naii-
noiyoaeueiie io?anee. Aaaeue oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ?aaoee?oao
ioiioaiey iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie e eo iiae-
?acaeaeaieyie, neeaaeuaathueany a i?ioeanna ?oeiaiaenoaa e ino-
uanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, a yeiiiie/aneoth aaco
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ninoaaeytho eiaiii ainoaea?noaaiiay e
eieoicii-eiiia?aoeaiay nianoaaiiinoue.
!!28
Ii-iiaiio noaaeony a Eiinoeoooeee 1977 a. aii?in i i?eioeeia
aeaiie?aoe/aneiai oeaio?aeecia. A no. 3 Eiinoeoooeee aeaiiue
i?eioeei oi?ioee?oaony a iauae oi?ia eae ni/aoaiea aaeeiiai
?oeiaiaenoaa n eieoeeaoeaie e oai?/aneie aeoeaiinoueth ia ianoao,
n ioaaonoaaiiinoueth eaaeaeiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaia e aeieaeii-
noiiai eeoea ca ii?o/aiiia aeaei. ?acoiaaony, yoi ioiineony ei
anai ainoaea?noaaiiui, a oii /enea e ainoaea?noaaiiui oicyeno-
aaiiui, i?aaiai. Oai ia iaiaa a no. 16 Eiinoeoooeee i?eioeei
aeaiie?aoe/aneiai oeaio?aeecia niaoeeaeueii oi?ioee?oaony i?eia-
ieoaeueii e ?oeiaiaenoao yeiiiieeie e ii?aaeaeyaony eae ni/aoaiea
oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey n oicyenoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeue-
iinoueth e eieoeeaoeaie i?aaei?eyoee, iauaaeeiaiee e ae?oaeo i?aa-
iecaoeee.
Oaeay oi?ioee?iaea aeaiiiai i?eioeeia yaeyaony iiaie e
eiathuae aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. A oicye-
noaaiiii i?aaa niioiioaiea oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai e aeaiie?aoe/a-
neiai ia/ae a ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie i?aaeaea anaai aunooiaao
eiaiii eae ni/aoaiea oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie
e oicyenoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe ieciauo caaiueaa. Oicyenoaai-
iay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue caaiueaa nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieee ii?a-
aeaeyaony a ii?iao oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, au?aaeaaony a eiiia-
oaioeee oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia e eo iiae?acaeaeaiee, caaeneo io
onoaiaaeeaaaiiai a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ii?yaeea ?oeiaiaenoaa e ino-
uanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Aaaeii e oi, /oi a no. 16 Eiinoeoooeee iiae/a?eeaaaony iaia-
oiaeeiinoue ni/aoaiey oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai e aeaiie?aoe/aneiai ia-
/ae, oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey e oicyenoaaiiie naiinoiy-
oaeueiinoe ieciauo caaiueaa. Oaeay onoaiiaea i?eaioe?oao ia i?a-
aiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea aeaoo ia/ae aeaiie?aoe/aneiai oeaio?aeecia
a eo ni/aoaiee, a ia?ac?uaiie nayce. Eiaiii oaeie iiaeoiae e
?aaoee?iaaieth oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee iaania/eaaaony n ii-
iiuueth oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Iai?ioea, io?eoeaiea naiinoiyoaeue-
iinoe oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa i?eaioe?oao ia ?acaeaeueiia i?aaiaia
?aaoee?iaaiea aeaoo ia/ae aeaiie?aoe/aneiai oeaio?aeecia, ia io-
ianaiea oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey e aaeieieno?aoeaiiio,
a oicyenoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe ieciauo caaiueaa – e a?aae-
aeaineiio i?aao. A ?acoeueoaoa aeaa noi?iiu aaeeiiai i?eioeeia
io?uaathony ae?oa io ae?oaa, niaaeeiythony n ae?oaeie yeaiaioaie
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai e a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa, /oi ia aeaao aiciiaeii-
noe iaania/eoue aaeeiia ?aaoee?iaaiea ni/aoaiey oeaio?aeeciaai-
iiai oi?aaeaiey e oicyenoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe ieciauo
caaiueaa yeiiiieee.
Aaaeiui i?eioeeiii oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa yaeyaony ieaii-
ainoue. Ieaiiia?iinoue eiiaiaioii i?enoua nioeeaeenoe/aneie
yeiiiieea e ninoaaeyao iniiao ieaie?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe eae oi?iu ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii. I?iai-
aeeiua ia?u niaa?oainoaiaaiey ieaie?iaaiey niinianoaotho aeaeue-
iaeoaio ?acaeoeth i?eioeeia ieaiiainoe, iaiieiytho aai iiaui
niaea?aeaieai. A yoii ioiioaiee iniaaiii aaaeiia cia/aiea eiatho
ia?u oeo/oaiey ieaie?iaaiey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, i?aaeoniio-
?aiiua iinoaiiaeaieai i oicyenoaaiiii iaoaiecia.
!!29
I?iaiaeeiia iuia niaa?oainoaiaaiea ieaie?iaaiey io?aaeaao
oaeoaeaiea ieaiiainoe yeiiiieee a ia?eiae c?aeiai nioeeaeecia.
Oae, iiauoaaony ?ieue ia?niaeoeaiiai ieaie?iaaiey, iniiaie
anae nenoaiu ieaie?iaaiey noaiiaeony eiiieaeniay i?ia?aiia
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna ia aeaaaeoeaoue eao, aaaeiaeoaa cia-
/aiea i?eia?aoatho iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey yeiiiie/aneiai e ni-
oeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey ia aeanyoeeaoiee ia?eiae, aeaaiie oi?iie
ieaie?iaaiey noaiiaeony iyoeeaoiee ieai. Oa?aeoa?ii e iiau-
oaiea iao/iiai o?iaiy ieaie?iaaiey, /oi yaeyaony iaeiie ia
aaaeiaeoeo caaea/ i?iaiaeeiuo ia?ii?eyoee. Yoiio neoaeao one-
eaiea cia/aiey yeiiiie/aneeo ii?iaoeaia aeeeoaeueiiai aeaenoaey,
oe?aieaiea noaaeeueiinoe ieaiia, nicaeaiea ieaiiauo, oeiainiauo
e iaoa?eaeueiuo ?aca?aia, ?acaeoea i?ia?aiiii-oeaeaaiai ieaie?iaaiey.
A oneiaeyo niaa?oainoaiaaiey ieaie?iaaiey oneeeaaaony
?ieue i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey a yoie iaeanoe. Oicyenoaaiiia i?a-
ai ii?aaeaeyao ii?yaeie ieaie?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe,
onoaiaaeeaaao eiiiaoaioeeth ieaie?othueo i?aaiia, cae?aieyao
nenoaio aee?aeoeaiuo ieaiiauo iieacaoaeae, ii?aaeaeyao ia?u
ioaaonoaaiiinoe e caeiiiinoe a ieaie?iaaiee. A iinoaiiaeaiee i
oicyenoaaiiii iaoaiecia onoaiiaeaiu iiaua ieaiiaua iieacaoa-
ee, ooaa?aeaeaaiua aeey ieienoa?noa, iauaaeeiaiee e i?aaei?eyoee.
Oai naiui ?aca?aie/aia eiiiaoaioeey auoanoiyueo ieaiiauo e
oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia e ieciauo caaiueaa a aii?inao ieaie?iaaiey.
Iaeiaei aeey ?aaeueiiai inouanoaeaiey i?aa e iaycaiiinoae oi-
cyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia iaiaoiaeeii ia oieueei onoaiiaeoue aee?aeoea-
iua iieacaoaee, ii i i?aaeoniio?aoue th?eaee/aneea aa?aioee eo
inouanoaeaiey, niiniau i?aaeioa?auaiey ia?ooaiee caeiiiinoe
a ieaie?iaaiee. Yoi ioiineony e e /aoeiio ii?aaeaeaieth th?eaee-
/aneiai cia/aiey ieaiiauo ii?iaoeaia, onoaiiaeaieth eo th?eaee-
/aneie iaycaoaeueiinoe ia oieueei aeey i?aaei?eyoee e iauaaeeiaiee,
ii e aeey auoanoiyueo ieaiiauo e oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia. Eiu-
ie neiaaie, o?aaoaony oeo/oaiea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i ieaie?iaa-
iee, i?eaaaeaiea aai a iieiia niioaaonoaea n nia?aiaiiuie caaea-
/aie ?acaeoey yeiiiieee. Iiiyoii, /oi yoi o?aaoao aeoaieie
?ac?aaioee oai?aoe/aneeo iniia niaa?oainoaiaaiey ieaie?iaa-
iey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, aieueoaai aieiaiey e aii?inai
ieaie?iaaiey a oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiauo enneaaeiaaieyo.
Nia?aiaiiue ia?eiae oa?aeoa?ecoaony oe?ieei ?acaeoeai
noa?u oic?an/aoiuo ioiioaiee, ?ani?ino?aiaieai i?eioeeiia
oic?an/aoa ia aeayoaeueiinoue ia oieueei i?aaei?eyoee e eo iiae?ac-
aeaeaiee, ii e iauaaeeiaiee e e?oiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai i
i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa – oeaio?ia nenoai. A nayce
n oaeei ?acaeoeai i?eioeei oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa ana a aieueoae
noaiaie ii?aaeaeyao nenoaio i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioii-
oaiee c?aeiai nioeeaeecia.
!!30
?acaeoea oic?an/aoa a oi?aaeaiee i?iecaiaenoaii eiaao eii-
oeaiooaeueiia cia/aiea a nii?a iaaeaeo i?aaenoaaeoaeyie oicyeno-
aaiii-i?aaiaie eiioeaioeee e o/aiuie, io?eoeathueie naiinoiy-
oaeueiinoue oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. A oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaie eiioeai-
oeee a oa/aiea ?yaea eao iainiiauaaeenue i?aaeeiaeaiey i oe?ieii
?acaeoee oic?an/aoa e ?ani?ino?aiaiee aai ia noa?o oi?aa-
eaiey i?iecaiaenoaii. Yoe i?aaeeiaeaiey i?yii auoaeatho ec na-
iie nouiinoe aeaiiie eiioeaioeee, iniiaaiiie ia aaeeiii iiaeoiaea
e oicyenoaaiiui ioiioaieyi ii ai?eciioaee e aa?oeeaee. I?e
oaeie iinoaiiaea aii?ina ia io?eoeathony aeaeiaua ?acee/ey yoeo
ioiioaiee, ii aianoa n oai iiae/a?eeaaaony iaiaoiaeeiinoue aaeei-
noaa iaueo i?eioeeiia eo ?aaoee?iaaiey, a oii /enea i?eioeeia
oic?an/aoa, iiaeeaaeauaai i?eiaiaieth ai anao caaiueyo oicyeno-
aaiiie nenoaiu.
Iai?ioea, ec nouiinoe eiioeaioeee aaeieieno?aoeaiiai e a?aae-
aeaineiai i?aaa a eo o?aaeeoeeiiiii iiieiaiee auoaeaao o?aeoia-
ea e
oaiii ?acii?iaeiuo, iaeie ec eioi?uo eaaeeoeoee?othony a ea/a-
noaa aaeieieno?aoeaiuo, a ae?oaea ?anniao?eaathony eae oiaa?iua,
yeiau oieueei e iiaouea no?ieoueny ia oic?an/aoiuo ia/aeao.
Oic?an/ao aea a oi?aaeaiee, n yoie oi/ee c?aiey, aiiaua iaaiciiaeai. .
I?ienoiaeyuea i?ioeannu ?acaeoey yeiiiieee iieacuaatho
i?aaeeueiinoue oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaie eiioeaioeee, i?eioeei oic-
?an/aoa eniieuecoaony nae/an eiaiii eae iauee i?eioeei i?aaie-
caoeee anao caaiueaa nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieee. Ia i?eia?a
?acaeoey oic?an/aoa y?ei i?iyaeyaony iaiainiiaaiiinoue aeoaee-
noe/aneiai iiaeoiaea e ?aaoee?iaaieth oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
Yoio iiaeoiae ia auaea?aeeaaao eniuoaiey i?aeoeeie, ia niioaao-
noaoao nia?aiaiiui oneiaeyi e caaea/ai ?acaeoey nioeeaeenoe-
/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey.
Aaaeiui i?eioeeiii oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa yaeyaony nioeeaee-
noe/aneay caeiiiinoue a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo. Iineieueeo
oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey neeaaeuaathony ii ai?eciioaee e aa?-
oeeaee, i?eioeei caeiiiinoe iaycaoaeai ia oieueei a i?ioeanna
aaaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ii e i?e ?oeiaiaenoaa yei-
iiieeie. Anyeia oi?aaeai/aneia ?aoaiea, iinyuaa eae ii?ia-
oeaiue, oae e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiue oa?aeoa?, aeieaeii niioaaonoaiaaoue
i?eioeeio caeiiiinoe, ia i?ioeai?a/eoue caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao, auoue
iainiiaaiiui ia oieueei yeiiiie/anee, ii e th?eaee/anee.
Cia/aiea caeiiiinoe a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo oneeeaaao-
ny a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo, eiaaea i?iaiaeyony ia?ii?eyoey ii ni-
aa?oainoaiaaieth oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia. Oeo/oaiea ooie-
oeeiie?iaaiey iaoaiecia nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieee o?aaoao
onoie/eainoe, noaaeeueiinoe oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, /aoeiai
niaethaeaiey onoaiiaeaiiiai a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ii?yaeea ?oeiaiae-
noaa e inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, A no. 4 Eii-
noeoooeee NNN? oeacuaaaony, /oi Niaaoneia ainoaea?noai, ana aai
i?aaiu aeaenoaotho ia iniiaa nioeeaeenoe/aneie caeiiiinoe, ?acoia-
aony yoi ioiineony e e oicyenoaaiiui i?aaiai ainoaea?noaa.
Iaiaoiaeeiinoue no?iai niaethaeaoue nioeeaeenoe/aneoth caeiiiinoue a
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo iiae/a?eeaaaony a ?aoaieyo XXVI
nuacaea EINN.
!!31
Oe?aieaieth caeiiiinoe a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo niinia-
noaoao i?eiyoea 30 iiya?y 1979 a. Caeiia i ainoaea?noaaiiii
a?aeo?aaea a NNN?. A iai i?aaeoniao?eaaaony ?anoe?aiea ooieoeee
ainoaea?noaaiiiai a?aeo?aaea ii eiio?ieth ca caeiiiinoueth aeoia
i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. Oae, a no. 19 Caeiia oeacu-
aaaony, /oi ainoaea?noaaiiue a?aeo?aae ioeacuaaao a oaeiaeao-
ai?aiee o?aaiaaiee noi?ii, anee iie iniiaaiu ia aeoao i?aaiia
ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey, ia niioaaonoaothueo caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noao. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ia ainoaea?noaaiiue a?aeo?aae aiceiaeai
eiio?ieue ca caeiiiinoueth oaeeo aeoia, /oi iiiiaeao oe?aieaieth
caeiiiinoe a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa. Iaeiaei yoa ooieoeey a?aeo?aaea
ia?aie/aia neo/ayie auyaeaiey iacaeiiiinoe aeoia i?aaiia ai-
noaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey i?e ?ac?aoaiee oicyenoaaiiuo nii-
?ia. Aeoiaaony, auei au oeaeaniia?acii inouanoaeoue aeaeueiaeoaa
?anoe?aiea ooieoeee a?aeo?aaea, aiceiaeea ia iaai eiio?ieue ca
caeiiiinoueth aeoia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ai anao neo/ayo,
a ia oieueei i?e ?ac?aoaiee oicyenoaaiiuo nii?ia.
Yoi niioaaonoaiaaei au iauae oaiaeaioeee ?anoe?aiey ooie-
oeee a?aeo?aaea, oa?aeoa?iie aeey Caeiia. Oae, a no. 26 Caeiia
i?aaeoniao?eaaaony, /oi eino?oeoeaiua oeacaiey Ainoaea?noaaiii-
ai a?aeo?aaea NNN? e ainoaea?noaaiiiai a?aeo?aaea nithciie ?an-
ioaeeee iaycaoaeueiu ia oieueei aeey i?aaiia a?aeo?aaea, ii e aeey
ieienoa?noa, ainoaea?noaaiiuo eiieoaoia, aaaeiinoa, i?aaei?eyoee,
o/?aaeaeaiee e i?aaiecaoeee. Ianiiiaiii, n iiiiuueth eino?oeoea-
iuo oeacaiee ainoaea?noaaiiue a?aeo?aae a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a
niinianoaoao oe?aieaieth caeiiiinoe a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo.
Ia?yaeo n ?acaeoeai neiaeeaoeony ?aiaa i?eioeeiia oicyeno-
aaiiiai i?aaa a oneiaeyo c?aeiai nioeeaeecia iiyaeythony e ii-
aua i?eioeeiu i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioa-
iee. E eo /eneo ioiineony i?eioeei ni/aoaiey io?aneaaiai e oa?-
?eoi?eaeueiiai ia/ae a ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie, eioi?ue cae?ai-
eai a no. 16 Eiinoeoooeee NNN? e ?aaeecoaony i?e i?iaaaeaiee
ia?ii?eyoee ii niaa?oainoaiaaieth oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia.
Oi?aaeaiea yeiiiieeie a iaoae no?aia no?ieony aeaaiui
ia?acii ia io?aneaaie iniiaa, /oi niinianoaoao ?acaeoeth iao/ii-
oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna, ioaa/aao caaea/ai niaa?oainoaiaaiey oi-
cyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia. Iiiuoea i?aaieciaaoue ?oeiaiaenoai i?i-
iuoeaiiinoueth e no?ieoaeuenoaii ia iniiaa oa??eoi?eaeueiiai
i?eioeeia /a?ac niaia?oicu naay ia ii?aaaeaea. Aianoa n oai io-
?aneaaay i?aaiecaoeey oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie i?eaiaeeo e iaaei-
ioeaiea oa??eoi?eaeueiuo aniaeoia nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey.
!!32
Iiaue i?eioeei nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey – ni/aoa-
iea io?aneaaiai e oa??eoi?eaeueiiai ia/ae a ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiii-
ieeie – i?iaiaeeony a aeeciue iooai o/aoa a io?aneaaii ieaie?i-
aaiee oa??eoi?eaeueiuo aniaeoia oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe,
ninoaaeaiey naiaeiuo ieaiia yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai ?ac-
aeoey ii oa??eoi?eyi, nicaeaiey oa??eoi?eaeueii-i?iecaiaenoaai-
iuo eiiieaenia e i?iiuoeaiiuo oceia. Iiaua oi?iu ni/aoaiey
io?aneaaiai e oa??eoi?eaeueiiai ia/ae a ?oeiaiaenoaa aa?ii?i-
iuoeaiiui eiiieaenii ii?aaeaeaiu a ?aoaieyo iaeneiai
(1982 a.) Ieaioia OeE EINN.
Iaeiaei iiiaea i?iaeaiu ?aaeecaoeee yoiai i?eioeeia aua
aeaeoo naiaai ?aoaiey. Oae, nicaeaiea oa??eoi?eaeueii-i?iecaiaeno-
aaiiuo eiiieaenia cao?oaeiyaony ia?aoaiiinoueth aii?ina i eo
i?aaiaie i?aaiecaoeee, i niioiioaiee i?aa io?aneaauo e oa??e-
oi?eaeueiuo i?aaiia ii oi?aaeaieth eiiieaenaie. Aei neo ii? ia
?aoaiu aii?inu niaianoiiai eniieueciaaiey iauaeoia iauaai ia-
cia/aiey, nii?oaeaaiuo ia iniiaa aeieaaiai o/anoey a i?iiuo-
eaiiuo oceao. I?iaeaiu ni/aoaiey io?aneaaiai e oa??eoi?eaeue-
iiai ia/ae a ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie aeieaeiu caiyoue aaaeiia ia-
noi a oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiauo enneaaeiaaieyo.
Ae?oaei iiaui i?eioeeiii oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa yaeyaony ni-
aa?oainoaiaaiea oi?i e iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie. Naia
ii naaa caaea/a niaa?oainoaiaaiey oi?i e iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa
yeiiiieeie ia iiaa, ii a no. 15 Eiinoeoooeee NNN? 1977 a. iia
aia?aua noi?ioee?iaaia a aeaea i?eioeeia. Oaeie iiaeoiae e ni-
aa?oainoaiaaieth oi?i e iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie iau-
yniyaony oneiaeyie c?aeiai nioeeaeecia, onei?aieai iao/ii-oao-
ie/aneiai i?ia?anna, /oi ia oa?ieo canoiy ia oieueei a i?aaieca-
oeee i?iecaiaenoaa, ii e a oi?aaeaiee ei. Iu oaea oiiieiaee i
niaa?oainoaiaaiee aaaeiaeoae oi?iu ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiie-
eie – ieaie?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. I?iaiaeyony
ia?u e ii oeo/oaieth oi?aaeaiey io?aneyie i?iiuoeaiiinoe,
no?ieoaeuenoaa e ae?oaeie io?aneyie yeiiiieee. Iie aeeth/atho ni-
e?auaiea caaiiinoe oi?aaeaiey, ?acaeoea oic?an/aoa a oi?aaea-
iee i?iecaiaenoaii, niaaeeiaiee iaoee n i?iecaiaenoaii, nicaeaiea
iauaaeeiaiee a ia?ae/iii e n?aaeiai caaia io?aneaaiai oi?aaea-
iey, oe?aieaiea e ?acaeoea io?aneaauo oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai.
Oi?iie ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie yaeyaony e i?aaiaia ?aao-
ee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, niaa?oainoaiaaiea eioi-
?iai aeieaeii i?iaiaeeoueny eae iaiouaieaiue yeaiaio ?aaeecaoeee
?anniao?eaaaiiai eiinoeoooeeiiiiai i?eioeeia. Nthaea ioiineony
oeo/oaiea oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ?acaeoea e niaa?-
oainoaiaaiea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
Aeaiiue i?eioeei oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iaoeaeeaaao ia ?aoe-
oaeueiue ioeac io iiiaeo neiaeeaoeony oi?i e iaoiaeia ?oeiaiae-
noaa, ia caiaio eo iiauie oi?iaie e iaoiaeaie, niioaaonoaoth-
ueie iiaui oneiaeyi oicyenoaiaaiey.
!!33
Ai anyeie io?anee i?aaa nouanoaotho aeaa i?ioeaiiieiaeiua
oaiaeaioeee – noaaeeueiinoe e aeeiaie/iinoe i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?i-
aaiey. Eo niioiioaiea iaiaeeiaeiai a ?aciuo io?aneyo e ia ?ac-
iuo yoaiao ?acaeoey. Noaaeeueiinoue i?aaiauo ii?i aaaeia aeey
onoie/eainoe ?aaoee?iaaiey iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Aeeiaieci
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ii?aaeaeyaony iaiaoiaeeiinoueth eo ?acae-
oey II niaa?oainoaiaaiey. Aeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa nae/an ini-
aaiii oa?aeoa?ai eiaiii aeeiaieci (*59). Yoi – i?yiia neaaenoaea
e iaiaoiaeeiay i?aaeiinueea niaa?oainoaiaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai
iaoaiecia, yeaiaioii eioi?iai yaeyaony i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. ?aaeeeaeueiia oeo/oaiea oicyenoaai-
iiai iaoaiecia o?aaoao nouanoaaiiiai niaa?oainoaiaaiey i?a-
aiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee. Eia/a e auoue ia iiaeao a
oneiaeyo niaa?oainoaiaaiey oi?i e iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iae-
iui oicyenoaii.
Iaeiaei a th?eaee/aneie iaoea aei neo ii? eiatho ianoi
iey, eia?oeey iuoeaiey, ionoaeaaiea neiaeeaoaeny nenoaiu
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, iainiiaaiea iaaeiionoeiinoe aa
/aneiai iiaeoiaeia e ?aaoee?iaaieth oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee,
iineieueeo iie iniiauaathony ia aeaaii neiaeeaoeony th?eaee/a-
neeo iaoeao (*61).
Aeoiaaony, /oi oaeay iiceoeey ia niioaaonoaoao i?eioeeio
niaa?oainoaiaaiey oi?i e iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie. A on-
eiaeyo c?aeiai nioeeaeecia aeey oeo/oaiey ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiie-
eie iiaeao iiiaaeiaeoueny e
iu caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, a oeaeaniia?aciinoe e?oiiuo i?aia?aciaa-
iee nenoaiu i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee
iaaei ?acia?aoueny ii nouanoao, a ia ioaa?aaoue eo oieueei iioiio,
/oi ae?oaea oi?iu oaea neiaeeeenue. A oaeeo aii?inao ?oeiaiaeno-
aiaaoueny neaaeoao ia i?eau/iuie e?eoa?eyie, a iiauie oneiaey-
ie nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey e a iaiaoiaeeiuo neo/ayo
i?eieiaoue ?aaeeeaeueiua ?aoaiey ii oeo/oaieth ?aaoee?iaaiey
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
Ia XXVI nuacaea EINN ia?auaeinue iniaia aieiaiea ia iaia-
oiaeeiinoue ?acaeoey iiauo oi?i ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie, niio-
aaonoaothueo nia?aiaiiui oneiaeyi nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyeno-
aiaaiey.
Oii?iia ionoaeaaiea neiaeeaoeony ecaeaaia e ia niioaaono-
aothueo iiaui oneiaeyi o?aaeeoeeiiiuo oi?i i?aaiaiai ?aaoee-
?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, ?an/eaiaiea yoeo ioiioaiee
e io?eoeaiea eo aaeeinoaa iaoatho oeo/oaieth oicyenoaaiiiai ia-
oaiecia, ia niioaaonoaotho i?eioeeio niaa?oainoaiaaiey oi?i e
iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie. Oieueei ?aoeoaeueiia oeo/oaiea
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee iiiiaeao
i?eaanoe iaoa oicyenoaaiiia i?aai a iieiia niioaaonoaea n ni-
a?aiaiiuie caaea/aie ?acaeoey yeiiiieee, eniieueciaaoue ana
aiciiaeiinoe i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aeey iiauoaiey yooaeoea-
iinoe iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
(**59) Ni.: Ciaiaineee A. E. Oeac. ni/., n. 179.
(**60) Ni.: Aeaenaaa N. N., sseiaeaa A. O. Niaa?oainoaiaaiea oicyenoaaiiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.- Nia. ain. e i?aai, 1975, ? 6, n. 48.
(**61) Aeaenaaa N. N., sseiaeaa A. O. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee.- Nia. ain. e i?aai, 1979, ? 3, n. 63.
(**62) Iaoa?eaeu XXVI nuacaea EINN. I.: Iieeoecaeao, 1981, n. 51.
!!34
4. Nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
Ii?iu i einoeooou eaaeaeie io?anee i?aaa ?aniieaaathony ii
ii?aaeaeaiiie nenoaia. I?e yoii a niioaaonoaee ni neiaeeaoae-
ny o?aaeeoeeae nenoaia io?anee i?aaa iau/ii iiae?acaeaeyaony ia
aeaa aieueoea /anoe: iauay /anoue e iniaaiiay /anoue. Auaeaeaieth
iauae /anoe a nenoaia io?anee i?aaa a i?aaiaie iaoea i?eaea-
aony aieueoia cia/aiea. Iaeioi?ua o/aiua iieaaatho, /oi iaee/ea
iauae /anoe ninoaaeyao aaaeiaeoee i?eciae naiinoiyoaeueiie
io?anee i?aaa (*63).
Ia ?aiiae noaaeee ?acaeoey nia?aiaiiie eiioeaioeee oicyeno-
aaiiiai i?aaa auneacuaaeenue niiiaiey a aiciiaeiinoe ia?aci-
aaiey iauae /anoe a oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa. Yoe niiiaiey inii-
auaaeenue ia io?eoeaiee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae naiinoiyoaeue-
iie io?anee i?aaa eee ia i?eciaiee aai eeoue eiiieaeniie, a ia
iniiaiie io?aneueth. Aianoa n oai iaeioi?ua o/aiua i?eciatho,
/oi e i?e o?aeoiaea a ea/anoaa eiiieaeniie io?anee oicyenoaai-
iia i?aai iiaeao ia?aciaaoue naith iauoth /anoue. (*64) Oai aieaa yoi
aiciiaeii i?e i?eciaiee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa naiinoiyoaeueiie
io?aneueth i?aaa.
Iauay /anoue io?anee i?aaa aeeth/aao iauea iieiaeaiey, au-
ianaiiua ca neiaee e iaycaoaeueiua aeey anao ?acaeaeia e einoe-
oooia aeaiiie io?anee. A oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa oaeea iauea iiei-
aeaiey /aoei auaeaeythony. I?e yoii ioaeii o/eouaaoue, /oi iauea
iieiaeaiey io?anee i?aaa ia iaycaoaeueii aeieaeiu auoue niaoeeoe-
/aneeie oieueei aeey iaa, iie iiaoo iiaoi?youeny a ?aciuo io?aneyo.
Neooaoeey caeanue aeecea e oie, eioi?ay eiaao ianoi a aii?ina i
i?eioeeiao io?aneae i?aaa. Iaeie e oa aea i?eioeeiu aeaenoaotho a
?acee/iuo io?aneyo, i?eaeiaeueii eeoue eo ni/aoaiea. Aianoa n
oai nouanoaotho e oaeea i?eioeeiu, eioi?ua oa?aeoa?iu oieueei
aeey iaeiie io?anee i?aaa. Aiaeiae/iui ia?acii iauea iieiaea-
iey io?anee i?aaa iiaoo auoue eeai niaoeeoe/iuie aeey iaa, eeai
eniieueciaaoueny e a ae?oaeo io?aneyo i?aaa. Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi n
yoie oi/ee c?aiey oicyenoaaiiia i?aai eae io?aneue i?aaa ioee-
(**63) Ni.: Aeaenaiae?ia I. A. I ianoa o?oaeiaiai i?aaa a nenoaia niaaoneiai ni-
oeeaeenoe/aneiai i?aaa.-Nia. ain. e i?aai, 1958, ? 5, n. 117.
(**64) Ni.: Oienoie TH. E. I?iaeaiu niaa?oainoaiaaiey a?aaeaeaineiai e oicye-
noaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.- A ei.: ?acaeoea a?aaeaeaineiai, oaieiaiiai
e i?ioeannoaeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa a niaaoneeo ?anioaeeeao I?eaaeoe-
ee (1940-1975): A?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaua iaoee. ?eaa: Eaoa. ain. oi-o, 1975, n. 20.
!!35
/aaony cia/eoaeueiie niaoeeoe/iinoueth. Iauea iieiaeaiey oicyeno-
aaiiiai i?aaa nouanoaaiii ioee/athony io iaueo iieiaeaiee
ae?oaeo io?aneae. Yoi ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeyaony naiei i?aaeiaoii
?aaoee?iaaiey aeaiiie io?anee, aa iiaeciie e niaoeeoe/aneei
oa?aeoa?ii, io?aaeathuei nouiinoue nioeeaeenoe/aneeo oicyeno-
aaiiuo ioiioaiee. Iiyoiio ii n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie io?aneyie
oicyenoaaiiia i?aai e aeeth/aao i?eaeiaeueiua iauea iieiaeaiey.
Yoi ioiineony e e aai noauaeoai, e e i?aaiaiio ?aaeeio ca-
e?aieaiiiai ca ieie eiouanoaa, e e i?aaiaui oi?iai oicyeno-
aaiiiai ?an/aoa, e e ieaiiaui oicyenoaaiiui iaycaoaeuenoaai,
it e ii?yaeeo caueou oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa. Yoe e iaeioi?ua ae?o-
aea iieiaeaiey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eiatho iauaa cia/aiea aeey
anao ?acaeaeia e einoeoooia aeaiiie io?anee i?aaa.
Nenoaia io?anee i?aaa onoaiaaeeaaaony iaoeie ia iniiaa
iauaeoeaii neiaeeaoeony ii?i e einoeoooia io?anee. Iaoea oi-
cyenoaaiiiai i?aaa yaeyaony iieiaeie, eae e naii oicyenoaaiiia
i?aai. Ia ia?auo ii?ao naiaai ?acaeoey iaecaaaeii iia eniieue-
ciaaea o?aaeeoeee neiaeeaoeony ?aiaa th?eaee/aneeo iaoe e ain-
i?eiyea oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiia a ae?oaeo io?aneyo i?aaa aea-
eaiea nenoaiu io?anee ia aeaa iniiaiuo iiae?acaeaeaiey – iauoth
/anoue e iniaaiioth /anoue. I?e yoii a iauoth /anoue oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa aeeth/aeenue iieiaeaiey, iauea aeey anao ?acaeaeia e
einoeoooia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, a a iniaaiioth – i?aaiaua
ii?iu e einoeooou, eanathueany ?aaoee?iaaiey ioaeaeueiuo io?a-
neae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e aeaeia oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Iino?iaiiay ii oaeie nenoaia no?oeoo?a io?anee oicyenoaaiii-
ai i?aaa aeeth/aea 19 ?acaeaeia, ec eioi?uo 10 ioiineeenue e ia-
uae, a 9-e iniaaiiie /anoe (**65)
Iaeiaei aeaeueiaeoea oai?aoe/aneea enneaaeiaaiey i?iaeai oi-
cyenoaaiiiai i?aaa i?eaaee e iiaui ?acoeueoaoai, auyaeee ia-
iaoiaeeiinoue eiie a?oiie?iaee ii?iaoeaiiai iaoa?eaea, ioiiny-
uaainy e io?anee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. N iaeiie noi?iiu, yoi
iainiiauaaaony ?acaeoeai iiauo ?acaeaeia e einoeoooia oicyeno-
aaiiiai i?aaa, i?eaiaeyuei e oaaee/aieth eiee/anoaa yeaiaioia
no?oeoo?u io?anee. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, oaeoaeaiiia enneaaeiaaiea
i?iaeai iino?iaiey nenoaiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iieacaei, /oi
?acaeaeu e einoeooou, aeeth/aaoeany a iauoth /anoue, ii nooe aea-
ea iiae?acaeaeythony ia aeaa /aoei ?acee/athueany a?oiiu: iauea
iieiaeaiey a nianoaaiiii niunea e iieiaeaiey, ioiinyueany e
i?aaiaiio ?aaoee?iaaieth ooieoeeiiaeueiuo aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe a
nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieea.
Aeaei a oii, /oi iaiaei ?acaeaeia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eana-
aony i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ?acee/iuo aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe a
nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieea, eioi?ua, aoaeo/e ooieoeeiiaeueii
naiinoiyoaeueiuie, a oi aea a?aiy ioiinyony ei anai io?aneyi
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. ?a/ue eaeao i oaeeo ooieoeeiiaeueiuo aeaeao
(**65) Ni.: Eaioaa A. A. I?aaeiao e nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, n. 142-143.
!!36
aeayoaeueiinoe, eae ieaie?iaaiea, aeayoaeueiinoue a iaeanoe iao/ii-
oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna, iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneia niaaaeaiea,
e?aaeeoiaaiea e ?an/aou, i?aaiaay ?aaioa a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa.
Aiaeiae/iia cia/aiea eiatho i?aaiaia iaania/aiea ea/anoaa i?i-
aeoeoeee, ?aaio e oneoa, i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oeaiiia?aciaaiey
e oeiaine?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai. Ia?aiia/aeueii aeaiiua
aii?inu ia auaeaeyeenue a ioaeaeueiua ?acaeaeu nenoaiu oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa, ii ?acaeoea i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee i?eaaei e iaeiieaieth cia/eoaeueiiai ii?iaoeaiiai
iaoa?eaea a yoeo iaeanoyo, /oi iio?aaiaaei auaeaeaiey eo a naii-
noiyoaeueiua ?acaeaeu nenoaiu, oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
Ana yoi i?eaaei e oiio, /oi iiyaeeanue iaiaoiaeeiinoue ia?aeoe
io aeaoocaaiiiai e o?aocaaiiiio aeaeaieth nenoaiu oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa. A niioaaonoaee n oaeei iiieiaieai nenoaia oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa aeeth/aao o?e e?oiiuo ?acaeaea: iauea iieiaeaiey,
i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ooieoeeiiaeueiuo aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe a
nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieea, i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ioaeaeueiuo
io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.
I?e yoii aeaa ia?auo ?acaeaea ii nouanoao ioaaouaatho iiei-
aeaiey iauaai oa?aeoa?a, ii ?acee/athony oai, /oi a ia?aue ec
ieo aeeth/aiu eiathuea iauaa cia/aiea einoeooou oicyenoaaiii-
ai i?aaa, a ai aoi?ie-i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ooieoeeiiaeueiuo
aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe, eiathueo cia/aiea aeey anao io?aneae ia?iae-
iiai oicyenoaa. *oi aea eanaaony i?aaiauo ii?i e einoeoooia,
eiathueo cia/aiea oieueei aeey ioaeaeueiuo io?aneae yeiiiieee,
oi iie nin?aaeioi/aiu a o?aoueai ?acaeaea nenoai.
Iino?iaiiay a niioaaonoaee n oaeei iiaeoiaeii nenoaia oicye-
noaaiiiai i?aaa auaeyaeeo neaaeothuei ia?acii:
1. Iauea iieiaeaiey
1. I?aaiaua oi?iu e iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie.
2. Noauaeou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
3. I?aaiaie ?aaeei eiouanoaa a nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieea.
4. I?aaiaua oi?iu oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa i yeiiiie/aneiai
noeioee?iaaiey.
5. Oicyenoaaiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa.
6. Ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ?acoeueoaou oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
7. Caueoa oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa e eioa?ania.
2. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ooieoeeiiaeueiuo aeaeia aeayoaeue-
iinoe a nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieea
8. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ieaie?iaaiey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.
9. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna a
ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa.
10. I?aaiaia iaania/aiea ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee, ?aaio e oneoa.
11. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai niaa-
aeaiey e nauoa i?iaeoeoeee.
12. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oeaiiia?aciaaiey.
13. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oeiaine?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo
nenoai.
!!37
14. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea e?aaeeoiaaiey e ?an/aoia a ia?iae-
iii oicyenoaa.
15. I?aaiaay ?aaioa a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa.
3. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ioaeaeueiuo io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa
16. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a i?i-
iuoeaiiinoe.
17. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a ea-
ieoaeueiii no?ieoaeuenoaa.
18. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a naeue-
neii oicyenoaa.
19. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ia
o?ainii?oa.
20. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a io-
?anee nayce.
21. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a ia-
eanoe oi?aiaee e iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey.
22, I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a ia-
eanoe eiiioiaeueiiai oicyenoaa.
23. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a iaea-
noe auoiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey.
Oaeay nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae io?anee i?aaa aeaao
aiciiaeiinoue ?aoeeiiaeueii ?aniieiaeeoue ii?iaoeaiue iaoa?eae a
niioaaonoaee n oa?aeoa?ii e cia/aieai i?aaiauo ii?i e einoe-
oooia. N?aaieaay aa n ?aiaa i?eiyoie nenoaiie oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa, iaiaoiaeeii iiae/a?eiooue, /oi a iineaaeiae a eiioea iauae
/anoe oeacuaaeny ?acaeae ,
eioi?ue a i?aaeeaaaaiie noaia ionoonoaoao. Aeaei a oii, /oi ii?y-
aeie ?ac?aoaiey oicyenoaaiiuo nii?ia ninoaaeyao ia /anoue iaoa-
?eaeueiiai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, a oicyenoaaiiia i?ioeannoaeueiia
i?aai, eioi?ia eiaao naiinoiyoaeueiia cia/aiea. Ia ia?auo yoa-
iao ?acaeoey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa yoe ii?iu aeeth/aeenue a ni-
noaa iaoa?eaeueiiai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, ii a nia?aiaiiuo
oneiaeyo iie iieo/eee cia/eoaeueiia ?acaeoea, /oi e i?eaaei e
auaeaeaieth ec nenoaiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa oeacaiiiai ?acaeaea.
Ii ninoaaeyao oicyenoaaiiia i?ioeannoaeueiia i?aai, oicyenoaai-
iue i?ioeann eee a?aeo?aaeiue i?ioeann (*66). A nenoaia aea iaoa-
?eaeueiiai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa aianoi yoiai i?aaeoniio?ai ?ac-
aeae
iu iaoa?eaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a ii aeaiiiio aii?ino.
I?aaeeaaaaiay nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae io?anee i?a-
aa iiaeao auoue n iaeioi?uie iiaeeoeeaoeeyie eniieueciaaia e eae
nenoaia iaoee e o/aaiiai eo?na oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. A i?eioee-
ia nenoaia iaoee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa aeieaeia niioaaonoaiaaoue
nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae io?anee i?aaa, iineieueeo iao-
ea io?aaeaao e enneaaeoao oicyenoaaiiia i?aai eae io?aneue i?aaa.
(**66) Ni.: Iiae?/aiei E. A. Oicyenoaaiiay th?enaeeeoeey: (Iauaa o/aiea). Eeaa,
1973, n. 108-123.
!!38
Naia eeanneoeeaoeey iaoe no?ieony ii iauaeoai eo eco/aiey, /ai
iaania/eaaaony io?aaeaiea a yoie eeanneoeeaoeee iauaeoeaii no-
uanoaothueo yaeaiee i?e?iaeu e iauanoaa.
?acoiaaony, a nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae iaoee iacaa-
iey iaeioi?uo oai aeieaeiu auoue noi?ioee?iaaiu eia/a. Ia?aay
oaia ?acaeaea
e aeaeu oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, iaoiaeu eo i?aaiaiai ?aaoee-
?iaaiey, iiiyoea e aeaeu ii?i oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, oeaee e
i?eioeeiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeueno-
ai, niioiioaiea iauaii?iaoeaiiai e eieaeueiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa a ca?oaaaeiuo nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?aiao.
A nayce n i?aeiouanoaii i?aaeeaaaaiie nenoaiu oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa eae iaoee yoa nenoaia eniieuecoaony i?e iiaeaioiaea
iao/iuo eaae?ia /a?ac anie?aioo?o. Ii oaeie nenoaia ninoaaeaia
i?ia?aiia eaiaeeaeaoneeo yecaiaiia ii oicyenoaaiiiio i?aao,
ooaa?aeaeaiiay AAE NNN? a aeaeaa?a 1977 a. Ii yoie aea nenoaia
no?ieony e ianoiyuay ?aaioa, ioaaouaathuay ia?aue ?acaeae oi-
cyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
Niaa?oainoaiaaiea nenoaiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, aa aeeooa-
?aioeeaoeey e eiie?aoecaoeey, iiyaeaiea a iae iiauo ?acaeaeia –
caeiiiia?iue i?ioeann, naycaiiue n ?acaeoeai i?aaiaiai ?aaoee-
?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Eioa?anii ioiaoeoue, /oi aia-
eiae/iua i?ioeannu i?ioiaeyo e a ae?oaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?a-
iao. A yoii ioiioaiee i?aaenoaaeyao eioa?an ?acaeoea nenoaiu
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa a AAe?, aaea oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaie i?iaea-
iaoeea i?eaeaaony aieueoia cia/aiea. E caeanue oa?aeoa?iui yaey-
aony ?anoe?aiea e?oaa oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiauo einoeoooia, iiya-
eaiea iiauo ?acaeaeia a nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. A ?acoeue-
oaoa oaeiai ?acaeoey nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa AAe? aeeth-
/aao a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iyoue iniiaiuo ?acaeaeia: iauay /anoue,
noauaeou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, iniiaiua iieiaeaiey ?aaoee?i-
aaiey ii?yaeea aeayoaeueiinoe, ?aaoee?iaaiea ioaeaeueiuo noa? i?i-
oeanna iauanoaaiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa, ?aaoee?iaaiea ioaeaeueiuo
io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa (*68). Oaeei ia?acii, ec iyoe ?acaea-
eia yoie nenoaiu ia?aua /aou?a ii nouanoao iinyo iauee oa-
?aeoa? e ioiinyony ei anai io?aneyi ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Oieue-
ei iineaaeiee, iyoue ?acaeae iinayuai i?aaiaiio ?aaoee?iaaieth
ioaeaeueiuo io?aneae yeiiiieee. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, nenoaia oicyeno-
(**67) Ia?en E., Yiaaeuen O. Ni/., o. 20, n. 564-565.
(**68) Kemper I., Panzer W., Pflicke G., Rudolph H., Streich R. Wirtschafts – und
Aussenwirtschaftsrecht fur Okonomen. Berlin: Staatsverlag der DDR 1977
S. 61-63.
!!39
aaiiiai i?aaa AAe? oaeaea oa?aeoa?ecoaony ?annin?aaeioi/aieai
iieiaeaiee iauaai oa?aeoa?a a ianeieueeeo ?acaeaeao, ioeacii io
aaeeiie o?aaeeoeeiiiie iauae /anoe. Eiia/ii, yoa nenoaia ioee/a-
aony io nenoaiu niaaoneiai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, /oi iaecaaae-
ii a neeo enoi?e/aneeo o?aaeeoeee, iniaaiiinoae ?acaeoey oicye-
noaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e iaoee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa a eaae-
aeie nioeeaeenoe/aneie no?aia. Aianoa n oai iniiaiia iai?aaeaiea
?acaeoey yaeyaony aaeeiui e ninoieo a aeeooa?aioeeaoeee iieiaea-
iee iauae /anoe a caaeneiinoe io oa?aeoa?a e ooieoeeiiaeueiiai
iacia/aiey i?aaiauo ii?i e einoeoooia.
I?aaeeaaaaiay nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa io?aaeaao nia?a-
iaiiia ninoiyiea e caaea/e ?acaeoey i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oi-
cyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, nia?aiaiiue o?iaaiue iaoee oicyeno-
aaiiiai i?aaa. Ii ia?a aeaeueiaeoaai niaa?oainoaiaaiey i?aaiai-
ai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, ?acaeoey iiauo
oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiauo einoeoooia, oeo/oaiey oi?i e iaoiaeia
?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie aoaeao ?acaeaaoueny e nenoaia oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa. Ai iiiaii yoi caaeneo io ninoiyiey iaoee oicyeno-
aaiiiai i?aaa, io o?iaiy iiciaiey oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiauo yaea-
iee. Aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea yoie iaoee iiiiaeao niaa?oainoaiaa-
ieth nenoaiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa a niioaaonoaee n iauaeoeaiuie
oneiaeyie e caaea/aie oeo/oaiey i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Au?aaioea /aoeie e ?aoeeiiaeueiie ne-
noaiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa yaeyaony aaaeiui n?aaenoaii ia oieue-
ei eco/aiey oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiauo yaeaiee, ii e aeaeueiaeoaai
oeo/oaiey i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee.
!!39
5. Oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
Oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai aeeth/aao caeiiu, iinoaiia-
eaiey e ae?oaea ii?iaoeaiua aeou, yaeythueany enoi/ieeaie oi-
cyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Anee oicyenoaaiiia i?aai – niaieoiiinoue
i?aaiauo ii?i ii ?aaoee?iaaieth oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, oi
oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai – yoi niaieoiiinoue ii?iaoeaiuo
aeoia, a eioi?uo niaea?aeaony aeaiiua ii?iu.
Oaeia ?acee/ea yaeyaony iauai?eiyoui a oai?ee i?aaa e
eiaao ii?aaeaeaiiue niune, ninoiyuee a oii, /oi ii?iu iaeiie
io?anee i?aaa iiaoo aeeth/aoueny a ii?iaoeaiua aeou ae?oaie io-
?anee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Oae, a neeo iaoii?yaei/aiiinoe oicyeno-
aaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iaeioi?ua ii?iu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
niaea?aeaony a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa a?aaeaeaineii. N ae?oaie noi?iiu,
a ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iiaoo ni-
aea?aeaoueny e ii?iu a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa, i?eia?ii /aai yaeytho-
ny o?ainii?oiua onoaau e eiaeaenu: ii i?aeiouanoao yoi aeou
oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ii a /anoe ?aaoee?iaaiey ia?a-
aicee iannaaee?ia e aaaaaea iie niaea?aeao ii?iu a?aaeaeaineiai
i?aaa.
!!40
A oi aea a?aiy eiathony acaeyaeu, niaeanii eioi?ui oicyeno-
aaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai aeeth/aao ia ii?iaoeaiua aeou, a naie
ii?iu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa (*69). Oaeie iiaeoiae auoaeaao ec i?a-
aeeueiiai ii nouanoao ioiaeaeanoaeaiey iauaiia iiiyoee
oiai. /oi oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai yaeyaony enoi/ieeii
eiaiii oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae io?anee i?aaa. Iaeiaei niaia-
aeaiea iauaiia iiiyoee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa e oicyenoaaiiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iiaeao auoue aeinoeaiooi eeoue a ia?niaeoeaa,
eiaaea aoaeao oii?yaei/aii oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, aea e
oi ia iieiinoueth, iineieueeo a noa?a oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaa, eae e a ae?oaeo iaeanoyo i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, ii iaia-
oiaeeiinoe inoaioony aeou, aeeth/athuea ii?iu ia oieueei oicye-
noaaiiiai i?aaa, ii e ae?oaeo io?aneae.
Aii?in i niioiioaiee io?anee i?aaa e io?anee caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaa yaeyaony nii?iui a i?aaiaie iaoea. Iaeioi?ua o/aiua iie-
iinoueth ioiaeaeanoaeytho yoe iiiyoey (*70), ae?oaea iieaaatho, /oi iie
niaiaaeatho eeoue a iniiaiii, /oi ?acaeoea io?anee caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaa aianoa n oai icia/aao e ?acaeoea iiaie io?anee i?aaa. Oae,
N. N. Aeaenaaa ieoao: <...a aieueoeinoaa neo eiaaea oi aony io caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa yoi iaeiia icia ia iaie noaiiaeaiea i> (*71). Aeoiaaony, /oi iaaeaeo
yoeie iiceoeeyie iao i?eioeeieaeueiuo ?anoiaeaeaiee, ?a/ue eaeao
eeoue i iieiii eee iaiieiii niaiaaeaiee iiiyoee io?anee i?a-
aa e io?anee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. I?eiaieoaeueii e oicyenoaaiiiio
i?aao yoi icia/aao, /oi aeaiiie io?anee i?aaa niioaaonoaoao nei-
aeeaoaany oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, /oi yoa io?aneue ca-
eiiiaeaoaeuenoaa au?aaeaao oicyenoaaiiia i?aai eae io?aneue i?aaa.(*72)
Aianoa n oai a i?aaiaie iaoea ?ani?ino?aiaia e ae?oaay oi/-
ea c?aiey, niaeanii eioi?ie nouanoaotho eiiieaeniua io?anee
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ninoaaeythuea ii?iaoeaiua ianneau, aeeth/ath-
uea ii?iu ?acee/iuo io?aneae i?aaa (*73). ?acaeaay yoo eiioeai-
oeeth, N. A. Iieaieia i?eoiaeeo e auaiaeo, /oi nouanoaotho oaeea
io?anee i?aaa, eioi?ui ia niioaaonoaotho io?anee caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaa, e oaeea io?anee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, eioi?ui ia niioaaonoao-
tho io?anee i?aaa. Oae, iia n/eoaao, /oi aaeieieno?aoeaiia i?a-
ai – yoi io?aneue i?aaa, eioi?ie ia niioaaonoaoao io?aneue caeiii-
aeaoaeuenoaa, a ii?iu aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa ninoaaeytho eeoue
(**69) Ni.: Iaiooia A. E. ?aca?aie/aiea oicyenoaaiiiai e a?aaeaeaineiai i?a-
aa. Iaiainiiaaiiinoue aeeth/aiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a i?aaeiao
a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa.- A ei.: Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai e yooaeoeaiinoue i?i-
ecaiaenoaa. Aeiiaoee: EYI AI ONN?, 1979, n. 8.
(**70) Ni.: I?ioeaaneee A. E. I nenoaia niaaoneiai o?oaeiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.-
Nia. ain. e i?aai, 1974, ? 2, n. 50.
(**71) Aeaenaaa N. N. I?iaeaiu oai?ee i?aaa, Naa?aeeiane: Naa?aee. th?eae. ei-o,
1972, o. 1, n. 148.
(**72) Ioaeii, iaeiaei, ioiaoeoue, /oi N. N. Aeaenaaa ?anniao?eaaao oicyenoaai-
iia i?aai ia eae iniiaioth, a eae eiiieaenioth io?aneue i?aaa, ninoaa-
eythuoth
No?oeoo?a niaaoneiai i?aaa, n. 198, 206, 223.
(**73) Ni.: E?anaa/eeia I. A. Nenoaia i?aaa e nenoaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa,- I?a-
aiaaaeaiea, 1975, ? 2, n. 68.
!!41
ii?iaoeaiue iannea. *oi aea eanaaony oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaea-
oaeuenoaa, oi iii, ii aa iiaieth, i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ii?iaoeaiue
iannea, eioi?iio ia niioaaonoaoao io?aneue i?aaa (*74).
Iu oaea ioia/aee, /oi oai?ey ii?iaoeaiiai ianneaa ia ii-
aeao auoue i?eciaia iainiiaaiiie a neeo naiae iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe,
yoa eiioeaioeey ie/aai ia iauyniyao e yaeyaony ii nooe aeaea ooi-
aeii io ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu. E?aeia iaoaaaeeoaeueii iiaiea i oii,
/oi nouanoaotho io?anee i?aaa, eioi?ui ia niioaaonoaotho io?an-
ee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Aeoiaaony, /oi eae oicyenoaaiiiio, oae e
aaeieieno?aoeaiiio i?aao niioaaonoaotho io?anee oicyenoaaiiiai
II aaeieieno?aoeaiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, oioy yoe io?anee e iaoii-
?yaei/aiu. Ii iaoii?yaei/aiiinoue, ianenoaiaoece?iaaiiinoue io-
?anee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa eeoue icia/atho iaiaoiaeeiinoue aa niaa?-
oainoaiaaiey, a ia naeaeaoaeuenoaotho ia ionoonoaee io?anee caei-
iiaeaoaeuenoaa aiiaua. Aaaeue-io?aneue caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa-aiaoiyy
oi?ia io?anee i?aaa; i?eciaiea io?aneae i?aaa, eioi?ui ia ni-
ioaaonoaotho io?anee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, i?ioeai?a/eei au i?ei-
oeeio aaeeinoaa oi?iu e niaea?aeaiey.
Au?aaeay niaea?aeaiea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae io?anee i?a-
aa, oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai yaeyaony aai aiaoiae oi?-
iie e oa?aeoa?ecoaony oaie aea i?eciaeaie, /oi e oicyenoaaiiia
i?aai. Aeey iaai oa?aeoa?ii aaeeinoai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaai-
iuo ioiioaiee ii ai?eciioaee e aa?oeeaee, eniieueciaaiea ?ac-
ee/iuo iaoiaeia ?aaoee?iaaiey, i?eciaiea a ea/anoaa noauaeoia
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee oieueei nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee
e eo iiae?acaeaeaiee, ii ia ioaeaeueiuo a?aaeaeai, ?aaeecaoeey a ii?-
iaoeaiuo aeoao i?eioeeiia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
Oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?acaeaaaony a iaoae no?aia
aanueia i?ioeai?a/eai, /oi a iaiaeie noaiaie iauyniyaony oai?a-
oe/aneeie onoaiiaeaie o/aiuo, ia i?eciathueo oicyenoaaiiia
i?aai a ea/anoaa naiinoiyoaeueiie io?anee i?aaa. Yoe o/aiua ae-
aeyo a ?acaeoee oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa noaiiaeaiea
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae io?anee i?aaa e no?aiyony iainiiaaoue
oaeie iiaeoiae e oicyenoaaiiiio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao, eioi?ue eneeth-
/ae au aiciiaeiinoue i?eciaiey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa naiinoiyoaeue-
iie io?aneueth. A 1961 a. yoa eiioeaioeey aiciaeaaeaea e a Iniiau
a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa auee aeeth/aiu ii?iu ii ?aao-
ee?iaaieth ia oieueei ioiioaiee n o/anoeai a?aaeaeai, ii e io-
iioaiee iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie. A ?acoeueoa-
oa iieo/eeinue, /oi oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey ii ai?eciioaee
auee ioianaiu e noa?a a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, a oicye-
noaaiiua ioiioaiey ii aa?oeeaee, ia aioaaeoea a yoo noa?o,
inoieeiauaaeinue eae i?eiaaeeaaeauea e aaeieieno?aoeaiiio
i?aao.
(**74) Ni.: Iieaieia N. A. Oai?aoe/aneea i?iaeaiu nenoaiu niaaoneiai caei-
iiaeaoaeuenoaa, I.: TH?eae, eeo., 1979, n. 52-60.
!!42
Oaeia iieiaeaiea ia niioaaonoaiaaei ia?ai ii niaa?oainoai-
aaieth nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey, iniiaaiiui ia aaeeino-
aa oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ii ai?eciioaee e aa?oeeaee, ia en-
iieueciaaiee oicyenoaaiiiai aeiaiai?a eae eino?oiaioa ieaie?iaa-
iey, ia ?acaeoee oic?an/aoa ia oieueei a ai?eciioaeueiuo, ii e a aa?-
oeeaeueiuo oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo, ia eiioeaio?aoeee i?iec-
aiaenoaa, aucaaaoae e aeecie iiyaeaiea iiauo noauaeoia i?aaa,
ia oeeaaeuaathueony a iiiyoea th?eaee/aneiai eeoea. Iiyoiio oaea
a 1970 a. auei i?eiyoi iinoaiiaeaiea OeE EINN e Niaaoa Ieie-
no?ia NNN?
aiaaiey ia a?aaeaeaineiai e aaeieieno?aoeaiiai, a oicyenoaaiiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Yoa oaiaeaioeey iieo/eea aua aieaa y?eia au-
?aaeaiea a iinoaiiaeaiee OeE EINN e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN?
io 25 ethiy 1975 o.(*76), eioi?ui oicyenoaaiiia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai auei ieii/aoaeueii eiinoeooe?iaaii eae naii-
noiyoaeueiay io?aneue caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
Ca a?aiy, i?ioaaeoaa iinea ecaeaiey iinoaiiaeaiey, auee i?e-
iyou iiaua ii?iaoeaiua aeou, ioiaiaiu onoa?aaoea, oeo/oaii
aaaeiinoaaiiia ii?iioai?/anoai. Iaeiaei e nae/an oicyenoaaiiia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai inoaaony a?iiicaeeei e i?ioeai?a/eaui, ionoa-
ao io nia?aiaiiuo caaea/ ?acaeoey yeiiiieee. Iiyoiio ia XXVI
nuacaea ia?oee i?e ia?a/eneaiee caaea/ niaa?oainoaiaaiey caei-
iiaeaoaeuenoaa ia ia?aia ianoi auei auaeaeiooi caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
ii ?oeiaiaenoao ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii. Oaeia oeacaiea aaaeii ia
oieueei n oi/ee c?aiey onoaiiaeaiey i?ei?eoaoa ?acaeoey oicye-
noaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia?aae ae?oaeie io?aneyie, ii e aeey
ii?aaeaeaiey aai ooieoeee eae oi?iu ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie.
Iaeiie ec i?e/ei iaoii?yaei/aiiinoe oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaea-
oaeuenoaa yaeyaony iai?aaeeueiia enoieeiaaiea iaeioi?uie o/a-
iuie oeacaiiiai auoa iinoaiiaeaiey OeE EINN e Niaaoa Ieie-
no?ia NNN? io 25 ethiy 1975 a. Iie?aynue ia oi, /oi a aai i?aai-
aoea oiiieiaaony ia oieueei oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, ii
e caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai a?aaeaeaineia, caiaeueiia, aiaeiia e o?oaeiaia,
iie auaeaeioee iiieiaiea oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa eae
iaeiaai niae?aoaeueiiai iiiyoey, aeeth/athuaai ?acee/iua io?an-
ee i?aaa, eiathuea ioiioaiea e ia?iaeiiio oicyenoao. I?e yoii
eaii?e?iaaeinue, /oi a iinoaiiaeaiee iacaaiiua io?anee naycu-
aathony n oa?ieiii ia
Auee naeaeaiu iiiuoee e oai?aoe/anee iainiiaaoue oaeoth iice-
oeeth ni nnueeie ia oi, /oi, eieue nei?i ?a/ue eaeao i caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaa oicyenoaaiiii, iii aeieaeii ioaaouaaoue ana ii?iaoeaiua
aeou, eiathuea ioiioaiea e ?aaoee?iaaieth yeiiiieee. Oae,
A. A. Ieoeeaae/ i?aaeeiaeee ?anniao?eaaoue oicyenoaaiiia caeiii-
aeaoaeuenoai eae
I?e iiaeiaiii iiaeoiaea oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai au-
nooiaao eae eiiaeiia?ao ?acii?iaeiuo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia, ioii-
nyueony /ooue ee ia ei anai io?aneyi niaaoneiai i?aaa. Oicyeno-
aaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai a oaeie o?aeoiaea ia eiaao aaeeiiai
noa?aeiy e eeoaii iao/iiai e i?aeoe/aneiai cia/aiey, eai noieue
iaii?aaeaeaiiia aaca?aaeiia iiiyoea iaaiciiaeii eniieueciaaoue
ie a oai?ee, ie a i?aeoeea niaa?oainoaiaaiey i?aaiaiai ?aaoee-
?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Iaiainiiaaiiinoue iiaeiaiie
o?aeoiaee oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa oaaaeeoaeueii iieacaia
niaoeeaeenoaie o?oaeiaiai i?aaa, ioia/athueie, /oi aeeth/aiea
o?oaeiaiai i?aaa a ninoaa oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i?i-
oeai?a/eo eiiio nioeeaeueiiio iacia/aieth o?oaeiaiai caeiiiaea-
oaeuenoaa ii n?aaiaieth n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii oicyenoaaiiui, ii-
aeao i?eaanoe e iaaeaaii?eyoiui iineaaenoaeyi n oi/ee c?aiey
inouanoaeaiey caueoiie ooieoeee o?oaeiaiai i?aaa, ia niioaao-
noaoao niuneo iinoaiiaeaiey OeE EINN e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia
NNN? io 25 ethiy 1975 a. e ia o/eouaaao oiai, /oi oicyenoaaiiua
II o?oaeiaua ii?iu nouanoaaiii ioee/athony ae?oa io ae?oaa (*78).
Iaeiaei eiiaeiia?aoiia iiiyoea oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaa oo?a/eaaao cia/aiea a nayce n ii?aaeaeaieai a no. 16 Eii-
noeoooeee NNN? 1977 a. yeiiiieee eae aaeeiiai ia?iaeiioicyeno-
aaiiiai eiiieaena, ioaaouaathuaai ana caaiuey iauanoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, ?ani?aaeaeaiey e iaiaia ia oa??eoi?ee no?aiu.
O?aeoiaea nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieee eae niaieoiiinoe caaiue-
aa ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa i?eaioe?oao ia oceia iiieiaiea oicye-
noaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, niioaaonoaothuaa ii niaea?aeaieth
iiiyoeth oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae io?anee i?aaa. Aeaenoaeoaeueii.
anee a ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiue eiiieaen aoiaeyo caaiuey ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa, oi iaiaoiaeeii o?aaoee?iaaoue neeaaeuaathueany iaaeaeo
ieie ioiioaiey ii ai?eciioaee e aa?oeeaee. Aaeeinoai ia?iaeii-
oicyenoaaiiiai eiiieaena eae niaieoiiinoe caaiueaa yeiiiieee
o?aaoao aaeeiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ioiioaiee iaaeaeo ieie, /aio ni-
ioaaonoaoao iiieiaiea oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa eae ?a-
aoee?othuaai ioiioaiey iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeie i?aaiecaoeey-
ie e eo iiae?acaeaeaieyie, neeaaeuaathueany a i?ioeanna ?oeiaiae-
noaa e inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Neeueiue oaea? eiiaeiia?aoiiio iiieiaieth oicyenoaaiiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iaianai i?eiyoeai no?oeoo?u Naiaea caeiiia
NNN?, ooaa?aeaeaiiie Iinoaiiaeaieai OeE EINN, I?aceaeeoia
Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN? e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 23 ia?-
oa 1978 o.(**79) Yoa no?oeoo?a i?aaeoniao?eaaao auaeaeaiea caeiiiaea-
oaeuenoaa i ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa a naiinoiyoaeueiue ?acaeae Naiae>.
caeiiia (?acaeae 4). A oi aea a?aiy a no?oeoo?a Naiaea eiathony
(**77) Ni.: Nenoaiaoecaoeey oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. I.: TH?eae. eeo..
1971, n. 15.
(**78) Ni.: Niaaoneia o?oaeiaia i?aai: Aii?inu oai?ee, n. 18-22, 119-122..
(**79) Aaaeiiinoe Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN?, 1978, ? 15, no. 239.
!!44
?acaeae 2
aeaineia e o?oaeiaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, e ?acaeae 3
aeaoaeuenoaa. Oaeei ia?acii, a no?oeoo?a Naiaea oicyenoaaiiia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?anniao?eaaaony eae naiinoiyoaeueiay noa?a
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, ioee/iay io ae?oaeo io?aneae caeiiiaea-
oaeuenoaa, eiathueo ioiioaiea e ?aaoee?iaaieth yeiiiieee. Eiu-
ie neiaaie, a yoie no?oeoo?a oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
?anniao?eaaaony a oceii niunea e ioaaouaaao oa aii?inu, eioi-
?ua ioiinyony e io?anee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa: ieaie?iaaiea,
iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneia niaaaeaiea, eaieoaeueiia no?ieoaeuenoai,
i?iiuoeaiiinoue, ae?oaea io?anee ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.
No?oeoo?a Naiaea caeiiia iieacuaaao iaiainiiaaiiinoue e ii-
ieiaiey oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa eae eiiieaeniie io-
?anee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, aeeth/athuae ii?iu a?aaeaeaineiai e aae-
ieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa.(*80) Aaaeue aaeieieno?aoeaiia caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noai iiiauaii a 1-e ?acaeae Naiaea, a?aaeaeaineia – ai 2-e,
a oicyenoaaiiia – a 4-e. Niaeanii aea ooaa?aeaeaiiui iinoaiiaea-
ieai io 23 ia?oa 1978 a. Iniiaiui i?eioeeiai oi?ie?iaaiey
iaoa?eaeia Naiaea caeiiia NNN? a ?acaeaeao Naiaea aeieaeiu au-
aeaeyoueny ia ia?aue ieai iniiau e ae?oaea iniiaiiieaaathuea
aeou caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Yoi icia/aao, /oi a ?acaeaea 4, iinayuai-
iii oicyenoaaiiiio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao, oaeaea aeieaeai auoue naie
iniiaiiieaaathuee caeii.
I?aaeeiaeaiey ia ecaeaiee iaiauathuaai caeiia ii ?aaoee?iaa-
ieth oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee aeaaii auaeaeaaeenue a iaoea oicye-
noaaiiiai i?aaa. Ecaeaiea oaeiai caeiia iiiiaeao nie?aoeoue iii-
aeanoaaiiinoue ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaa, ono?aieoue eiathueany a iai i?ioeai?a/ey, nicaeano
noa?aeaiue aeey aai iineaaeothuaai ?acaeoey. Oicyenoaaiiia caei-
iiaeaoaeuenoai, eae e oicyenoaaiiia i?aai, ninoaaeyao aaeeioth ne-
noaio, a eaaeaeay nenoaia aeieaeia eiaoue naia oeaio?aeueiia caaii,
eaeiaui e yaeony iaiauathuee caeii ii ?aaoee?iaaieth oicyeno-
aaiiuo ioiioaiee.
*oi eanaaony oi?iu yoiai caeiia, oi i?aaenoaaeyaony i?aae-
ii/oeoaeueiui i?eiyoea Oicyenoaaiiiai eiaeaena NNN?, a eioi-
?ii iniiaiua iieiaeaiey e einoeooou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa au-
ee au noi?ioee?iaaiu iaeaieaa /aoei e eiie?aoii. ?acoiaaony,
aiciiaeiu e ae?oaea aa?eaiou eiaeeoeeaoeee oicyenoaaiiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, iai?eia? i?eiyoea Iniia oicyenoaaiiiai caei-
iiaeaoaeuenoaa. Iaeiaei yoio aa?eaio iaiaa i?aaeii/oeoaeai, ii-
neieueeo a Iniiaao iiaoo auoue noi?ioee?iaaiu eeoue iaeaieaa
iauea iieiaeaiey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, o?aaothuea aeaeueiaeoae
eiie?aoecaoeee a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
(**80) Ni.: Ianeia A. O., Iooeoei A. A., I?ieiiaiei E. O. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?i-
aaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe a oneiaeyo nioeeaeecia.- Nia. ain. e
i?aai, 1980, ? i, n. 16.
!!45
Eaeay ecaeaiey Oicyenoaaiiiai eiaeaena, eae i?aaeei, ioaa?aa-
aony i?ioeaieeaie oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaie eiioeaioeee, aeaeyueie
a yoii iianiinoue ieii/aoaeueiiai i?eciaiey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
a ea/anoaa naiinoiyoaeueiie io?anee. A oi aea a?aiy iaeioi?ua ec
ieo aeiioneatho ecaeaiea Iniia oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa,
iiae/a?eeaay, /oi iie
I?e yoii iiae Iaaeaeo oai iniiaiie caeii ii ?aaoee?iaaieth oicyenoaaiiuo Eiaiii oaeay oi?ia eiaeeoeeaoeee oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaea- (**81) Ni.: Aeaenaaa N. N., sseiaeaa A. O. I niaa?oainoaiaaiee oicyenoaaiii- !!46 eeeaineeo eiaeaenao, i?eieiaaiuo ia aaca iauanithciuo iniia. I?e ethaie oi?ia eiaeeoeeaoeee oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeue- A oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa neiaeeeenue naiaia?aciua ii?iu, ia?y- A yoii ioiioaiee auaeaeythony ieaiiaua ii?iu eee ii?iu- Ia iaiaa aaaeiia cia/aiea eiatho e ii?iu i eiiiaoaioeee, (**84) Ni,: Ea?eiia Ae. A. Oeeinioneea i?iaeaiu i?aaa, n. 303, !!47 Iniaia ianoi n?aaee ii?i oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa caieiatho oao- Iaeiiaoe, iaaei ioiaoeoue e ?aeiiaiaeaoaeueiua ii?iu, eioi?ua Ia?yaeo n iauaii?iaoeaiui i?eiaiyaony e eieaeueiia ?aaoee- Iau/ii eieaeueiuie i?eciathony ii?iu, aeaenoaothuea a i?a- ?acoiaaony, anoue e oaeea aaaeiinoaaiiua aeou, eioi?ua eiatho (**86) Ni.: Aaeueia?ei E. A. I niaoeeoeea eieaeueiiai ii?iaoeaiiai ?aaoee?iaa- !!48 Iaeeea ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia oaeiai ?iaea iauyniyaony ia?aoai- Ana yoi iieacuaaao, /oi eiaeeoeeaoeey oicyenoaaiiiai caeiii- !!49 Aeaaa 2 NOAUAEOU 1. Iiiyoea e aeaeu noauaeoia Noauaeoaie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa yaeythony nioeeaeenoe/aneea A oneiaeyo ieaiiaiai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa iineoaey- Iniiao yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu iaoae no?aiu ninoaaeyao ni- Iaeiaei, aoaeo/e oicyenoaothuei noauaeoii, ainoaea?noai eae Iiae noauaeoeaiui i?aaii iiieiaaony i?eiaaeeaaeauay ii?a- (**1) Ni.: A?aoonue N. I. TH?eaee/aneea eeoea a niaaoneii a?aaeaeaineii i?aaa. !!50 Noauaeoeaiua i?aaa io?aiytho eioa?anu aai iineoaeae. Ana Iaeiaei ia?yaeo n yoei o oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia anoue e naie ei- Caeioa?aniaaiiinoue oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia a ?acoeueoaoao naiae I iaee/ee naieo eioa?ania o oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia i?yii Oioy eioa?anu noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iau/ii iaan- (**2) Ia?en E., Yiaaeuen O. Ni/., o. 18, n. 271. !!51 Aianoa n oai aieueoae /anoueth io?aia eioa?ania oicyenoaaiiuo Iaeioi?ua o/aiua iieaaatho, /oi noauaeoeaiia i?aai iiaeao I?aainoauaeoiinoue nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee e eo iiae- Iiiyoea eiiiaoaioeee yaeyaony oe?ieei e i?eiaiyaony ia (**4) Ni.: Oienoie TH. E. E oai?ee i?aaiioiioaiee. E.: Ecae-ai EAO, 1959. (**6) Ni.: Oai?aoe/aneea i?iaeaiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. I.: Iaoea, 1975. (**7) Ni.: Iaiooia A. E. I niioiioaiee iiiyoee eiiiaoaioeee i i?aainoauaeo- !!52 Iaeiei ec i?eciaeia noauaeoeaiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa e Aeaiiia ianoiyoaeuenoai ia anaaaea i?aaeeueii iiieiaaony a I?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi iiaeiaiay o?aeoiaea aii?ina i?ioeai?a/eo Aianoa n oai auei au iai?aaeeueii n/eoaoue, /oi anyeia noau- Aiaeece?oy oicyenoaaiiua i?aaa i?aaei?eyoee, O. A. Aaiaa (**9) i.: ?aeoa? A. E. I?aaiaua aii?inu aeiaiai?iie aeenoeeieeiu a NNN?. JL: !!53 noaa eiiiaoaioeee, e i?aaa, aicieeathuea a i?ioeanna i?iecaiae- Inouanoaeyy oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue e ?oeiaiaey ath, o/a- I?eiaaeeaaeauaa noauaeoo oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eiouanoai Noauaeou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa aeieaeiu ioaa/aoue ca ?a- Noauaeo oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ia oieueei iaycai ianoe ioaao- (**11) Ni.: Aaiaa O. A. Io?aia oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa i?aaei?eyoee, n. 51-52. !!51 Eceiaeaiiia iieacuaaao, /oi oa?aeoa?iuie i?eciaeaie noau- Aiaeiae/iui ia?acii ii?aaeaeytho’ i?eciaee noauaeoa oicye- E. A. E?anueei i?aaeeaaaao eniieueciaaoue aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee Iauaa iiiyoea noauaeoa oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa aeieaeii (**13) Ni.: Eiiyaa I. II. Caaiuey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e ?aoi?ia (noauaeou oi- !!55 Ii?aaeaeythuei i?e eeanneoeeaoeee noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai Ae?oaoth a?oiio noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ninoaaeytho Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu e eo iiae?acaeaeaiey yaeythony oeie/- Eiiiaoaioeey oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia aeeth/aao i?aaa e iay- A ioee/ea io yoiai eiiiaoaioeey iiae?acaeaeaiee oicyenoaai- !!56 I?iecaiaenoaaiiua aaeeieoeu iiaoo o/anoaiaaoue eae ai aioo?e- Nii?iui a iaoea oicyenoaaiiiai .i?aaa yaeyaony aii?in i Ii o?iaith i?aaiecaoeee ?acee/athony nenoaiu aunoaai e Ioaeii caiaoeoue, /oi iaeioi?ua o/aiua i?eciatho oicyeno- (**15) Ni.: Aa?aeieeia A. A., Ia?oaiueyiia A. N., Ieaoaiia A. II. I?aaeiao e ne- !!57 Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu, aoiaeyuea a nenoaio, nio?aiytho naith Iaeioi?ua o/aiua i?aaeeaaatho i?eciaoue i?aainoauaeoiinoue A iineaaeiaa a?aiy I. E. Eiiyaa auneacaeny ca aieaa oe?i- ioaaonoaaiiinoe oeaio?aeeciaaiiuie n?aaenoaaie ia niioaaonoao- (**16) Ni.: Eeaaiae?ia I. E. I?aaiaua iniiau aeayoaeueiinoe iio?aaeoaeueneie !!58 A oi aea a?aiy onoaiiaeaiea aieaa oe?ieie eiouanoaaiiie cyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie – caaiueyie nenoaiu e io?aaeaaony a eo No?aieaiea iaeioi?uo o/aiuo iainiiaaoue i?aainoauaeo- Yoio einoeooo au?aaeaao iaiueooth noaiaiue yeiiiie/aneiai e (**19) Iiae?iaiaa ni.: Eaioaa A. A. I?aaiaay i?aaiecaoeey oicyenoaaiiuo ne- !!59 Eiaiii ionoonoaea i?aainoauaeoiinoe o oicyenoaaiiie ne- A iineaaeiaa a?aiy a iaoae no?aia oe?iei nicaeathony oa??e- Oa??eoi?eaeueii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiue eiiieaen yaeyaony neiae- 2. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea i?aaei?eyoee I?aaei?eyoea yaeyaony iaeaieaa oeie/iui oicyenoaaiiui i?- A iaoae no?aia nouanoaotho ainoaea?noaaiiua, eieoicii-ei- (**20) Ni.: Ia?iaeiia oicyenoai NNN? 1922-1982. THaeeaeiue noao. aaeaaiaeiee. !!60 Enneaaeiaaiea i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aae- A Iieiaeaiee i i?aaei?eyoee iineaaeiaaoaeueii ii?aaeaeyaony Iiieiaiea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia eae i?aaieciaaiiiai eie- Eiaiii oaeay eiino?oeoeey caeiaeaia a i. 2 Iieiaeaiey (**21) NI NNN?, 1965, ? 19-20. no. 155. !!61 Iinea iauaai ii?aaeaeaiey eiiiaoaioeee i?aaei?eyoey eae ni- Iinea oii?yaei/aiey oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iooai Iai?eaiaeiinoue einoeoooa th?eaee/aneiai eeoea a oicyenoaai- I?aaaea, a iineaaeiaa a?aiy auei auaeaeiooi oe?ieia iiiy- (**24) Iiae?iaiaa ni.: Oai?aoe/aneea i?iaeaiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, n. 83-85. !!62 oeiie, A nayce n yoei i?aaenoaaeyaony aieaa i?aaeeueiui eniieueci- I?aaaea, iaeioi?ua o/aiua auneacuaatho aic?aaeaiey i?ioea Aianoa n oai iiiyoea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia iiae/a?eeaaao Aaeeiue iiaeoiae ei anai oicyenoaaiiui i?aaiai eee e oicye- (**25) Oaeoeia ?. I. Iauaa o/aiea i i?aaiioiioaiee. I.: TH?eae. eeo,, 1974, n. 186. !!63 Yoi o/eouaaaony a ?aaoee?iaaiee i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey i?aae- Iaeiaei oieoeeaoeey i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aeayoaeueiinoe A caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ii?aaeaeyaony ia oieueei eiiiaoaioeey !!64 Iaeiaei n oaeei iiaeoiaeii ia niaeanoaony ?ani?ino?aiaiiay a I?aaei?eyoea ninoieo ec oeaoia, i?iecaiaenoa, oicyenoa, o/ano- Ii?aaeaeaiea eiiiaoaioeee aioo?aiieo iiae?acaeaeaiee i?iec- ?acoiaaony, i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe iiae?acaeaeaiee i?aaei?eyoey A i?ioeanna inouanoaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iaaeaeo iiae?acaeaeaieyie i?aaei?eyoey aicieeatho I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee !!65 Oioy a i?eioeeia eiiiaoaioeey aioo?aiieo iiae?acaeaeaiee ii- Aianoa n oai eiathony e oaeea iiae?acaeaeaiey i?aaei?eyoey, A iineaaeiaa a?aiy iauaa ii?iaoeaiia onoaiiaeaiea eiiia- (**27) Ni., iai?eia?: Oeiiaia iieiaeaiea ia ioaeaea (oi?aaeaiee) oaoie/anei- !!66 noaaiiie a?eaaaea, i?eaaaee?a, niaaoa a?eaaaeu e niaaoa a?eaaaee- A oeaeii oaeoth i?aeoeeo neaaeoao i?eciaoue iieaciie, iaeiaei Aianaiea oaeiai ooi/iaiey a Iieiaeaiea i i?aaei?eyoee i?aae- Ecaeaiea aaaeiinoaaiiuo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia, ?aaoee?othueo (**28) Ni.: Athe, ii?iao. aeoia i-a e aaae-a NNN?, 198^, ? 5, n. 3. !!67 3. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea iauaaeeiaiee A iaoae no?aia oe?iei nicaeathony iauaaeeiaiey a i?iiuo- Iaeaieueoaa ?acaeoea i?ioeann nicaeaiey iauaaeeiaiee iieo/ee Iauaaeeiaiey ia?ae/iiai caaia iacuaathony i?iecaiaenoaaiiu- Nicaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee icia/aao iiyaeaiea N oaeei iiaeoiaeii niaeaneoueny iaeuecy, aeayoaeueiinoue ?acee/iuo (**30) Ni.: Ia?iaeiia oicyenoai NNN? 1922-1982, n. 149. !!68 I?aaeaea anaai, i?iecaiaenoaaiiia iauaaeeiaiea yaeyaony aieaa Iaeiaei, ii iiaieth iaeioi?uo o/aiuo, ia?a/eneaiiua i?ecia- (**32) Ni.: Ieeeiaiei A. ss. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo io- !!69 Aianoa n oai auei au iai?aaeeueii n/eoaoue, /oi n?aaee oa?ae- Eiaiii a ea/anoaa iiaiai aeaea oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia ?an- Yoi auoaeaao ia oieueei ec nouiinoe iauaaeeiaiee eae e?oi- (**33) Ni.: Oai aea, n. 47. !!70 Aeoiaaony, iaeiaei, /oi a oneiaeyo niaa?oainoaiaaiey oicye- Eeth/ e iiieiaieth nouiinoe i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey Iiaeiaiay iiceoeey ?anniao?eaaeanue e i?e aiaeeca i?aainoau- (**36) Ni.: sseiaeaaa A. O., Nia/ae A. A. I?aaiaay i?e?iaea ioiioaiee n o/anoe- !!71 /oi i?iecaiaenoaaiiay aaeeieoea ?anii?yaeaaony cae?aieaiiuie ca A i. 23 Iieiaeaiey i i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee aiai?eo- I i?aaao i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe aiai?eony e a i. 15 Iiei- I?iecaiaenoaaiiay aaeeieoea iaeaaeaao e eiouanoaaiiie naii- !!72 oieueei io eiaie iauaaeeiaiey, ii e io naiaai nianoaaiiiai eiaii.(*38) Ana yoi iieacuaaao, /oi eiiiaoaioeey i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aaeeie- Aieueooth ?ieue a ii?aaeaeaiee i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey i?iecaiae- Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi a i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaieyo (**38) Ni.: i. 22 Iieiaeaiey i iao/ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee, ooaa?ae- !!73 i?aaei?eyoee, a nayce n /ai neaaeoao i?eciaoue, /oi oaeea oicyeno- A iauaaeeiaiea niaoaiiiai oeia aoiaeyo eae naiinoiyoaeueiua Eiee/anoai iauaaeeiaiee niaoaiiiai oeia aanueia aaeeei. Ii i?e/eiu oe?ieiai ?ani?ino?aiaiey iauaaeeiaiee niaoai- (**40) Ni.: Aaiaa O. A., Caiaiaio 3. I. I?iecaiaenoaaiiia iauaaeeiaiea – aaee- !!74 i?eauee, iieo/aaiie io aeioiaeia i?aaei?eyoee, iaoiaeyueony ia I?iecaiaenoaaiiua iauaaeeiaiey nicaeathony ia oieueei a i?i- Yoi iniaaiii aaaeii a oneiaeyo oi?ie?iaaiey aa?ii?iiuoeai- Iaiainiiaaiiua ?acee/ey eiathony e a i?aaiaie i?aaiecaoeee (**44) NI NNN?, 1979, ? 3, no. 15. !!75 iey iiaoo eiaoue ia oieueei oaeouea, ii e ?an/aoiua n/aoa, oiaaea Ana yoi iieacuaaao, /oi iaiaoiaeeii oieoeoee?iaaoue i?aaiaia A iaoae no?aia oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eee iauaaee- (**47) Ni.: Oioei A. A. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea iao/ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaee- !!76 I?aaei?eyoey, i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iauaaeeiaiey e ae?oaea i?aaie- I?aaaea, a Iauai iieiaeaiee i ananithciii e ?anioaeeeaineii Yoi /aoei noi?ioee?iaaii a i. 37 Iauaai iieiaeaiey i anani- Oicyenoaaiiay eiiiaoaioeey oi?aaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiiai iau- !!77 oi?aaeaiey ananithciiai iauaaeeiaiey aoiaeyo oaeaea i?aaa i iay- Eiino?oeoeey iauaaeeiaiey n?aaeiaai caaia eae oicyenoaaiiie ?a/ue eaeao i oaeeo ooieoeeyo, eae iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneia N oai?aoe/aneie oi/ee c?aiey iniaue eioa?an i?aaenoaaeyao Ni/aoaiea ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo e i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oi- (**52) Ni.: Oaooeei A. A. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea oi?aaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiiai !!78 Oae, TH. I. Eiceia, aiaeece?oy i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea oi?aaea- Oa?aeoa?iie aeey iauaaeeiaiey n?aaeiaai caaia yaeyaony aic- A eeoa?aoo?a ia ?ac ioia/aeinue, /oi ia?aaea/a i?aa iaaeaeo (**53) Ni.: Eiceia TH. I. Aaeieieno?aoeaiua i?aaiioiioaiey. I.: TH?eae. eeo., !!79 A oi aea a?aiy i/aaeaeia ianoiyoaeueiay iaiaoiaeeiinoue aaee- Oae, aeey ananithciuo i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee onoaiiaeai A?yae ee iainiiaaiii e oi, /oi iieiaeaiey ia iauaaeeiaieyo (**55) NI NNN?, 1973, ? 7, n. 42. !!80 Eceiaeaiiia iieacuaaao, /oi oieoeeaoeey i?aaiaiai iieiaea- Iniaia ianoi caieiatho aa?ii?iiuoeaiiua iauaaeeiaiey, nic- !!80 4. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea I?aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa iiae?acaeaeythony ia i?aa- I?aaiu iauae eiiiaoaioeee ?oeiaiaeyo ia oieueei yeiiiieeie, ?ieue i?aaiia iauae eiiiaoaioeee a ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie !!81 eiieoaou, i?eieiaao caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou ii ?aaoee?iaaieth A naiae aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiu iauae eiiiaoaioeee oe?iei en- Iaeiaei i?aaiu iauae eiiiaoaioeee iau/ii ia anooiatho a oi- A oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey i?aaiu iauae eiiiaoaioeee I?aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa niaoeeaeueiie eiiiaoaioeee Oioy ii niaoeeaeueiiio oa?aeoa?o eiiiaoaioeee ?anniao?eaaa- !!82 noaa – oeaio?u nenoai. Oaeea i?aaiu ?oeiaiaeyo iiae/eiaiiuie Ae?oaie aeae i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa niaoeeaeueiie Inoaiiaeiny iiae?iaiaa ia i?aaiaii iieiaeaiee i?aaiia oi- Aaaeiia ianoi n?aaee i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa – Eiee/anoai oicyenoaaiiuo ieienoa?noa a iaoae no?aia aanue- !!83 NNN?, i?eiyoii 5 ethey 1978 a. (*57) A ianoiyuaa a?aiy eiaaony Oaeia niioiioaiea oicyenoaaiiuo e iaoicyenoaaiiuo ieie- Iaee/ea iaaieueoiai /enea iaoicyenoaaiiuo ieienoa?noa aeaao A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ooieoeee, i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe nithciuo (**57) Aaaeiiinoe Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN?, 1978, ? 28, no. 436. eanoyi oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eae e eiiiaoaioeey ae?oaeo !!81 Ana aea a ?acoeueoaoa iauaaeeiaiey a iaeiii ii?iaoeaiii aeoa Cia/aiea yoie caaea/e iniaaiii aic?anoaao a oneiaeyo i?iaaaea- Ia?a/eneaiiua iieiaeaiey noi?ioee?iaaiu a iinoaiiaeaiee I?ioeann ceiiiiecaoeee oicyenoaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey i?ienoiaeeo !!85 ?acaeoea yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa, i?eiaiaiea Iiaua i?iaeaiu aicieeatho a nayce n nicaeaieai oa??eoi?eaeue- I?e ?aoaiee i?iaeaiu i?aaiaie i?aaiecaoeee oa??eoi?eaeue- !!86 noaaiiuie eiiieaenaie eae aaeeiuie oicyenoaaiiuie ia?aciaa- Yoi iiaeao auoue iaania/aii, n iaeiie noi?iiu, iooai oneeaiey ?aoaieth aeaiiie i?iaeaiu iiiiaeao e ?ac?aaioea oeaeaauo Aaaeioth ?ieue a eii?aeeiaoeee aeayoaeueiinoe ?acee/iuo io?an- Ooieoeeiiaeueiua i?aaiu ?oeiaiaeyo ii?aaeaeaiiie aeayoaeue- Eiiiaoaioeey ooieoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaiia a iauae oi?ia a ca- (**62) NI NNN?, 1982, ? 20, no. 102. (**64) I?iaeaiu i?aaiecaoeee ?oeiaiaenoaa oa??eoi?eaeueii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie !!87 /eoaeueiie ia?a yoi iauyniyaony ?aciiia?aceai oi?i aeayoaeueii- noi?iiaie aeayoaeueiinoe oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia i?iaiaeeony oeaio- A cia/eoaeueiie ia?a ooieoeeiiaeueiua i?aaiu i?iaiaeyo naith Iaeioi?ua ooieoeeiiaeueiua i?aaiu iaaeaeaiu i?aaii i?eia- Ooieoeeiiaeueiua i?aaiu ?anniao?eaatho oaeaea nii?u iaaeaeo i?aai, eioi?ue niaoeeaeueii nicaeai aeey ?anniio?aiey oicyenoaai- Iaeaieaa aaaeioth ?ieue a ooieoeeiiaeueiii ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiii- A nayce n iiauoaieai ?iee ooieoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaiia oicye- !!88 au auoue onoaiiaeaiu iauea caaea/e anao ooieoeeiiaeueiuo i?aa- A iiae/eiaiee ooieoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oei- Nenoaia ooieoeeiiaeueiiai i?aaia ia yaeyaony oicyenoaaiiie, Iacaaeneii io eiee/anoaa oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia, aoiaeyueo (**65) Aaaeiiinoe Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN?, 1982, ? 39, no. 743. Oaeie niinia onoaiiaeaiey eiiiaoaioeee ooieoeeiiaeueiuo !!286 IAEAAEAIEA AAAAeAIEA 3 Aeaaa 1 1. I?aaeiao oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa 5 2. Iaoiaeu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa 17 3. Oeaee e i?eioeeiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa 23 4. Nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa 34 5. Oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai 39 Aeaaa 2 NOAUAEOU OICssENOAAIIIAI I?AAA 2. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea i?aaei?eyoee 59 3. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea iauaaeeiaiee 67 4. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa 80 Aeaaa 3 I?AAIAIE ?AAEEI EIOUANOAA A NIOeEAEENOE*ANEIE 1. Nioeeaeenoe/aneay nianoaaiiinoue e oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaia ?a- 2. Noauaeou eiouanoaaiiiai iainiaeaiey a noa?a nioeeaeenoe- 3. I?aaiaua oi?iu eiouanoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe oicyeno- 4. Eeanneoeeaoeey e i?aaiaie ?aaeei eiouanoaa oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia e eo iiae?acaeaeaiee 117 Aeaaa 4 I?AAIAUA OI?IU OICssENOAAIIIAI ?AN*AOA E YEIII- 1. Iiiyoea e aeaeu oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa 131 2. I?aaiaua oi?iu oic?an/aoa 142 3. I?e?iaea i i?aaiaua oi?iu yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey 156 4. I?aaiaay i?aaiecaoeey oiiaeia yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey 164 Aeaaa 5 OICssENOAAIIUA IAssCAOAEUeNOAA 1. Iiiyoea e nenoaia oicyenoaaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa 175 2. Oicyenoaaiii-iia?aoeaiua iaycaoaeuenoaa . 186 3. Oicyenoaaiii-oi?aaeai/aneea iaycaoaeuenoaa 196 4. Aioo?eoicyenoaaiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa . 204 5. Oicyenoaaiiua aeiaiai?u . 208 Aeaaa 6 1. Iiiyoea e aeaeu oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaie ioaaonoaaiiinoe , . 216 2. Oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaua naieoeee 229 3. Ooieoeee e iniiaaiey oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaie ioaaonoaaiiinoe 243 Aeaaa 7 1. Iiiyoea caueou oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa e eioa?ania 206 2. Oi?iu caueou oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa e eioa?ania 266 3. Niiniau caueou oicyenoaaiiuo iiaa e eioa?ania 280
?anee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, niioaaonoaothuea o?aaeeoeeiiiui io?an-
eyi i?aaa (a?aaeaeaineia, aaeieieno?aoeaiia e ae?.), eioi?ui,
niaeanii oaeei i?aaenoaaeaieyi, e aeieaeiu auoue iiae/eiaiu In-
iiau oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Ecaeaiea aea Oicyenoaai-
iiai eiaeaena ioaa?aaaony, iineieueeo eiaeaen ia auiineo (*82), Iniiau aea i?e oaeii iiaeoiaea noaee au
eiiaeiia?aoiui caeiiii, aaea iiaeiaiay
Iieo/aaony, /oi Iniiau iuneyony ia eae aeoeaiue oaeoi? ?a-
aoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, a eae oaeoe/aneay on-
ooiea ao?iiio ?acaeoeth oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Ii ?a-
oathuay ?ieue a ?aaoee?iaaiee oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ana aea
ioaiaeeony a?aaeaeaineiio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao e ae?oaei o?aaeeoeeii-
iui io?aneyi.
ioiioaiee aeieaeai a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe noaoue noa?aeiai ?acaeoey
oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa a niioaaonoaee n naiinoiyoaeue-
iui cia/aieai yoie noa?u i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Oaeie ca-
eii iiaeao auoue ?ac?aaioai eeoue i?e o?aeoiaea oicyenoaaiiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa eae aaeeiie e oeaeinoiie nenoaiu. I?aa
TH. E. Oienoie, n/eoathuee, /oi
TH. E. Oienoie n iieiui iniiaaieai aeaeeo a i?eiyoee Oicyeno-
aaiiiai eiaeaena NNN?.
oaeuenoaa a iaeaieueoae noaiaie niioaaonoaiaaea au iauanithcii-
io oa?aeoa?o yoie io?anee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Aaaeue iniiau caei-
iiaeaoaeuenoaa neiaeeeenue a oaeeo noa?ao i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey,
aaea aaeeea ?ieue caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa nithciuo ?anioaeee, e aeatho
aiciiaeiinoue o/eouaaoue eo iaoeeiiaeueiua iniaaiiinoe a ?anioa-
ai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.- Nia. ain. e i?aai, 1975, .N> 6, n. 50.
(**82) Ni.: Aeaenaaa N. N. I?aai e iaoa aeeciue. I.: TH?eae. eeo., 1978, n. 118.
(**83) Oienoie TH. E. Eiinoeoooeey NNN? e oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai.-
A ei.: Eiinoeoooeey NNN? e i?aaiaua i?iaeaiu niaa?oainoaiaaiey ?o-
eiaiaenoaa ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii, n. 79.
A noa?a aea oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa oaeea iniaaiiinoe
i?aeoe/anee ionoonoaotho, a eiathueany aaia?aoe/aneea e eeeia-
oe/aneea iniaaiiinoe ?anioaeee ia ieacuaatho ?aoathuaai aeey-
iey ia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee e ia iainiiau-
aatho i?eiyoey a ?anioaeeeao naieo oicyenoaaiiuo eiaeaenia.
I?aaaea, Iniiau oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iiaoo eniieue-
ciaaoueny e eae aaca aeey ecaeaiey iauanithciuo ii?iaoeaiuo ae-
oia ii ?aaoee?iaaieth oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Ii oaeie iooue,
oioy e aiciiaeai, iaiaa i?aaeii/oeoaeai, /ai ecaeaiea eiaeaena,
iicaieythuaai ananoi?iiia e eiie?aoii o?aaoee?iaaoue iniiaiua
einoeooou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
noaa aeieaeiu auoue o/oaiu iniaaiiinoe ii?i oicyenoaaiiiai i?a-
aa. A oai?ee i?aaa i?aaeeueii iiae/a?eeaaaony, /oi ii?ia i?aaa
?aaoee?oao
eaaeaeie io?anee i?aaa ?acee/iu, ?acee/ai e oa?aeoa? ?aaoee-
?othueo eo i?aaiauo ii?i. Niaoeeoeea io?anee i?aaa i?iyaeyao-
ny ia oieueei a i?aaeiaoa, iaoiaeao, noauaeoao, oeaeyo e i?eioeeiao
io?anee i?aaa, ii e a oa?aeoa?a eniieuecoaiuo a iae i?aaiauo ii?i.
aeo n ii?iaie – iaueie i?aaeeaie caeanue i?eiaiythony e ii?iu
eiie?aoiiai oa?aeoa?a (*85). Eniieueciaaiea eiie?aoiuo ii niaea?-
aeaieth th?eaee/aneeo ii?i iicaieyao onoaiaaeeaaoue ia oieueei ii-
?yaeie, ii e oeaee oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, /oi eiaao aaaeiia
cia/aiea a oneiaeyo ieaiiaie nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieee.
caaeaiey, aae?aniaaiiua eiie?aoiui nioeeaeenoe/aneei i?aaieca-
oeeyi, ii nicaeathuea iaycaiiinoe e aeey ae?oaeo oicyenoaaiiuo
i?aaiia. ?ieue oaeeo th?eaee/aneeo ii?i aic?anoaao a oneiaeyo
niaa?oainoaiaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia, eiaaea oe?iei en-
iieuecoaony ii?iaoeaiue iaoiae a ieaie?iaaiee, i?aaeiieaaathuee
onoaiiaeaiea th?eaee/anee iaycaoaeueiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ii?iaoe-
aia aeeeoaeueiiai aeaenoaey. ?acoiaaony, yoi ia eneeth/aao eniieue-
ciaaiey i?e ieaie?iaaiee eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo ieaiiauo caaeaiee,
th?eaee/anee iaycaoaeueiuo eeoue aeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia, eioi-
?iio iie aae?aniaaiu.
oaeaea eiie?aoii oi?ioee?oaiua a iieiaeaieyo e onoaaao oicye-
noaaiiuo i?aaiia. Ii?aaeaeyy eo ooieoeeth, i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe,
oaeea ii?iu iai?aaeytho aeayoaeueiinoue oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia ia
auiieiaiea caaea/, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey iauanoaa, e aianoa n oai
noaayo eo aeayoaeueiinoue a ii?aaeaeaiiua ?aiee, niinianoaoy i?i-
aaaeaieth ?aaeeia caeiiiinoe a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo.
(**85) Ni.: Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai. I.: TH?eae. eeo., 1970, n. 38-39.
ieei-yeiiiie/aneea ii?iu. Iie ii?aaeaeytho o?aaiaaiey e ea/a-
noao i?iaeoeoeee, ?aaio e oneoa, eeieou ?anoiaeiaaiey nu?uey,
iaoa?eaeia, yia?aee, ?acia?u i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo caiania, onoaiaa-
eeaatho ii?yaeie eniieueciaaiey iai?oaeiaaiey, ?aaoee?otho oaoii-
eiae/aneea i?ioeannu. Iniaaiiinoue yoeo ii?i ninoieo a oii, /oi
n eo iiiiuueth oicyenoaaiiia i?aai aicaeaenoaoao ia oieueei ia io-
iioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaiecaoeeyie e eo iiae?acaeaeaieyie, ii e ia-
iin?aaenoaaiii ia i?ioeann i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe.
oa?aeoa?iu ia oieueei aeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, ii e aeey iaei-
oi?uo ae?oaeo io?aneae, iai?eia? aeey o?oaeiaiai e eieoiciiai
i?aaa. ?aeiiaiaeaoaeueiua ii?iu iicaieytho aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia
aeayoaeueiinoue oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia ii aii?inai, ?aoaiea ei-
oi?uo ioiineony e eo eiiiaoaioeee. N iiiiuueth oaeeo ii?i aino-
aea?noai ?oeiaiaeeo yeiiiieeie, ia noaniyy eieoeeaoeau oicyeno-
aaiiuo i?aaiia, /oi aeaao aiciiaeiinoue iineaaeiaaoaeueii i?iaiaeeoue
i?eioeei ni/aoaiey oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey n oicyenoaai-
iie naiinoiyoaeueiinoueth ieciauo caaiueaa.
?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, i?e eioi?ii ii?iu ecaeatho-
ny naieie oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie aeey ii?aaeaeaiey ii?yaeea
inouanoaeaiey aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Oaeei iooai
?aaoee?othony aioo?eoicyenoaaiiia oi?aaeaiea e ieaie?iaaiea,
inouanoaeaiea aioo?aiiaai oic?an/aoa, ii?aaeaeyaony i?aaiaia
iieiaeaiea iiae?acaeaeaiee oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia. ?acoiaaony,
eieaeueiua ii?iu caieiatho iiae/eiaiiia ianoi a ea?a?oee i?a-
aiauo ii?i, iie aeieaeiu niioaaonoaiaaoue iauei ii?iai oicye-
noaaiiiai i?aaa (*86).
aeaeao oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia.(*87) Ii ii nouanoao e iei aeecee
e ii?iu, ecaeaaaaiua ieienoa?noaaie aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey oicye-
noaaiiuo ioiioaiee a naiae nenoaia. Aeaenoaea oaeeo ii?i ia?a-
ie/aii ?aieaie nenoaiu ecaeaaoaai eo ieienoa?noaa.
iauaa cia/aiea. ?a/ue eaeao i ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao, ecaeaaaaiuo
ooieoeeiiaeueiuie i?aaiaie oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa – Ain-
ieaiii NNN?, Ainniaaii NNN?, Aineiieoaoii oeai NNN? e ae?oae-
ie iiaeiaiuie i?aaiaie, inouanoaeythueie ?oeiaiaenoai ii?aaea-
eaiiui aeaeii aeayoaeueiinoe a ianooaaao anae no?aiu e eiath-
ueie i?aai i?eieiaoue ii?iaoeaiua aeou, iaycaoaeueiua aeey anao
oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia. Oaeea ii?iaoeaiua aeou ninoaaeytho
aaaeiue yeaiaio aeaenoaothuaai oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaa, oioy eiiaaea iii iiieiaaony e a aieaa oceii niunea-eae
aeeth/athuaa eeoue caeiiu e iinoaiiaeaiey i?aaeoaeuenoaa.
iey.- I?aaiaaaeaiea, 1971, ? 1, n. 37.
(**87) Ni.: Naieaoeeei A. E. Eieaeueiua ii?iu e eo aeaeu.- I?aaiaaaeaiea,
1976, ? 2, n. 39.
einoueth ia o?iaia caeiiia e iinoaiiaeaiee i?aaeoaeuenoaa iiiaeo
aii?inia, iauaeoeaii o?aaothueo i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, iiyoi-
io ooieoeeiiaeueiua i?aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e ecaeatho
eo a aieueoeo eiee/anoaao. A cia/eoaeueiie ia?a yoi e i?eaiaeeo
e ioia/aiiui auoa iaaeinoaoeai oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaa, iiaouei auoue ono?aiaiiuie eeoue i?e oneiaee aai eiaeeoe-
eaoeee. Oieueei oaeei iooai aoaeoo ?aoaiu iauea aii?inu oicye-
noaaiiiai i?aaa, /oi iiiiaeao nie?aoeoue iauai aaaeiinoaaiiiai
ii?iaoeaiiai iaoa?eaea. Eiia/ii e a yoii neo/aa iaeuecy aoaeao
iieiinoueth ioeacaoueny io ecaeaiey aaaeiinoaaiiuo ii?iaoeaiuo
aeoia, ii ecaeaiea eo aoaeao iinoaaeaii a ii?aaeaeaiiua ?aiee
iiaeiaiua aeou aoaeoo oiaaea ecaeaaaoueny a ia?aie/aiiuo i?aaeaeao
e ii aii?inai, o?aaothuei aeaoaeueiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ia iniiaa
i?eioeeieaeueiuo iieiaeaiee, onoaiiaeaiiuo a iniiaiii caeiia
ii ?aaoee?iaaieth oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
aeaoaeuenoaa yaeyaony a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo iniiaiie e aaaeiae-
oae ia?ie oii?yaei/aiey yoie io?anee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Eiaeeoe-
eaoeey oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iicaieeo caaa?oeoue noa-
iiaeaiea e ?acaeoea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae naiinoiyoaeueiie
io?anee i?aaa, naeaeaoue i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo io-
iioaiee yooaeoeaiui eino?oiaioii i?aaiecaoeee nioeeaeenoe/a-
neie yeiiiieee, aeaenoaaiiui n?aaenoaii oeo/oaiey oicyenoaai-
iiai iaoaiecia.
OICssENOAAIIIAI I?AAA
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
i?aaiecaoeee e eo iiae?acaeaeaiey. Iie aunooiatho eae iineoaee
oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa e iaycaiiinoae, o/anoieee oicyenoaaiiuo
i?aaiioiioaiee, aaaeoo oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue e ?oeiaiaeyo
ath a niioaaonoaee n ii?iaie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
ie oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa e iaycaiiinoae ia iiaoo auoue ioaeaeueiua
a?aaeaeaia. Aunooieaiea a ea/anoaa noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?a-
aa oieueei i?aaiecaoeee e eo iiae?acaeaeaiee eiaao cia/aiea aeey
oa?aeoa?enoeee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae i?aaiaie io?anee.
oeeaeenoe/aneay, i?aaeaea anaai ainoaea?noaaiiay, nianoaaiiinoue,
Nioeeaeenoe/aneia ainoaea?noai ?oeiaiaeeo oicyenoaii, aeaenoaoy
eae iineoaeue iieeoe/aneie aeanoe e nianoaaiiee iniiaiuo
n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa. Yeiiiie/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue ninoaaeyao
aaaeiaeooth ooieoeeth Niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaa.
oaeiaia ia aunooiaao noauaeoii oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. A oicye-
noaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaieyo o/anoaoao ia ainoaea?noai eae noauaeo
i?aaa, a ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey, i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iauaaee-
iaiey, ae?oaea oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu e eo iiae?acaeaeaiey. Aino-
aea?noai ?oeiaiaeeo eo aeayoaeueiinoueth iooai ecaeaiey ii?iaoeaiuo
aeoia, ninoaaeythueo th?eaee/aneoth iniiao oicyenoaaiiuo i?aai-
ioiioaiee. Ia aaca ii?i iauaeoeaiiai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
aicieeatho noauaeoeaiua oicyenoaaiiua i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe,
i?eiaaeeaaeauea ioaeaeueiui noauaeoai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
aeaeaiiiio noauaeoo e io?aiyaiay caeiiii aiciiaeiinoue aeaenoai-
aaoue. Oaeii ii?aaeaeaiea noauaeoeaiiai i?aaa iineo iauee oa-
?aeoa? II ioiineony e noauaeoeaiui i?aaai anao io?aneae i?aaa.
I?e yoii noauaeoeaiia i?aai iai?aaeaii ia aeinoeaeaiea oiai eee
eiiai nioeeaeueiiai aeaaa e inouanoaeyaony a eioa?anao eae naiiai
noauaeoa i?aaa, oae e nioeeaeenoe/aneiai iauanoaa a oeaeii (*1).
I.: TH?ecaeao, 1947, n. 94; Iaoo so a I. E. Nioeeaeenoe/aneay aeaiie?aoey ir
noauaeoeaiua i?aaa a?aaeaeai.-Nia, ain. e i?aai, 1979, ? 6, n. 22; Aai-
aa O. A. Io?aia oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa i?aaei?eyoee, I.: TH?eae. eeo., 1975.
nioeeaeenoe/aneea i?aaiecaoeee eiatho iauea eioa?anu, iie caei-
oa?aniaaiu a yooaeoeaiii inouanoaeaiee nioeeaeenoe/aneiai
oicyenoaiaaiey, a oniaoiii auiieiaiee ainoaea?noaaiiiai ieaia.
oa?anu. Iaee/ea oaeeo eioa?ania iaecaaaeii, iineieueeo yeiiiie-
/aneea
?aaiou yaeyaony iaiouaieaiui yeaiaioii oic?an/aoa, ia iniiaa
eioi?iai no?ieony eo aeayoaeueiinoue. Iia i?iyaeyaony eae a ai?e-
ciioaeueiuo, oaae e a aa?oeeaeueiuo oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo.(*3)
Aeaiiia ianoiyoaeuenoai iaaeyaeii i?iyaeyaony a oneiaeyo niaa?-
aiainoaiaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia, eiaaea ia oic?an/aoiua
ia/aea ia?aaiaeyony ia oieueei i?aaei?eyoey e i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
iauaaeeiaiey, ii e e?oiiua oicyenoaaiiua nenoaiu e aicaeaaeyth-
uea eo oeaio?u – i?aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa n?aaeiaai e
aunoaai caaia (ni. ae. 4).
oiai?eoni a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. A i. 5 Iieiaeaiey i nioeeaeenoe-
/aneii ainoaea?noaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?aaei?eyoee oeacu-
aaaony, /oi i?aaeinoaaeaiiua i?aaei?eyoeth i?aaa aeieaeiu eniieue-
ciaaoueny a eioa?anao anaai ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e eieeaeoeaa
?aaioieeia i?aaei?eyoey. Niaeanii i. 15 Iieiaeaiey i i?iecaiae-
noaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee, i?aaa, i?aaeinoaaeaiiua iauaaeeiaieth,
.a oaeaea aai i?iecaiaenoaaiiui aaeeieoeai, aeieaeiu eniieueciaaoueny
a eioa?anao anaai ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, iauaaeeiaiey e i?iecaiae-
noaaiiuo aaeeieoe. Aiaeiae/iua oi?ioee?iaee niaea?aeaony a
iieiaeaieyo i iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiao. Oa?ae-
oa?ii, /oi i?e onoaiiaeaiee iaiaoiaeeiinoe eniieueciaaoue i?aaa oi-
cyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia eee eo iiae?acaeaeaiee a eo nianoaaiiuo ei-
oa?anao iau/ii ia ia?aue ieai auaeaeaathony eioa?anu ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa, eioi?ua eiatho i?aeiouanoaaiiia cia/aiea a nioeea-
eenoe/aneii iauanoaa.
ia/eaathony eo noauaeoeaiuie i?aaaie, oaeea i?aaa niioaaonoaotho
ia anyeiio eioa?ano. Ii e eioa?anu, ia caueuaiiua noauaeoea-
iuie i?aaaie, oaeaea io?aiythony caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, o/eouaatho-
ny i?e ?aaoee?iaaiee oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, ?ac?aoaiee
oicyenoaaiiuo nii?ia. A nayce n yoei a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa eiiaaea
aiai?eony ia oieueei i i?aaao, ii e io?aiyaiuo caeiiii eioa-
?anao. Oae, a no. 2 Caeiia i ainoaea?noaaiiii a?aeo?aaea a NNN?
e caaea/ai i?aaiia a?aeo?aaea ioianaii iaania/aiea caueou i?aa
e io?aiyaiuo caeiiii eioa?ania i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee e i?-
aaiecaoeee i?e ?ac?aoaiee oicyenoaaiiuo nii?ia (ni. ae. 7).
(**3) Ia o/aoa eioa?ania a ainoaea?noaaiiii oi?aaeaiee ni.: Ne?aiei A. O.
I?iaeaia eioa?ana a ainoaea?noaaiiii oi?aaeaiee. Eeaa: Iaoe. aeoiea,
1980.
i?aaiia inouanoaeyaony /a?ac noauaeoeaiua i?aaa. Ioiineoaeueii
aicieeiiaaiey noauaeoeaiuo i?aa auneacuaathony ?acee/iua
iiaiey a th?eaee/aneie iaoea.
aicieeaoue eeoue a i?aaiioiioaieyo, ?anniao?eaatho aai eae
yeaiaio i?aaiioiioaiey. (*4) Niaeanii ae?oaiio acaeyaeo, i?eciaaony
aiciiaeiinoue nouanoaiaaiey noauaeoeaiuo i?aa e aia i?aaiioii-
oaiee, i?e oaeii iiaeoiaea aeiioneaaony nouanoaiaaiea noauaeoea-
iuo i?aa, iniiaaiiuo iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia caeiia (*5). Oaeay o?ae-
oiaea noauaeoeaiuo i?aa auea aini?eiyoa a oicyenoaaiii-i?aai-
aie eiioeaioeee e eniieuecoaony aeey iauyniaiey i?eiaaeeaaeaueo
oicyenoaaiiui i?aaiai e eo iiae?acaeaeaieyi noauaeoeaiuo i?aa
e iaycaiiinoae, iniiaaiiuo iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
?acaeaeaiee ?ane?uaaaony a oai?ee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa /a?ac
iiiyoea oicyenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeee”. A oicyenoaaiioth eiiiaoai-
oeeth aoiaeyo noauaeoeaiua i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe aeaiyeiai ?iaea:
ai-ia?auo, i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe, ia o?aaothuea aeey naiae ?aaee-
caoeee iaycaoaeueiiai anooieaiey a i?aaiioiioaiey; ai-aoi?uo,.
i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue ?aaeeciaaiu oieueei
iooai anooieaiey a i?aaiioiioaiey – , iau/ii oa?aeoa?ecoaiia eae i?aainiiniaiinoue.
I?aaaea, anoue e eiie acaeyae, niaeanii eioi?iio a eiiiaoaioeeth
aeeth/athony eeoue eiie?aoiua i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe, a i?aainii-
niaiinoue ?anniao?eaaaony a ea/anoaa naiinoiyoaeueiiai yeaiaioa,
oa?aeoa?ecothuaai i?aainoauaeoiinoue oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia. (*7)
oieueei a oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa, ii e a ae?oaeo i?aaiauo io?aneyo.
Iniaaiii yoi oa?aeoa?ii aeey aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa, aaea eii-
iaoaioeey iiieiaaony eae ioaaouaathuay eeoue i?aaa e iaycai-
iinoe aeanoiiai oa?aeoa?a, ioiinyueany e noa?a ainoaea?noaaiiiai
oi?aaeaiey.(*8) A oicyenoaaiiii aea i?aaa eiiiaoaioeey ioaaouaaao
i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe ii ?oeiaiaenoao e inouanoaeaieth oicyenoaai-
iie aeayoaeueiinoe, o. a. ana i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe, ioiinyueany e
io?anee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Yoe i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe oa?aeoa-
?ecothony niaoeeoe/aneeie i?eciaeaie, i?aaeii?aaeaeyaiuie oa-
?aeoa?ii oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee nioeeaeenoe/aneiai iauanoaa.
(**5) Ni.: Aaieei Ae. I. I?aai nianoaaiiinoe eae aaniethoiia noauaeoeaiia i?a-
ai.- Nia. ain. e i?aai, 1958, ? 6, n. 17; Ea?eiia Ae. A., Oaeiaeeei A. A.
Iaeioi?ua aii?inu oai?ee i?aaiioiioaiee.- O/ai. cai. EAO, TH?eae.
iaoee, 1958, aueo. 10. n. 72-86; Ieoeeaae/ A. A. Noauaeou niaaoneiai i?a-
aa. I.: Ainth?ecaeao, 1962; oe ae?.
n. 66-84.
11inoe ainoaea?noaaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia.- I?aaiaaaeaiea, 1965,
? 4, n. 61.
(**8) Ni.: Eaca?aa A. I. Eiiiaoaioeey i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey, I.; TH?eae. eeo., 1972.
iaycaiiinoae yaeyaony eo oaniay naycue iaaeaeo niaie. Eiiaaea
noauaeoeaiia oicyenoaaiiia i?aai a oi aea a?aiy yaeyaony e
iaycaiiinoueth oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia, iai?eia? i?aai i?aaei?eyoey
ooaa?aeeoue oaoi?iioeiieai. I?e caeeth/aiee ieaiiauo oicyeno-
aaiiuo aeiaiai?ia i?aai caeeth/eoue aeiaiai? yaeyaony iaeiia?aiaiii
iaycaiiinoueth nioeeaeenoe/aneie i?aaiecaoeee (*9 I?e ia?ooaiee
yoie iaycaiiinoe i?eiaiyaony i?aaeaeiaiai?iue a?aeo?aae, ionoo-
noaothuaa niaeaoaiea noi?ii caiaiyaony ?aoaieai a?aeo?aaea,
iaania/eaathuei inouanoaeaiea i?aaa – iaycaiiinoe i?aaieca-
oeee caeeth/eoue oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai?. Oaeay eiino?oeoeey noau-
aeoeaiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa, eo oaniay naycue n iaycaiiinoyie
iieiinoueth niioaaonoaoao ieaiiaie nioeeaeenoe/aneie nenoaia
oicyenoaa.
th?eaee/aneie iaoea, eiiaaea auneacuaaaony i?aaeeiaeaiea ia ioeaca
io eiino?oe?iaaiey iaycaiiinoe oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia caeeth/eoue
aeiaiai?.
caaea/ai niaa?oainoaiaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia, ia niioaao-
noaoao aic?anoaieth ?iee aeiaiai?a eae eino?oiaioa ieaie?iaaiey
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo aeooaeai
aii?in ia ia ineaaeaiee iaycaoaeueiinoe inouanoaeaiey oicyeno-
aaiiuo i?aa, a, iai?ioea, i aa oneeaiee. Ia yoii naeaeaoaeueno-
aoao iiae/a?eiooay a iinoaiiaeaiee i oicyenoaaiiii iaoaiecia
iaaeiionoeiinoue acaeiiie aiienoee oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia e
eiino?oe?iaaiea acuneaiey naieoeee ca ia?ooaiea iaycaoaeuenoa
ii iinoaaeai i?iaeoeoeee ia oieueei eae i?aaa, ii e eae iaycai-
iinoe nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee. Aeoiaaony, yoi iieiinoueth
niioaaonoaoao ni/aoaieth yeiiiie/aneeo e aaeieieno?aoeaiuo ia-
oiaeia a ?oeiaiaenoaa nioeeaeenoe/aneei oicyenoaii.
aeoeaiia oicyenoaaiiia i?aai yaeyaony iaycaiiinoueth niioaao-
noaothuae i?aaiecaoeee. Nouanoaotho e oaeea i?aaa, eioi?ua iiaoo
inouanoaeyoueny ii naiaiaeiiio oniio?aieth noauaeoia oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa. Aiiaua noauaeoeaiua oicyenoaaiiua i?aaa aanueia
?aciiia?aciu, eo oa?aeoa? caaeneo io noa?u inouanoaeaiey,
aeaea noauaeoa, eioi?iio i?eiaaeeaaeeo i?aai, iiiaeo ae?oaeo oae-
oi?ia,
eeanneoeoee?oao eo neaaeothuei ia?acii: i?aaa, aoiaeyuea a ni-
Ecae-ai EAO, 1958, n. 80-88.
(**10) Ainoaea?noai, i?aai, yeiiiieea, I.: TH?eae. eeo., 1970, n. 416.
noaaiii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe; i?aaa a iaeanoe iia?aoeaiiai
oi?aaeaiey eiouanoaii, ieaie?iaaiey, iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/anei-
ai niaaaeaiey, eaieoaeueiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa e a ae?oaeo iaean-
oyo oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe; i?aaa, inouanoaeaiea eioi?uo
ninoaaeyao iaycaiiinoue i?aaei?eyoey, e i?aaa, ?aaeecoaiua ii aai
oniio?aieth; i?aaa, ?aaeecoaiua naiinoiyoaeueii aaeieieno?aoeeae
i?aaei?eyoey, e i?aaa, ?aaeecoaiua aaeieieno?aoeeae niaianoii, ii
niaeaniaaieth eee i?e o/anoee eiieoaoa i?ionithcia; i?aaa, ei-
oi?ua i?aaei?eyoey inouanoaeytho /a?ac aeaenoaey iaycaiiuo eeoe.
e i?aaa, inouanoaeyaiua /a?ac nianoaaiiua aeaenoaey i?aaei?eyoey (*11).
noaoy a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo, ni/aoathueo ieaiiai-i?aaie-
caoeeiiiua e eiouanoaaiiua yeaiaiou, noauaeo oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa aeieaeai iaeaaeaoue ii?aaeaeaiiui eiouanoaii. Aaaeue oicye-
noaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eniieueciaaiea eioua-
noaa aeey aeinoeaeaiey oicyenoaaiiuo oeaeae. Iiyoiio aieueoeinoai
enneaaeiaaoaeae i?eciatho, iaiaoiaeeiui i?eciaeii noauaeoa oicye-
noaaiiiai i?aaa iaee/ea o iaai ii?aaeaeaiiiai eiouanoaa (**12).
iiaeao iaoiaeeoueny a ainoaea?noaaiiie, eieoicii-eiiia?aoeaiie eee
iauanoaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe. I?eiaieoaeueii e iniiaiie ianna
noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa – ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee –
cae?aieaiea eiouanoaa ca ieie i?iecaiaeeony iooai ia?aaea/e aai
a iia?aoeaiia oi?aaeaiea aeaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee. *oi aea eanaaony
eiiia?aoeaiuo e iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee, oi eiouanoai iiaeao
i?eiaaeeaaeaoue ei ia i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe.
coeueoaou ?aaiou. Ioaaonoaaiiinoue noauaeoa oicyenoaaiiiai i?a-
aa ca ?acoeueoaou aeayoaeueiinoe eniieuecoaony eae n?aaenoai yei-
iiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey. Iia iiaeao au?aaeaoueny a aeaoo
oi?iao: ai-ia?auo, a aeaea yeiiiie/aneie ioaaonoaaiiinoe, ai-
aoi?uo, a aeaea o?aaeeoeeiiiie eiouanoaaiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe,
ninoiyuae a oieaoa aeaiaaeiuo oo?aoia e aiciauaiee oauoeia,
aicieeoeo o ae?oaeo i?aaiecaoeee aneaaenoaea ia?ooaiey noau-
aeoii naieo iaycaoaeuenoa.
noaaiiinoue ca ?acoeueoaou aeayoaeueiinoe, ii e nai aeieaeai eiaoue
aiciiaeiinoue ia?auaoueny ca caueoie naieo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa
a neo/ayo eo ia?ooaiey. A oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo ii ai?e-
ciioaee oaeay caueoa iaania/eaaaony n iiiiuueth i?aaiia a?aeo-
?aaea. *oi aea eanaaony oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ii aa?oeeaee,
oi a yoie noa?a iaoaieci caueou oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa aeieaeiui
ia?acii ia io?aaioai, onoaiiaeaiea ii?yaeea caueou i?aa oicye-
noaaiiuo i?aaiia a oaeeo ioiioaieyo yaeyaony aaaeiie caaea/ae
niaa?oainoaiaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
(**12) Ni.: Ia?oaiueyiia A. N. Cia/aiea oai?ee eieeaeoeaa o?oaeyueony aeey ni-
aa?oainoaiaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa,- A ei.: XXV nuacae
EINN e i?aaiaua aii?inu ?aaoee?iaaiey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. I,:
EAIAI NNN?, 1977, n. 15.
aeoa oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa yaeythony: 1) iaee/ea ii?aaeaeaiiie
i?aaiecaoeee (i?aaiecaoeeiiiia aaeeinoai), 2) iaee/ea cae?aieai-
iiai ca iei eee i?eiaaeeaaeauaai aio eiouanoaa (eiouanoaai-
iay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue), 3) iaee/ea oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa e iay-
caiiinoae (oicyenoaaiiay eiiiaoaioeey), 4) ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
?acoeueoaou naiae aeayoaeueiinoe, 5) aiciiaeiinoue ia?auaiey ca
caueoie ia?ooaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa.
noaaiiiai i?aaa e ae?oaea o/aiua. Oae, i?e oa?aeoa?enoeea noau-
aeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa I. E.- Eiiyaa ia?a/eneyao a iniia-
iii oa aea i?eciaee, e?iia aiciiaeiinoe ia?auaiey ca caueoie
ia?ooaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa.(*13)
noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa o?e i?eciaea: 1) eiouanoaaiiay
iainiaeaiiinoue; 2) inouanoaeaiea aeayoaeueiinoe ia iniiaa ieaia,.
ooaa?aeaeaiiiai auoanoiyuei i?aaiii; 3) iaoiaeaeaiea ia oicye-
noaaiiii ?an/aoa.(*14) Iaeiaei yoe i?eciaee i?aaenoaaeythony iaaei-
noaoi/iuie aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?a-
aa, a a iaeioi?uo ioiioaieyo e ia aiieia oi/iuie. Oae, a?yae
ee iiaeii oa?aeoa?eciaaoue noauaeo oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa aac
oeacaiey ia iaee/ea o iaai i?aaiecaoeeiiiiai aaeeinoaa, oicye-
noaaiiie eiiiaoaioeee, ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ?acoeueoaou naiae aeay-
oaeueiinoe e aiciiaeiinoe ia?auaiey ca caueoie ia?ooaiiuo
oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa. *oi aea eanaaony oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa,
oi ii i?enou ia anai noauaeoai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, a eeoue
iaeioi?ui eo aeaeai, a nayce n /ai oeacaiea ia oicyenoaaiiue
?an/ao eae ia yeaiaio iauaai iiiyoey noauaeoa oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa iai?aaeeueii.
aeeth/aoue eeoue oa i?eciaee, eioi?ua i?enoue anai aeaeai oaeeo
noauaeoia. N o/aoii neacaiiiai i?aaenoaaeyaony aiciiaeiui ii-
?aaeaeeoue oaeia iiiyoea neaaeothuei ia?acii: noauaeou oicyeno-
aaiiiai i?aaa – yoi nioeeaeenoe/aneea i?aaiecaoeee e eo iiae-
?acaeaeaiey, inouanoaeythuea oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue e ?o-
eiaiaeyuea ath, eiathuea ii?aaeaeaiiia eiouanoai, iaeaaeathuea
oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaaie e iaycaiiinoyie (oicyenoaaiiie eii-
iaoaioeeae), ianouea ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ?acoeueoaou naiae aeay-
oaeueiinoe e eiathuea aiciiaeiinoue ia?aoeoueny ca caueoie
i?eiaaeeaaeaueo ei oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa.
cyenoaaiiiai i?aaa). Eoeauoaa: Eoeauo. ei. ecae-ai. 1973. n. 216.
(**14) Ni.: E?anueei E. A. Iiiyoea e i?eciaee oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Oa?ue-
eia: Oa?uee. th?eae. ei-o, 1974, n, 34.
Ia?yaeo n onoaiiaeaieai iauaai iiiyoey noauaeoa oicyeno-
aaiiiai i?aaa iaiaoiaeeii auyaeoue e ioaeaeueiua aeaeu oaeeo
noauaeoia. I?eiaieoaeueii e ioaeaeueiui aeaeai noauaeoia oicye-
noaaiiiai i?aaa oeacaiiua auoa i?eciaee oicyenoaaiiie i?aai-
noauaeoiinoe i?iyaeythony iaiaeeiaeiai, n ecaanoiuie iniaai-
iinoyie. Oaeea iniaaiiinoe, ioiinyony e noaiaie i?aaiecaoeeii-
iiai iainiaeaiey, oa?aeoa?o e i?i/iinoe cae?aieaiey eiouanoaa,
niaea?aeaieth oicyenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeee, oi?iai ioaaonoaaiiinoe
it caueou oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa.
i?aaa yaeyaony oa?aeoa? auiieiyaiuo eie ooieoeee. N yoie
oi/ee c?aiey ?acee/athony noauaeou, auiieiythuea ii i?aeio-
uanoao oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue, ?oeiaiaeyuea ath eee ni/a-
oathuea ooieoeee ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. A niioaaonoaee n yoei auaeaeythony oaeea noauaeou
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, eae i?aaei?eyoey, i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iau-
aaeeiaiey, i?aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. Aianoa n oai
ana iie aoiaeyo a oicyenoaaiioth nenoaio, yaeythony aa caaiueyie
e, ianiio?y ia eiathueany ?acee/ey, iaeaaeatho cia/eoaeueiuie
/a?oaie noiaenoaa. Iiyoiio ana iie iauaaeeiythony a iaeio a?oiio
noauaeoia – oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu.
iiae?acaeaeaiey oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia. Iie a naith i/a?aaeue aea-
eyony ia aeaa aeaea: aioo?aiiea iiae?acaeaeaiey e i?iecaiaenoaai-
iua aaeeieoeu.
iuie noauaeoaie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Iaeiaei ia?yaeo n ieie
a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo iiaoo o/anoaiaaoue e ae?oaea i?aa-
iecaoeee. E iei ioiinyony ooieoeeiiaeueiua i?aaiu oicyenoaai-
iiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, ae?oaea nioeeaeenoe/aneea i?aaiecaoeee, a oii
/enea e iaoicyenoaaiiua, a neo/ayo, eiaaea iie aaaeoo oicyeno-
aaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue e ?oeiaiaeyo ath, o/anoaotho a oicyenoaai-
iuo i?aaiioiioaieyo.
caiiinoe, aeathuea yoei noauaeoai aiciiaeiinoue o/anoaiaaoue a
ethauo oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo, niioaaonoaothueo eo caaea-
/ai. Yoa aiciiaeiinoue ia?aie/eaaaony eeoue niaoeeaeueiui oa?ae-
oa?ii eiiiaoaioeee, oeie/iui aeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa e ni-
ioaaonoaothuei ieaiiaie nioeeaeenoe/aneie nenoaia oicyenoaa.
Oe?ieee oa?aeoa? eiiiaoaioeee oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia iicai-
eyao ii?aaeaeeoue aeaiioth eiiiaoaioeeth eae iieioth.
iuo i?aaiia yaeyaony aieaa oceie. Iniaaiii yoi ioiineony e
eiiiaoaioeee aioo?aiieo iiae?acaeaeaiee, iai?eia? oeaoia ia
i?aaei?eyoeyo. Iie iiaoo o/anoaiaaoue oieueei ai aioo?eoicyeno-
aaiiuo i?aaiioiioaieyo, a nayce n /ai cae?aieaiiay ca ieie
eiiiaoaioeey eiaioaony aioo?eoicyenoaaiiie.
oicyenoaaiiuo, oae e ai aiaoieo oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo io
naiaai eiaie eee io eiaie i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey, a ni-
noaa eioi?iai iie aoiaeyo. Oaeie oa?aeoa? eiiiaoaioeee iicaiey-
ao ii?aaeaeeoue aa eae niaoaiioth, niaaeeiythuoth ioaeaeueiua yea-
iaiou iieiie e aioo?eoicyenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeee.
i?aainoauaeoiinoe oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu. Oaeay nenoaia i?aae-
noaaeyao niaie aaeeiue eiiieaen, ninoiyuee ec oicyenoaaiiuo
i?aaiia, iaeei ec eioi?uo aunooiaao a ea/anoaa i?aaia oicyeno-
aaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa – oeaio?a nenoaiu. Oicyenoaaiiuie nenoa-
iaie yaeythony eiiieaenu, aicaeaaeyaiua ieienoa?noaaie, eo
aeaaiuie i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie e io?aneaauie, oi?aaeaieyie,
nenoaiu ananithciuo e ?anioaeeeaineeo iauaaeeiaiee, i?iecaiae-
noaaiiuo e io?aneaauo oi?aaeaiee e ioaeaeia eniieeiiia iano-
iuo Niaaoia, nenoaia iio?aaeoaeueneie eiiia?aoeee e iaeioi?ua
ae?oaea.
n?aaeiaai caaia. E ia?aui ioiinyony nenoaiu, oeaio?u eioi?uo
iaiin?aaenoaaiii iiae/eiythony i?aaiai iauae eiiiaoaioeee: ne-
noaiu nithciuo ieienoa?noa, ?anioaeeeaineeo ieienoa?noa nithc-
iuo ?anioaeee e ae?oaeo i?aaiia, iaiin?aaenoaaiii iiae/eiythueo-
ny i?aaiai iauae eiiiaoaioeee. E nenoaiai n?aaeiaai caaia
ioiinyony nenoaiu aeaaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo e io?aneaauo
oi?aaeaiee ieienoa?noa, ananithciuo, ?anioaeeeaineeo iauaaee-
iaiee, nithcii-?anioaeeeaineeo ieienoa?noa nithciuo ?anioaeee,
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo e io?aneaauo oi?aaeaiee e ioaeaeia eniieei-
iia ianoiuo Niaaoia, anee yoe oi?aaeaiey e ioaeaeu aoiaeyo a
nenoaiu io?aneaauo ieienoa?noa eee eiuo i?aaiia oicyenoaai-
iiai ?oeiaiaenoaa.
aaiiuie nenoaiaie oieueei nenoaiu aunoaai caaia. A. N. Ia?-
oaiueyiia iioeae?oao yoi oai, /oi iie iieo/atho ieaiiaua caaea-
iey ia io ieienoa?noaa, a iaiin?aaenoaaiii io i?aaeoaeuenoaa,
/oi auaeaeyao eo ec /enea ae?oaeo oicyenoaaiiuo ia?aciaaiee.(*15)
Oaeie a?aoiaio i?aaenoaaeyaony iaoaaaeeoaeueiui, iineieueeo
ooaa?aeaeaiea ieaiiaiai caaeaiey i?aaeoaeuenoaii, a ia ae?oaei
auoanoiyuei i?aaiii ia ieacuaaao aeeyiey ia iauoth eiino-
?oeoeeth oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu. Iacaaeneii io oiai, onoaiaaee-
aaaony ieaiiaia caaeaiea i?aaiii iauae eee niaoeeaeueiie eiiia-
oaioeee, nenoaia aeaenoaoao eae oicyenoaaiiue eiiieaen, ninoiyuee
ec oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia e aicaeaaeyaiue aaeeiui oeaio-
?ii. Aoiaeaeaiea oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai n?aaeiaai caaia a ninoaa
oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu aunoaai caaia ia iaiyao eo nouiinoe e
i?aaiaie i?aaiecaoeee.
noaia eo?na oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea oicyenoaaiiuo
i?aaiecaoeee. I.: ATHCE, 1978, n. 34.
ceiiiii/aneoth e i?aaiaoth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue. Iie iaeaaeatho
anaie i?aaaie, onoaiiaeaiiuie a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aeey oicye-
noaaiiiai i?aaia aeaiiiai aeaea. A oi aea a?aiy iaaeaeo caaiueyie
nenoaiu aicieeatho oicyenoaaiiua nayce ii ai?eciioaee e aa?-
oeeaee. A neeo yoiai oicyenoaaiiay nenoaia noaiiaeony aaeeiui
eiiieaenii a i?aaiecaoeeiiiii e yeiiiie/aneii ioiioaiee. Ii
aaeeinoai yoiai eiiieaena ia noieue aaeeei, eae o oicyenoaaiii-
ai i?aaia. Iiyoiio oicyenoaaiiay nenoaia ia i?eciaaony iau/-
ii noauaeoii i?aaa, a a aa eioa?anao aunooiaao i?aai oiyeno-
aaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa – oeaio? nenoaiu. A caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa yoi
i?yii onoaiiaeaii i?eiaieoaeueii e ieienoa?noaai, oi?aaeaie-
yi i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee, aeaaiui i?iecaiaenoaaiiui e
io?aneaaui oi?aaeaieyi ieienoa?noa e iaeioi?ui ae?oaei oeaio-
?ai nenoaiu. Ia aiieia ynii ?aoai aii?in i i?aainoauaeoii-
noe nenoaiu iio?aaeoaeueneie eiiia?aoeee, aneaaenoaea /aai iaeie
aaoi?u i?eciatho aa noauaeoii i?aaa, ae?oaea aea io?eoeatho i?a-
ainoauaeoiinoue e yoie nenoaiu, ?anniao?eaay a ea/anoaa noau-
aeoia i?aaa oieueei aa caaiuey.(*16)
nenoaiu a ioiioaieyo oi?aaeai/aneiai oa?aeoa?a, a a ioiioa-
ieyo eiouanoaaiiuo iia noauaeoii i?aaa aunooiaoue ia aeieaeia.
Caeanue a ea/anoaa noauaeoa i?aaa aunooiatho eeoue caaiuey ne-
noaiu – aa oeaio?, i?aaei?eyoey e ae?oaea i?aaiecaoeee, aoiaeyuea
a nenoaio.(*17) Oaeay iiceoeey i?aaenoaaeyaony iaoaaaeeoaeueiie,
iineieueeo iia iniiauaaaony ia i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiee eiouanoaai-
iuo e oi?aaeai/aneeo ioiioaiee a oicyenoaaiiie nenoaia, oia-
aea eae oicyenoaaiiua nayce iaaeaeo caaiueyie nenoaiu e ii ai?e-
ciioaee e ii aa?oeeaee au?aaeathony a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaie-
yo, ni/aoathueo ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua e eiouanoaaiiua
yeaiaiou.
eia iiieiaiea i?aainoauaeoiinoe oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai, aeeth-
/ay i?eciaiea eo ia oieueei noauaeoaie i?aaa a aa?oeeaeueiuo
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo, ii a ?yaea neo/aaa e th?eaee/aneeie
eeoeaie. I?e yoii ii i?aaeeiaeee a iauai ii?aaeaeaiee oicyeno-
aaiiie nenoaiu i?aaeoniio?aoue
iuo aanueia ?aaeeeo neo/ayo oicyenoaaiiua nenoaiu e i?ecia-
thony th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie (iai?eia?, i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iau-
aaeeiaiey a naeueneii oicyenoaa), eae i?aaeei, ii caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noao i?aainoauaeoiinoui iaaeaeythony oieueei oeaio?u nenoai.
A nayce n yoei iaeuecy i?eciaoue i?aaeeueiui aeeth/aiea a iauaa
ii?aaeaeaiea oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu oeacaiey ia aa eiouanoaai-
ioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii iaycaoaeuenoaai. Ia?aie/aiea aea yoie
ao oie ?iee, eioi?oth ea?atho oicyenoaaiiua nenoaiu a yeiiiie-
/aneie aeecie no?aiu.
eiiia?aoeee. I.: Yeiiiieea, 1980, n. 17-32.
(**16) Ni.: Eiiyaa I. E. Noauaeou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Eoeauoaa: Eoeauo.
oi-o, 1972, n. 10; sseooaa A. N. Oicyenoaaiiay nenoaia: iiiyoea, i?ecia-
ee, ooieoeee.- Nia. ain. e i?aai, 1976, ? 6, n. 51; Ia?oaiueyiia A. N. Oi-
cyenoaaiiay nenoaia iaeanoiiai (e?aaaiai) Niaaoa aeaiooaoia o?oaeyueo-
ny, aa iniaaiiinoe e i?iaeaiu i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey.- Nia. ain. e
i?aai, 1976, ? 7, n. 45.
(**17) Ni.: Eiiyaa II. E. Oicyenoaaiiua nenoaiu a ia?eiae c?aeiai nioeeaeecia.
I?aaiaua aii?inu. Na?aoia: Ecae-ai Na?ao. oi-oa, 1980, n. 155.
ioaaonoaaiiinoe nenoai iaecaaaeii i?eaaei au e ouaieaieth
eiouanoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe aa caaiueaa. Iau/ii ii caei-
iiaeaoaeuenoao oeaio?aeeciaaiiua n?aaenoaa i?yii cae?aieythony ca
oeaio?aie oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai (iai?eia?, ca ieienoa?noaaie,
oi?aaeaieyie ananithciuo e ?anioaeeeaineeo iauaaeeiaiee) e
i?eciaiea ca nenoaiie a oeaeii i?aaa iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey
eie ii nouanoao iai?aaeeueii. Eiouanoai cae?aieyaony ca oi-
naiinoiyoaeueiuo aaeainao, naiaeiue aea aaeain oicyenoaaiiie
nenoaiu, ia iaee/ea eioi?iai nnueaaony I. E. Eiiyaa, i?aaenoaa-
eyao niaie eeoue noiio naiinoiyoaeueiuo aaeainia oeaio?a nenoa-
iu e aa caaiueaa e ia nicaeaao eiouanoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe,
eioi?ay iiaea au iineoaeeoue iniiaie aeey i?eciaiey aa i?aai-
noauaeoiinoe a ea/anoaa th?eaee/aneiai eeoea (ni. 2 ianoiyuae
aeaau).
iinoue oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu naycaii n o?aaeeoeeiiiuie i?aae-
noaaeaieyie, niaeanii eioi?ui oicyenoaaiiia ia?aciaaiea i?e- ;
ia?aoaao th?eaee/aneoth cia/eiinoue eeoue a neo/aa i?eciaiey aai
noauaeoii i?aaa. Ii a oneiaeyo i?iaaaeaiey ia?ii?eyoee ii
niaa?oainoaiaaieth oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie yoa eiioeaioeey oaea
?acee/iuo oicyenoaaiiuo eiiieaenia, iaeioi?ua, ec ieo ia aei-
noeaatho o?iaiy i?aaiecaoeeiiiiai e yeiiiie/aneiai aaeeinoaa,
iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey i?eciaiey noauaeoii i?aaa. Iiyoiio e ii-
yaeeny iiaue oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaie einoeooo – oicyenoaaiiay
nenoaia, eioi?ay ia oeeaaeuaaaony a iiiyoea noauaeoa i?aaa,
oioy eiaao i?aaiaia cia/aiea.
i?aaiecaoeeiiiiai aaeeinoaa oicyenoaaiiiai eiiieaena ii n?aa-
iaieth n oicyenoaaiiui i?aaiii. Anee oicyenoaaiiue i?aai i?e-
ciaaony noauaeoii oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, oi oicyenoaaiiay ne-
noaia oaeiaui ia yaeyaony e ?aaoee?oaony a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
eae naiaia?aciia oicyenoaaiiia ia?aciaaiea.. Iiyaeaiea yoiai
iiaiai einoeoooa aua ?ac naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?e
enneaaeiaaiee i?aaiauo yaeaiee ia iiaeaiiyoue eo iiae neiaeeaoea-
ny e i?eau/iua eaoaai?ee, a au?aaaouaaoue iiaua iiiyoey a ni-
ioaaonoaee n ?aaeueiuie’ oneiaeyie oicyenoaaiiie aeecie e ca-
aea/aie ?acaeoey yeiiiieee.(*19)
noai. I.: TH?eae. eeo., 1978.
noaiu a oeaeii aeaao aiciiaeiinoue a iieiie ia?a nio?aieoue yei-
iiie/aneoth e i?aaiaoth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue caaiueaa nenoaiu,
A i?ioeaiii neo/aa yoe caaiuey ieacaeenue au ia iieiaeaiee,
aeeceii e iiae?acaeaeaieyi oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia, /oi iaiain-
iiaaiii ouaieei au eo oicyenoaaiiua i?aaa. Iaaeaeo oai a ?a-
oaieyo iiya?ueneiai (1982 a.) Ieaioia OeE EINN oeacuaaaony
ia iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?anoe?eoue naiinoiyoaeueiinoue iauaaeeiaiee e
i?aaei?eyoee. Yoa caaea/a aeieaeia ?aoaoueny ia oieueei iaaeaeaieai
iauaaeeiaiee e i?aaei?eyoee aeiiieieoaeueiuie oicyenoaaiiuie
i?aaaie, ii e nicaeaieai th?eaee/aneeo eiino?oeoeee, niinianoaoth-
ueo ?acaeoeth eo naiinoiyoaeueiinoe ?ae caaiueaa oicyenoaaiiie
nenoaiu.
oi?eaeueii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiua eiiieaenu, aeeth/athuea i?aaei?ey-
oey e iauaaeeiaiey, aoiaeyuea a ?acee/iua io?aneaaua nenoaiu.
I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea oaeeo eiiieaenia iiea ia ii?aaeaeaii, /oi
iaoaao eo oniaoiiio ooieoeeiie?iaaieth. Aeaeeii, iaiaoiaeeii
ecaeaoue niaoeeaeueiia Iieiaeaiea i oa??eoi?eaeueii-i?iecaiaenoaai-
iuo eiiieaenao, /aoei onoaiiaea a iai ii?yaeie oi?aaeaiey
eiiieaenaie, niioiioaiea i?aa io?aneaauo e oa??eoi?eaeueiuo
i?aaiia ii ?oeiaiaenoao eie.
iui e iiaui oicyenoaaiiui ia?aciaaieai, aicieeoei a onei-
aeyo ni/aoaiey io?aneaaiai e oa??eoi?eaeueiiai ia/ae a ?oei-
aiaenoaa yeiiiieeie. Ii ia yaeyaony ie oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiie,
ie oicyenoaaiiui i?aaiii. Iiaeiaiua eiiieaenu – ia noauaeou
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, eie aunooiatho eeoue oicyenoaaiiua i?aa-
iu, aoiaeyuea a ninoaa eiiieaena.
aaiii. Iii ninoaaeyao iniiaiia caaii ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, io
oniaoiinoe ?aaiou i?aaei?eyoee ai iiiaii caaeneo yooaeoea-
iinoue iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
iia?aoeaiua e iauanoaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey. Yoi icia/aao, /oi
i?aaei?eyoey aeaenoaotho ia iniiaa anao oi?i nioeeaeenoe/aneie
nianoaaiiinoe. Iaeiaei iaeaieaa aaaeiia cia/aiea eiatho aino-
aea?noaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey. Oieueei a i?iiuoeaiiinoe iaoae
no?aiu aeaenoaoao ieiei 40 oun. ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee,
aeathueo aieaa iieiaeiu iauaai iauaia i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iec-
aiaenoaa.(*20)
I.: Oeiainu e noaoenoeea. 1982, n. 149.
i?eyoee eiaao aaaeiia cia/aiea, iineieueeo eiaiii ia iiaeaeue
i?aaei?eyoey io?aaaouaaeenue i?eioeeiu i?aaiaie i?aaiecaoeee,
i?eiaiythueany e a aeayoaeueiinoe ae?oaeo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa-
iia. A /anoiinoe, yoi eanaaony ii?yaeea ii?aaeaeaiey oicyenoaai-
iie eiiiaoaioeee. Oa?aeoa?iui aeey Iieiaeaiey i nioeeaeenoe/a-
neii ainoaea?noaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?aaei?eyoee, ooaa?ae-
aeaiiiai Iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 4 ieoya?y
1965 a.(*21), aue ioeac io i?eiaiyaoaeny ?aiaa nenoaiu onoaiia-
eaiey eiiiaoaioeee i?aaei?eyoey /a?ac i?aaa aee?aeoi?ia. Oaeay
nenoaia ia aeaaaea aiciiaeiinoe auyaeoue yeiiiie/aneoth e i?aai-
aoth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoey eae oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia
e naycuaaea ana i?aaa n ee/iinoueth ?oeiaiaeeoaey, /oi ia niio-
aaonoaiaaei caaea/ai ?acaeoey aeaiie?aoe/aneeo i?eioeeiia oi-
?aaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaii.
eiiiaoaioeey eiaiii i?aaei?eyoey eae oaeiaiai, eae ainoaea?no-
aaiiiai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia, inouanoaeythuaai i?iecaiaeno-
aaiii-oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue ii ecaioiaeaieth i?iaeoeoeee,
i?iecaiaenoao ?aaio, ieacaieth oneoa a noa?a yeiiiieee. I?e
yoii a i. 2 Iieiaeaiey iiae/a?eeaaaony, /oi aeaiiay aeayoaeue-
iinoue aaaeaony neeaie eieeaeoeaa i?aaei?eyoey. Yoi eiaao aaae-
iia cia/aiea aeey ii?aaeaeaiey nouiinoe i?aaei?eyoey eae oicye-
noaaiiiai i?aaia. A yoii aii?ina a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa eniieueci-
aaia ?ac?aaioaiiay aua A. A. Aaiaaeeeoiaui (*22) eiioeaioeey
ainoaea?noaaiiiai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia eae i?aaieciaaiiiai
eieeaeoeaa o?oaeyueony ai aeaaa n ioaaonoaaiiui ?oeiaiaee-
oaeai.(*23)
eaeoeaa o?oaeyueony, a aai ?oeiaiaeeoaey – eae aoiaeyuaai a
aeaiiue eieeaeoea aeieaeiinoiiai eeoea, aeaenoaothuaai io eiaie
e a i?aaeaeao eiiiaoaioeee yoiai i?aaia, yaeeinue ii?aaeaeythuei
i?e eiino?oe?iaaiee iiiyoey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia a nia?aiai-
iie oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaie eiioeaioeee. Niaeanii yoie eiioeaioeee
i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe cae?aieythony eiaiii ca oicyenoaaiiui i?-
aaiii eae oaeiaui, a aai ?oeiaiaeeoaeue aunooiaao a i?aaiauo
ioiioaieyo a i?aaeaeao eiiiaoaioeee e io eiaie aeaiiiai i?aaia.
i i?aaei?eyoee, aaea oeacuaaaony, /oi iii auiieiyao iaycaiiinoe
II iieuecoaony i?aaaie, naycaiiuie n aai aeayoaeueiinoueth. Oaeei
ia?acii, i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe cae?aieythony ca i?aaei?eyoeai eae
noauaeoii i?aaa. Iie ninoaaeytho eiiiaoaioeeth i?aaei?eyoey, ei-
oi?ay aeieaeia inouanoaeyoueny a niioaaonoaee n i?aaeiaoii
(**22) Ni.: Aaiaaeeeoia A. A. Ainoaea?noaaiiay nioeeaeenoe/aneay nianoaaiiinoue.
I,; E.: Aeaaeaiecaeao, 1948, n. 591.
(**23) Aaaeiinoue yoie eiioeaioeee a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo i?aaeeueii iiae/a?ee-
aaaony a eeoa?aoo?a. Ni.: Ia?oaiueyiia A. N. Cia/aiea oai?ee eieeaeoe-
aa o?oaeyueony aeey niaa?oainoaiaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa,
(oeaeueth) aai aeayoaeueiinoe, ii?aaeaeyaiui a onoaaa i?aaei?eyoey
(i. 6 Iieiaeaiey).
aieoiiinoe i?eiaaeeaaeaueo aio i?aa e iaycaiiinoae a i. 2 Ii-
eiaeaiey niaea?aeeony oeacaiea e ia oi, /oi i?aaei?eyoea iieue-
coaony i?aaaie th?eaee/aneiai eeoea. Aii?in i cia/aiee einoeoo-
oa th?eaee/aneiai eeoea a oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa yaeyaony nii?iui.
Yoio einoeooo enoi?e/anee neiaeeeny a a?aaeaeaineii i?aaa e
au?aaeaao a?aaeaeaineoth i?aainoauaeoiinoue. A nia?aiaiiuo onei-
aeyo, eiaaea oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai iaoii?yaei/aii,
i iai ionoonoaotho iauea iieiaeaiey i oicyenoaaiiie i?aainoau-
aeoeinoe. Aieaa oiai, iaeioi?ua ii?iu i i?aainoauaeoiinoi
nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee aeeth/aiu a a?aaeaeaineia caeiii-
aeaoaeuenoai. Iiyoiio i?e nia?aiaiiii ninoiyiee oicyenoaaiiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa einoeooo th?eaee/aneiai eeoea eniieuecoaony
aeey ii?aaeaeaiey i?aainoauaeoiinoe oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia a
ai?eciioaeueiuo ioiioaieyo oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiiai oa?aeoa?a. A oa-
eeo oneiaeyo a Iieiaeaiee i i?aaei?eyoee iaiaoiaeeii auei
oeacaoue ia iaee/ea o i?aaei?eyoey ia oieueei oicyenoaaiiie eii-
iaoaioeee, ii e i?aa th?eaee/aneiai eeoea.
ecaeaiey iaiauathuaai caeiia ii ?aaoee?iaaieth oicyenoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee iauea iieiaeaiey i oicyenoaaiiie i?aainoauaeoiinoe
aoaeoo ii?aaeaeaiu a yoii caeiia. Oiaaea ioiaaeao iaiaoiaeeiinoue
eniieueciaaoue einoeooo th?eaee/aneiai eeoea a oicyenoaaiiii i?a-
aa. A oi aea a?aiy ii nio?aieony eae einoeooo a?aaeaeaineiai
i?aaa e a yoii ea/anoaa aoaeao, ii-aeaeeiiio, eniieueciaaoueny e
a ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aeey ii-
?aaeaeaiey i?aainoauaeoiinoe oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia i?e eo
anooieaiee a eiouanoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey n a?aaeaeaiaie.
iii i?aaa naycaia n oai, /oi ii ii?aaeaeyao i?aainoauaeoiinoue
nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee iaeiiaiei, oieueei n oi/ee c?aiey
eo o/anoey a eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo. Iaaeaeo oai oicyeno-
aaiiua ioiioaiey ia?ac?uaii ni/aoatho eiouanoaaiiua e iea-
iiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua yeaiaiou, /oi aeieaeii iaeoe io?aaeaiea i
a ii?aaeaeaiee i?aainoauaeoiinoe oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia. Ii-
yoiio a oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa einoeooo th?eaee/aneiai eeoea aeie-
aeai auoue caiaiai iiiyoeai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia, ioaaouaath-
uaai o/anoea noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa a oicyenoaaiiuo
ioiioaieyo ii ai?eciioaee e aa?oeeaee, au?aaeathuaai aaeeiue
iiaeoiae e ii?aaeaeaieth oicyenoaaiiie i?aainoauaeoiinoe ai anao
yoeo ioiioaieyo.(*24)
oea th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, niaeanii eioi?iio i?aaiecaoeee aunoo-
iatho a ea/anoaa th?eaee/aneiai eeoea ia oieueei a a?aaeaeainei-i?a-
aiauo, ii e a eiuo i?aaiauo ioiioaieyo. Ii iiaieth ?. I. Oae-
oaeii iiaeoiaea iiiyoea th?eaee/aneiai eeoea iiaeao ioaaoeoue ia
oieueei ai?eciioaeueiua, ii e aa?oeeaeueiua ioiioaiey. ?acaeaay
yoo eiioeaioeeth, iiaeii auei au o?ainoi?ie?iaaoue th?eaee/aneia
eeoei a noauaeo oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Ii oaeay iinoaiiaea ai-
i?ina i?aaenoaaeyaony iaoaea/iie, iineieueeo a oai?ee e i?aeoeea
neiaeeeinue i?i/iia i?aaenoaaeaiea i th?eaee/aneii eeoea eiaiii
eae i noauaeoa a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa. ?anoe?aiea iiiyoey th?eaee-
/aneiai eeoea a?yae ee niiaei au i?aiaeieaoue yoo o?aaeeoeeth, a ?a-
coeueoaoa noauaeo oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa – th?eaee/aneia eeoei – .
o?aeoiaaeny au ii i?eau/ea oieueei eae o/anoiee ai?eciioaeue-
iuo oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiiai oa?aeoa?a.
aaoue aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee iieiie oicyenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeee
iiiyoea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia, aaeaeaaoii io?aaeathuaa nouiinoue
noauaeoa oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Yoi iiiyoea e nae/an oe?iei
eniieuecoaony a oicyenoaaiiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa (ni., iai?eia?,
i. 5. Iinoaiiaeaiey i oicyenoaaiiii iaoaiecia).
eniieueciaaiey iiiyoey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia ia oii iniiaaiee,
/oi ioaao aaeeiui iiiyoeai i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiia oicyenoaai-
iiai ?oeiaiaenoaa
aa.(*26) Iaeiaei yoio aeiaiae iainiiaaoaeai: neaaeoy oaeie eiaeea,
iiaeii auei au i?eeoe, neaaeai, e auaiaeo i oii, /oi i?eiaia-
iea e ainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaiecaoeeyi e a?aaeaeaiai aaeeiiai ii-
iyoey noauaeoa a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa
ia e ainoaea?noaaiioth i?aaiecaoeeth. A i?aaeaeao iiiyoey oicye-
noaaiiiai i?aaia i?aaei?eyoey, i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iauaaeeiaiey e
i?aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa auaeaeythony eae ?aciua
aeaeu noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
oi iauaa, /oi eiaaony o anao caaiueaa oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu.
Yoi aeaao aiciiaeiinoue i?e caeiiiaeaoaeueiii ?aaoee?iaaiee oi-
cyenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeee ii?aaeaeeoue aa a iauai ieaia i?eiaie-
oaeueii ei anai oicyenoaaiiui i?aaiai. Iniaaiiinoe aea eiiia-
oaioeee oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia ?aciuo aeaeia iiaee au ia yoie
iniiaa ii?aaeaeyoueny a iieiaeaieyo i ieo. Oai naiui auei au
iaania/aii ni/aoaiea iauaai e iniaaiiiai a ?aaoee?iaaiee oi-
cyenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeee.
noaaiiui i?aaiai ii?aaeaeaiiiai aeaea oai?aoe/anee iainiiaai,
oae eae aaeeia eo nouiinoue. Onoaiiaeaiea iaueo i?aaee i?aa-
iecaoeee iaeii?iaeiuo noauaeoia i?aaa iaeaa/aao inouanoaeaiea
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e ?oeiaiaenoaa ath. Eiia/ii, iaiaoi-
aeeii o/eouaaoue e iniaaiiinoe aeayoaeueiinoe oicyenoaaiiuo i?-
aaiia aeaaea a i?aaeaeao iaeiiai aeaea, iai?eia? iniaaiiinoe, nay-
caiiua n io?aneueth ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, e eioi?ie i?eiaaeeaaeeo
oicyenoaaiiue i?aai.
(**26) Ni.: I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea ieienoa?noa NNN?. I.: TH?eae. eeo., 1971, n. 31.
i?eyoee. Ia?aiia/aeueii Iieiaeaiea i i?aaei?eyoee aeaenoaiaaei
a iyoe io?aneyo ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa – i?iiuoeaiiinoe, no?ie-
oaeuenoaa, naeueneii oicyenoaa, o?ainii?oa e nayce, o. a. a io?an-
eyo iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. A aeaeueiaeoai iii auei ?an-
i?ino?aiaii ia niaaaeai/anei-nauoiaua, oi?aiaua i?aaei?eyoey,
i?aaei?eyoey eiiioiaeueiiai oicyenoaa, auoiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey
i ia i?aaei?eyoey ae?oaeo io?aneae. A ?acoeueoaoa a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy Iieiaeaiea i?aeoe/anee ?aaoee?oao aeayoaeueiinoue i?aae-
i?eyoee anao io?aneae yeiiiieee, /oi niioaaonoaoao aaeeiie
i?e?iaea i?aaei?eyoee anao io?aneae. Aianoa n oai aeey o/aoa
niaoeeoeee ?aaiou i?aaei?eyoee ?acee/iuo io?aneae onoaiaaee-
aathony iniaaiiinoe i?eiaiaiey Iieiaeaiey a eo aeayoaeueiinoe.
Yoei iaania/eaaaony ni/aoaiea oieoeeaoeee i?aaiaiai ?aaoee-
?iaaiey aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee n o/aoii eiathueony io?an-
eaauo iniaaiiinoae.
i?aaei?eyoee aua aeaeaea io caaa?oaiey. Aaaeue Iieiaeaiea i-
i?aaei?eyoee ?ani?ino?aiyaony eeoue ia ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aae-
i?eyoey, aeayoaeueiinoue aea eiiia?aoeaiuo e iauanoaaiiuo i?aae-
i?eyoee ia iieo/eea aaeeiiai i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. ?acoia-
aony, i?aaei?eyoey, aeaenoaothuea ia aaca eieoicii-eiiia?aoeaiie
e iauanoaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe, ai iiiaii ioee/athony io i?aae-
i?eyoee ainoaea?noaaiiuo. E ana aea aii?inu ii?aaeaeaiey oicye-
noaaiiie eiiiaoaioeee aeieaeiu auoue aaeeiiia?acii ?aoaiu i?e-
iaieoaeueii ei anai nioeeaeenoe/aneei i?aaei?eyoeyi. A yoeo
oeaeyo neaaeiaaei au caeiiiaeaoaeueii ii?aaeaeeoue iauea iieiaea-
iey i oicyenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeee anao nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aae-
i?eyoee n iineaaeothuae aeeooa?aioeeaoeeae i?eiaieoaeueii e ai-
noaea?noaaiiui, eieoicii-eiiia?aoeaiui e iauanoaaiiui i?aae-
i?eyoeyi.
noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, ii e ii?yaeie aa inouanoaeaiey.
E a yoii ioiioaiee a Iieiaeaiee i i?aaei?eyoee auea aia?aua
onoaiiaeaia iiaeaeue, iicaeiaa eniieueciaaiiay i?e ii?aaeaeaiee
eiiiaoaioeee ae?oaeo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia. Niaeanii i. 41 Ii-
eiaeaiey, i?eiaaeeaaeauea i?aaei?eyoeth i?aaa, naycaiiua n aai
i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth, inouanoaeythony
aee?aeoi?ii e ii onoaiiaeaiiiio ?ani?aaeaeaieth iaycaiiinoae –
ae?oaeie aeieaeiinoiuie eeoeaie i?aaei?eyoey, a a neo/ayo, i?aae-
oniio?aiiuo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii,- niaianoii, ii niaeaniaaieth
eee n o/anoeai eiieoaoa i?ionithca. Oaeei ia?acii, eiiiaoai-
oeey i?aaei?eyoey inouanoaeyaony ia oieueei aai i?aaiaie, ii e
eiieoaoii i?ionithca eae i?aaenoaaeoaeai o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa.
Yoi yaeyaony eiae/aneei auaiaeii ec eiino?oe?iaaiey i?aaei?ey-
oey eae oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia, iniiao eioi?iai ninoaaeyao o?o-
aeiaie eieeaeoea.
iaoea aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa o?aeoiaea a ea/anoaa ieciaiai
caaia ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa ia i?aaei?eyoey, a aai aaeieie-
no?aoeee. I?eiaiyaiay a aeaenoaothuai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa nenoaia
onoaiiaeaiey eiiiaoaioeee i?aaei?eyoey iieacuaaao, /oi ieciaui
caaiii ainoaea?noaaiiiai oicyenoaaiiiai aiia?aoa yaeyaony ia
aaeieieno?aoeey, a naii i?aaei?eyoea eae ainoaea?noaaiiue oicye-
noaaiiue i?aai. Eiaiii ca iei cae?aieythony oicyenoaaiiua
i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe, aaeieieno?aoeey aea eeoue inouanoaeyao eo,
aeaenoaoao a i?aaeaeao eiiiaoaioeee i?aaei?eyoey.
eia, a?eaaae e ae?oaeo aioo?aiieo iiae?acaeaeaiee. Yoe iiae?acaea-
eaiey eiatho naith eiiiaoaioeeth, eioi?ay yaeyaony aioo?eoicye-
noaaiiie, iicaieythuae ei o/anoaiaaoue a i?aaiauo ioiioaieyo
oieueei aioo?e i?aaei?eyoey. A nayce n oaeei oa?aeoa?ii eiiia-
oaioeee aioo?aiieo iiae?acaeaeaiee iia ii?aaeaeyaony naieie
i?aaei?eyoeyie, /oi iicaieyao o/eouaaoue oneiaey eo i?iecaiae-
noaaiii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
aiaeeony iooai ooaa?aeaeaiey ia i?aaei?eyoeyo iieiaeaiee i iiae-
?acaeaeaieyo. A iieiaeaieyo ii?aaeaeythony oicyenoaaiiua i?aaa
e iaycaiiinoe iiae?acaeaeaiee, eioi?ua iiaoo inouanoaeyoueny eae
iooai anooieaiey ai aioo?eoicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey n
.ae?oaeie iiae?acaeaeaieyie eee i?aaei?eyoeai a oeaeii, oae e aac
anooieaiey a i?aaiioiioaiey. A yoii niunea no?oeoo?a aioo?e-
oicyenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeee ia ioee/aaony io no?oeoo?u eiiia-
oaioeee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia.
ii?aaeaeythony ia oieueei a iieiaeaieyo i ieo, ii e a ae?oaeo
ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao, ecaeaaaaiuo ia i?aaei?eyoee. E eo /eneo
ioiinyony iieiaeaiey, ii?aaeaeythuea ii?yaeie oi?aaeaiey e iea-
ie?iaaiey ia i?aaei?eyoee, i?aaeea inouanoaeaiey aioo?aiiaai
oic?an/aoa, acaeiiioiioaiee iaaeaeo oeaoaie iniiaiiai i?iecaiae-
noaa e aniiiiaaoaeueiuie oeaoaie e o. i.
aioo?eoicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey. I?aaaea, o/aiua, noiyuea
ia o?aaeeoeeiiiuo oeeaeeenoe/aneeo iiceoeeyo, io?eoeatho i?aaiaie
oa?aeoa? oaeeo ioiioaiee, iineieueeo iie ia yaeythony oiaa?ii-
aeaiaaeiuie e ia oeeaaeuaathony a i?eau/iua ?aiee a?aaeaeainei-
i?aaiauo ioiioaiee. Iiaeiaiua acaeyaeu i?ioeai?a/ao ?aaeueiiio
oa?aeoa?o aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee e iieacuaatho iai?e-
aiaeiinoue oeeaeeenoe/aneiai iiaeoiaea e ?aaoee?iaaieth oicyeno-
aaiiuo ioiioaiee (ni. 1, ae. 1).
ea?aao aaaeioth ?ieue a eo i?aaiecaoeee. Iniaaiii aaeeei cia/a-
iea /aoeiai i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo io-
iioaiee, neeaaeuaathueony iaaeaeo oic?an/aoiuie iiae?acaeaea-
ieyie i?aaei?eyoey. A yoii neo/aa iaaeaeo iiae?acaeaeaieyie aic-
ieeatho aioo?eoicyenoaaiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa, ia iniiaa eioi?uo
inouanoaeythony acaeiiua i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe, i?eiaiyaony
eiouanoaaiiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue (ni. ae. 5).
?aaeaeyaony i?aaei?eyoeai naiinoiyoaeueii, auoanoiyuea i?aaiu
aicaeaenoaotho ia yoio i?ioeann a oeaeyo iaania/aiey ?aoeeiiaeue-
iie i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa. Oaeia aicaeaenoaea ieacuaaaony
iooai ecaeaiey ?aeiiaiaeaoaeueiuo ii?i, onoaiaaeeaathueo iioe-
iaeueiua iiaeaee ii?aaeaeaiey eiiiaoaioeee, ?aaoee?iaaiey aioo-
?eoicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Iiaeiaiua ii?iu niaea?aeaony, ia-
i?eia?, a ecaeaaaaiuo ieienoa?noaaie i?eia?iuo iieiaeaieyo i
iiae?acaeaeaieyo i?aaei?eyoee, ia i?aaiecaoeee aioo?aiiaai oic-
?an/aoa. Ecaeaiea oaeeo iieiaeaiee ia ia?ooaao i?aaa i?aaei?ey-
oee ii ii?aaeaeaieth oicyenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeee naieo iiae?acaea-
eaiee, iineieueeo niaea?aeaueany a ieo ii?iu iinyo ?aeiiaiaea-
oaeueiue oa?aeoa? e i?aaei?eyoey iiaoo ionooiaoue io ieo n
o/aoii oneiaee naiae aeayoaeueiinoe.
eiiiaoaioeey eioi?uo onoaiaaeeaaaony auoanoiyueie i?aaiaie
ia a i?eia?iuo, a a oeiiauo iieiaeaieyo, niaea?aeaueo ii?iu
iaycaoaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a. E iei ioiinyony iiae?acaeaeaiey, au-
iieiythuea ooieoeee eiio?iey ca ea/anoaii i?iaeoeoeee, inoua-
noaeaieai i?iecaiaenoaaiiie oaoiieiaee, oeiainiaie aeenoeeiee-
iie, niaethaeaieai caeiiiinoe a aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee. Oaee-
ie iiae?acaeaeaieyie yaeythony ioaeae oaoie/aneiai eiio?iey,
aooaaeoa?ey, th?eaee/aneee ioaeae (th?eaee/aneia ath?i) i?aaei?ey-
oey. Aeey oniaoiiai auiieiaiey eiio?ieueiuo ooieoeee iie
aeieaeiu auoue iinoaaeaiu a iniaia iieiaeaiea ii ioiioaieth e
ae?oaei iiae?acaeaeaieyi e ?oeiaiaenoao i?aaei?eyoey. A nayce n
yoei eo eiiiaoaioeey ii?aaeaeyaony a iieiaeaieyo, ooaa?aeaeaaiuo
Niaaoii Ieieno?ia NNN?.(*27) Oaeea iiae?acaeaeaiey, iaoiaeynue a
iiae/eiaiee ?oeiaiaeeoaey i?aaei?eyoey, iaaeaeythony iniauie
i?aaaie a iaeanoe oaoie/aneiai, oeiainiaiai eiio?iey e eiio-
?iey ca caeiiiinoueth, a eo ?oeiaiaeeoaee iacia/athony e inaiaiae-
aeathony io aeieaeiinoe, auoanoiyuei i?aaiii.
oaioeee noaei i?eiaiyoueny e e iaeioi?ui aioo?aiiei iiae?acaea-
eaieyi, auiieiythuei i?iecaiaenoaaiiua ooieoeee. Iieiaeaiey i
oaeeo iiae?acaeaeaieyo ecaeathony ooieoeeiiaeueiuie i?aaiaie oi-
cyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, ?aaoee?othueie niioaaonoaothuoth
aeayoaeueiinoue. Oae, iinoaiiaeaieai Aineiio?oaea NNN? e AOeNIN
io 31 aeaeaa?y 1980 a. ooaa?aeaeaii Oeiiaia iieiaeaiea i i?iecaiae-
ai eiio?iey i?iiuoeaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey (iauaaeeiaiey), ooaa?aeaeai-
iia Iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io II aeaeaa?y 1979 a, (NI
NNN?, 1980, ?2, no. 12).
?ia.(*28) Ecaeaiea iiaeiaiuo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia iai?aaeaii ia
iaania/aiea ?aoeeiiaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa.
iia ia aiieia niaeanoaony n i. 93 Iieiaeaiey i i?aaei?eyoee,
a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ui iieiaeaiey i aioo?aiieo iiae?acaeaea-
ieyo ooaa?aeaeathony i?aaei?eyoeai naiinoiyoaeueii. Aeaeeii, nea-
aeiaaei au aeiiieieoue yoio ioieo oeacaieai ia i?aai ooieoeei-
iaeueiuo i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ecaeaaaoue oeiiaua
iieiaeaiey i iiae?acaeaeaieyo i?aaei?eyoey, eioi?ua inouanoaey-
tho aeayoaeueiinoue, ioiinyuothny e eo aaaeaieth.
noaaeyaony aaaeiui a nayce n oai, /oi a iineaaeiaa a?aiy one-
eeeinue aaaeiinoaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee,
i?eaiaeyuaa e ia?aie/aieth eo oicyenoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe.
A ?aoaieyo XXVI nuacaea ia?oee iiae/a?eeaaaony iaaeiionoeiinoue
ia?ooaiey i?aa i?aaei?eyoee, oeacuaaaony ia iaiaoiaeeiinoue
iieiaa ni/aoaoue oeaio?aeeciaaiiia oi?aaeaiea n eo oicyenoaai-
iie naiinoiyoaeueiinoueth e eieoeeaoeaie. A cia/eoaeueiie ia?a
yoi iiaeao auoue iaania/aii iineaaeiaaoaeueiui inouanoaeaieai
Iieiaeaiey i i?aaei?eyoee, ioeacii io aeaoaeueiie ?aaeaiaioaoeee.
eo aeayoaeueiinoe a aaaeiinoaaiiuo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao. A oao aea
neo/ayo, eiaaea ecaeaiea oaeeo aeoia oeaeaniia?acii, iaiaoiaee-
ii naeaeaoue i?yiua oeacaiey a Iieiaeaiee i i?aaei?eyoee.
aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoee, oeaeaniia?acii a neo/ayo, eiaaea aai-
aeyony iiaua i?ia?anneaiua oi?iu i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa.
Oae, ii?yaeie inouanoaeaiey iiaie oi?iu oicyenoaaiiiai ?an-
/aoa a no?ieoaeuenoaa – a?eaaaeiiai iiae?yaea – ii?aaeaeyaony Ii-
eiaeaieai, ooaa?aeaeaiiui Ainno?iai, Ainieaiii, Aineiio?oaeii,
Ieioeiii NNN? e AOeNIN 10 naioya?y 1976 a.(*29) A yoii iiei-
aeaiee ?aoathony iaeioi?ua aii?inu eiiiaoaioeee no?ieoaeueiuo
a?eaaae, ia?aaiaeeiuo ia oaeoth oi?io oic?an/aoa, onoaiaaeeaa-
aony aeiaiai?iia ioi?ieaiea aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee
iaaeaeo a?eaaaeie e i?aaei?eyoeai, a ninoaa eioi?iai iia aoiaeeo.
Iauaii?iaoeaiia ?aaoee?iaaiea oaeeo aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo io-
iioaiee niinianoaoao oe?ieiio ?ani?ino?aiaieth iiaie oi?iu
oic?an/aoa a no?ieoaeuenoaa (ni. ae. 4). A oi aea a?aiy iaua-
ii?iaoeaiia ?aaoee?iaaiea aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a
iiaeiaiuo neo/ayo ia ioiaiyao iauaai i?eioeeia, niaeanii eioi-
?iio aeaiiua ioiioaiey ?aaoee?othony eieaeueiuie ii?iaie, ec-
aeaaaaiuie naieie i?aaei?eyoeyie.
(**29) Athe. ii?iao. aeoia i-a e aaae-a NNN?, 1977, ? 2, n. 3.
eaiiinoe, no?ieoaeuenoaa e a ae?oaeo io?aneyo ia?iaeiiai oicyeno-
aa. Eo nicaeaiea niinianoaoao eiioeaio?aoeee e niaoeeaeecaoeee
i?iecaiaenoaa, niaa?oainoaiaaieth io?aneaaiai oi?aaeaiey, niaaee-
iaieth a oicyenoaaiiuo eiiieaenao iaoee n i?iecaiaenoaii. Oe-
?ieia nicaeaiea iauaaeeiaiee yaeyaony aaaeiui yeaiaioii ia?i-
i?eyoee ii niaa?oainoaiaaieth oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia.
e i?iiuoeaiiinoe. A yoie io?anee yeiiiieee ‘auee io?aaioaiu
iiaeaee i?aaiecaoeee iauaaeeiaiee, iieo/eaoea ?ani?ino?aiaiea
it a ae?oaeo io?aneyo. N oi/ee c?aiey ianoa, caieiaaiiai a oi-
cyenoaaiiie nenoaia, ?acee/athony iauaaeeiaiey ia?ae/iiai i
n?aaeiaai caaia.
ie. eo yeiiiie/aneia cia/aiea n eaaeaeui aiaeii aic?anoaao.
A 1980 a. a i?iiuoeaiiinoe iaoae no?aiu aeaenoaiaaei 4144 i?i-
ecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiey, eioi?ua aeaaaee 47,9% iauaai
iauaia i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.(*30)
iiaiai aeaea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia. Oaeia iauaaeeiaiea yaeyaony
iiaui iniiaiui caaiii yeiiiieee, eioi?ia aeaenoaoao ia?yaeo n
o?aaeeoeeiiiui iniiaiui caaiii – i?aaei?eyoeai. Ooieoeee i?i-
ecaiaenoaaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey ai iiiaii noiaeiu n ooieoeeyie
i?aaei?eyoey, /oi iauyniyaony aeayoaeueiinoueth yoeo oicyenoaaiiuo
i?aaiia ia iaeiii o?iaia oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu. A nayce ni
noiaenoaii ooieoeee i?aaei?eyoee e i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeia-
iee iaeioi?ua o/aiua ooaa?aeaeatho, /oi i?iecaiaenoaaiiia iauaaee-
iaiea ia yaeyaony iiaui aeaeii oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia, a yaey-
aony oe?oiiaiiui i?aaei?eyoeai. Iiyoiio eiiaaea aeaaea oa?iei
ia – i?iiuoeaiiuie iauaaeeiaieyie, a i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iau-
aaeeiaiey eiaiotho i?aaei?eyoeyie.(*31)
i?aaiecaoeee ia iaeiii o?iaia oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu aiana ia
icia/aao oiaeaeanoaaiiinoe aeaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee. Oae, a n?aaeiai
caaia oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu aeaenoaotho aeaaiua oi?aaeaiey
ieienoa?noa, nithcii-?anioaeeeaineea ieienoa?noaa ?anioa-
eee. oi?aaeaiey ananithciuo e ?anioaeeeaineeo iauaaeeiaiee.
Ana iie aunooiatho eae oeaio?u nenoai n?aaeiaai caaia e a yoii
ea/anoaa auiieiytho aiaeiae/iua ooieoeee. Ii iiaeii ee neacaoue,
/oi oeacaiiua i?aaiecaoeee oiaeaeanoaaiiu? Aaaeue ia?yaeo n /a?-
oaie noiaenoaa o ieo eiathony e ?acee/ey. Oae aea ianoieo aeaei
e n i?iecaiaenoaaiiui iauaaeeiaieai, eioi?ia, aoaeo/e i?aaieca-
oeeae ia?ae/iiai caaia, iiaui nia?aiaiiui iniiaiui caaiii
yeiiiieee, ioee/aaony ?yaeii i?eciaeia io o?aaeeoeeiiiiai iniia-
iiai caaia – i?aaei?eyoey.
(**31) Ni.: Ianaae/ I. A. Noauaeou i?aaa oi?aaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiie niano-
aaiiinoueth a Eiinoeoooeee NNN?.- A ei.: Eiinoeoooeey NNN? e i?aaiaua
i?iaeaiu niaa?oainoaiaaiey ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii. I.:
IAIAI NNN?, 1979, n. 105.
e?oiiui oicyenoaaiiui eiiieaenii ii n?aaiaieth n i?aaei?ey-
oeai. Iau/ii iii nicaeaaony iooai neeyiey ianeieueeeo i?aaei?ey-
oee eee i?aia?aciaaiey neiaeeaoeony e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, eae
auei, iai?eia?, a aaoiiiaeeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Aeaeaa, i?i-
ecaiaenoaaiiia iauaaeeiaiea – eiiieaen n aieaa neiaeiie i?aaie-
caoeeae ii n?aaiaieth n i?aaei?eyoeai. A aai ninoaa aoiaeyo ia oieue-
ei i?iecaiaenoaaiiua y/aeee, ii e iao/iua, i?iaeoiua, eiino?oe-
oi?neea, oaoiieiae/aneea i?aaiecaoeee. I?e yoii iiae?acaeaeaiey
iauaaeeiaiey ia?aaeei oa??eoi?eaeueii ioaeaeaiu io ianoa aai ia-
oiaeaeaiey. Yeiiiie/aneay e. i?aaiaay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue aeaiiuo
iiae?acaeaeaiee – i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe cia/eoaeueii oe?a,
/ai naiinoiyoaeueiinoue oeaoia e i?aaei?eyoee. Anee oeao i?aaei?ey-
oey iaeaaeaao aioo?eoicyenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeeae, oi i?iecaiaeno-
aaiiay aaeeieoea iaaeaeaia niaoaiiie eiiiaoaioeeae, aeathuae
aiciiaeiinoue aunooiaoue ia oieueei ai aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo, ii e
a iaeioi?uo’ aiaoieo oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo eae io naiaai
eiaie, oae e io eiaie iauaaeeiaiey.
ee yaeythony iaaeinoaoi/iuie aeey i?eciaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
iauaaeeiaiey naiinoiyoaeueiui aeaeii oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia, io-
ee/athueiny io i?aaei?eyoey, iineieueeo iie
ieai aeey auaeaeaiey ?acee/iuo aeaeia oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia
aiiaua yaeythony i?aaeaea anaai ia th?eaee/aneea, a yeiiiie/aneea
i?eciaee. Aeey o?aeoiaee i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey eae
naiinoiyoaeueiiai aeaea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia ii?aaeaeythuaa cia-
/aiea eiatho ianooaau aeayoaeueiinoe, neiaeiay i?aaiecaoeeiiiay
no?oeoo?a, aeeth/aiea a ninoaa iauaaeeiaiey ia oieueei i?iecaiae-
noaaiiuo, ii e iao/iuo, i?iaeoiuo, eiino?oeoi?neeo i eiuo
i?aaiecaoeee, aunieee o?iaaiue yeiiiie/aneie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe. Ana yoi i?eaiaeeo e aic?anoaieth a aeay-
oaeueiinoe i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey iauaia e ?aciiia?acey
auiieiyaiuo ei oi?aaeai/aneeo ooieoeee, eioi?ua i?aaie/anee
ni/aoathony n ooieoeeyie i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiuie.
iioaiee a i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee. Eeaa: Iaoe. aeoiea, 1978, n. 14.
oa?iuo /a?o i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey ionoonoaotho th?eaee-
/aneea i?eciaee. Ianiiiaiii, niaoaiiue oa?aeoa? eiiiaoaioeee
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe yaeyaony i?eciaeii th?eaee/aneei,
a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a ii?aaeaeythuei o?aeoiaeo ?anniao?eaaaiiai
eiiieaena eiaiii eae iauaaeeiaiey. Anee i?aaei?eyoea aeeth/aao
a naie ninoaa aioo?aiiea iiae?acaeaeaiey, anee oeaoe ia i?aaei?ey-
oee iaeaaeatho eeoue aioo?eoicyenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeeae, ia eia-
tho aiaoiaai auoiaea, oi ia iauaaeeiaiee aiai?eoue ia i?eoiaeeony.
Iai?ioea, i?iecaiaenoaaiiua aaeeieoeu iaeaaeatho cia/eoaeueii ai-
eaa oe?ieie eiiiaoaioeeae, o/anoaotho ia oieueei ai aioo?eoi-
cyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo, ii e ai aiaoieo oicyenoaaiiuo ioii-
oaieyo. Nicaeathony iie ia naiei iauaaeeiaieai, a auoanoiyueie
i?aaiaie, eo eiiiaoaioeey a iniiaiuo /a?oao ii?aaeaeaia a ca-
eiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, /oi oaeaea yaeyaony yeaiaioii th?eaee/aneie oa-
?aeoa?enoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey. Eioa?anii, /oi,
io?eoeay i?eciaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey naiinoiyoaeue-
iui aeaeii oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia, A. ss. Ieeeiaiei a oi aea a?a-
iy n/eoaao i?iecaiaenoaaiiua aaeeieoeu
aaeeieoe i?aaenoaaeyaony ia aiieia iainiiaaiiie, iia ana aea au?a-
aeaao aieaa oe?ieoth eiiiaoaioeeth e naiaia?acioth i?e?iaeo i?i-
ecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe ii n?aaiaieth n oeaoaie i?aaei?eyoey. Ana
yoi iieacuaaao, /oi ia oieueei n yeiiiie/aneie, ii e n th?eaee/a-
neie oi/ee c?aiey eiathony nouanoaaiiua ?acee/ey iaaeaeo i?aae-
i?eyoeai e i?iecaiaenoaaiiui iauaaeeiaieai.
niao?eaaaony i?iecaiaenoaaiiia iauaaeeiaiea a Iieiaeaiee i
i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee (eiiaeiaoa), ooaa?aeaeaiiii Iinoa-
iiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 27 ia?oa 1974 a.,(*34) a Ii-
eiaeaiee i i?iecaiaenoaaiiii no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiii iauaaeeia-
iee, ooaa?aeaeaiiii Iinoaiiaeaieai Ainno?iy NNN? io 6 iiya?y
1979 a.(*35), e a ae?oaeo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao, ii?aaeaeythueo eiiia-
oaioeeth i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee. I?aaaea, auei au iai?a-
aeeueii n/eoaoue, /oi ii?aaeaeaiea eo eiiiaoaioeee iieiinoueth niio-
aaonoaoao nia?aiaiiui oneiaeyi ?acaeoey yeiiiieee. Iiea iia
aeaenoaeoaeueii ii?aaeaeaia a iniiaiii ia o?iaia eiiiaoaioeee
i?aaei?eyoey, oiaaea eae i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iauaaeeiaiey aeieaeiu
auee au iieo/eoue aieaa oe?ieea oicyenoaaiiua i?aaa.
iuo e iiuiuo oicyenoaaiiuo eiiieaenia, ii e ec i?aaeoniio?ai-
iie a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aiciiaeiinoe i?aaeinoaaeaiey i?aa i?iec-
aiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee ia anai, a oieueei ioaeaeueiui e?oiiui
i?aaei?eyoeyi. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?anoe?aiey eiiiaoaioeee i?iec-
aiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony e oai, /oi ia i?aeoeea
e?oiiui i?iecaiaenoaaiiui iauaaeeiaieyi ?yaea io?aneae i?i-
iuoeaiiinoe aeiiieieoaeueii ia?aaeaiu i?aaa oi?aaeaiee i?i-
iuoeaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee, o. n. i?aaiecaoeee n?aaeiaai caaia. Oaeay
i?aeoeea iieo/eea ?ani?ino?aiaiea i?e aeaoocaaiiie nenoaia
oi?aaeaiey, eiaaea i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iauaaeeiaiey iaiin?aaenoaai-
ii iiae/eiythony ieienoa?noao. Ii/oe ana i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iau-
aaeeiaiey aaoiiiaeeano?iaiey, oi?aaeyaiua ii oaeie nenoaia,
aeiiieieoaeueii iaaeaeaiu i?aaaie oi?aaeaiee i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee.
(**34) NI NNN?, 1974, ? 8, no. 38.
(**35) Athe. ii?iao. aeoia i-a e anae-a NNN?, 1980. ? 5, n. 3.
noaaiiiai iaoaiecia eiiiaoaioeey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee
aeieaeia auoue ?anoe?aia e a iauai ieaia cae?aieaia a caeiii-
aeaoaeuenoaa, i?e/ai ?anoe?aiea oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa iauaaeeiaiee
neaaeiaaei au inouanoaeoue a iaeanoe ieaie?iaaiey, nicaeaiey e
aiaae?aiey iiaie oaoieee, iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai niaaaeaiey e
nauoa i?iaeoeoeee, eniieueciaaiey cae?aieaiiuo ca iauaaeeiaieai
iaoa?eaeueiuo e oeiainiauo ?ano?nia e a ae?oaeo iaeanoyo i?i-
ecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. ?anoe?aiea oicyeno-
aaiiuo i?aa i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee iiiiaei au ino-
uanoaeaieth iinoaaeaiiie a ?aoaieyo XXVI nuacaea ia?oee caaea-
/e iieiaa ni/aoaoue oeaio?aeeciaaiiia oi?aaeaiea n oicyenoaai-
iie naiinoiyoaeueiinoueth i?aaei?eyoee e iauaaeeiaiee.
eae naiaia?aciiai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia – a i?aainoauaeoiinoe
aai i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe. O/aiua, ia ?acaeaeythuea oicyeno-
aaiii-i?aaiaoth eiioeaioeeth, aiiaua io?eoeatho eo i?aainoauae-
iinoue a ai?eciioaeueiuo aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo, ?aaii
eae II i?aaiaie oa?aeoa? naieo yoeo ioiioaiee, ia oii iniiaa-
iee, /oi iie ia yaeythony oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuie e ia iiaoo auoue
i?eciaiu a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauie. Eie io?eoeaaony eiouanoaai-
iay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe, cae?aieaiea ca
ieie iaoa?eaeueiuo e oeiainiauo ?ano?nia, eioi?ua, niaeanii
oaeiio acaeyaeo, i?enoue eeoue i?aaiecaoeeyi, iieuecothueiny i?a-
aaie th?eaee/aneiai eeoea.(*36) A nayce n yoei iaeioi?ua oeeaeeenou
n/eoatho i?iecaiaenoaaiioth aaeeieoeo
i?aaaie th?eaee/aneiai eeoea.(*37) Caeanue iu aiiaue noaeeeaaainy n
ioia/aiiie oaiaeaioeeae ?ani?ino?aiaiey o?aaeeoeeiiiuo iiiyoee
ia iiaua i?aaiaua yaeaiey, ia aeathuae aiciiaeiinoe i?aaeeueii
iauynieoue eo nouiinoue e ?ac?aaioaoue iao/iua iniiau i?aaiaiai
?aaoee?iaaiey iiauo iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
aeoiinoe aioo?aiieo iiae?acaeaeaiee (ni. 2), ii i?eiaieoaeueii
e i?iecaiaenoaaiiui aaeeieoeai iia iniaaiii iaoaaaeeoaeueia e
i?yii i?ioeai?a/eo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao, iaaeaoniuneaiii, onoaiaa-
eeaathuaio i?aainoauaeoiinoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aaeeieoeu.
A i. II Iieiaeaiey i i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee oeacuaaaony,
ai i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe.- Nia. ain. e i?aai, 1975, ? 5, n. 90-91.
(**37) CM.: Naaeueia 0. ff. Iaoeie/iua einoeooou a niaaoneii a?aaeaeaineii
i?aaa,- Nia. ain. e i?aai. 1979, ? 2, n. 38.
iae iniiaiuie e iai?ioiuie n?aaenoaaie, o?oaeiauie e iaoa?eaeue-
iuie ?ano?naie, inouanoaeyao naith aeayoaeueiinoue ia ia/aeao
oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa a i?aaeaeao i?aa, onoaiiaeaiiuo a caei-
iiaeaoaeuenoaa, a oaeaea i?aa, ia?aaeaiiuo ae iauaaeeiaieai. Oaeei
ia?acii, caeanue i?yii aiai?eony i iaee/ee o i?iecaiaenoaaiiie
aaeeieoeu i?aa, onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, i aiciiaeiinoe
?anoe?aiey yoeo i?aa, i cae?aieaiee a ?anii?yaeaiea aeaiiiai
noauaeoa i?aaa, iniiaiuo, iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa e ae?oaeo iaoa?eaeue-
iuo ?ano?nia.
ny i iaee/ee o i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aaeeieoeu naiae eiiiaoaioeee,
a i?aaeaeao eioi?ie aeaenoaoao aa ?oeiaiaeeoaeue. Ii aac aeiaa?aiii-
noe aunooiaao io eiaie i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aaeeieoeu, ?anii?yaeaao-
ny a niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii cae?aieaiiui ca iae
eiouanoaii, ioe?uaaao a aaiea oaeouea e ae?oaea n/aoa i?iec-
aiaenoaaiiie aaeeieoeu, i?eieiaao ia ?aaioo e oaieueiyao n ?aaiou
e niaa?oaao ae?oaea aeaenoaey, ioiinyueany e eiiiaoaioeee i?iec-
aiaenoaaiiie aaeeieoeu. Oaeei ia?acii, i?e ii?aaeaeaiee niaea?aea-
iey e ii?yaeea inouanoaeaiey eiiiaoaioeee i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aaee-
ieoeu i?eiaiyaony ?anniio?aiiay auoa iauay iiaeaeue aa onoa-
iiaeaiey, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ie i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe cae?ai-
eythony ca noauaeoii oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, a ?aaeecothony aai
i?aaiaie e aeieaeiinoiuie eeoeaie.
aeaiey i i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee. A iai oeacuaaaony, /oi
i?aaa iauaaeeiaiey e aai i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe aeieaeiu en-
iieueciaaoueny a eioa?anao anaai ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, iauaaeeiaiey
i aai i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe. Caeanue ia?auaao ia naay aieia-
iea i?eciaiea a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia oieueei i?aa, ii e eioa?ania
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe. Oaeie iiaeoiae n iaiaoiaeeiinoueth auoa-
eaao ec eiino?oe?iaaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aaeeieoeu eae noauaeoa
i?aaa, eiathuaai naie o?oaeiaie eieeaeoea e aeaenoaothuaai ia
iniiaa oic?an/aoa. Aeaiiue eieeaeoea yaeyaony /anoueth eieeaeoe-
aa iauaaeeiaiey, ii a i?aaeaeao iauaaeeiaiey ii ioiineoaeueii
iainiaeai e eiaao, ia?yaeo n eioa?anaie anaai eieeaeoeaa iauaaee-
iaiey, e naie oic?an/aoiua eioa?anu.
noiyoaeueiinoueth, oioy iia e iaiueoa, /ai o oicyenoaaiiiai i?aa-
ia. Iiyoiio i?eiaiyaony naiaia?aciue ii?yaeie caeeth/aiey i?i-
ecaiaenoaaiiuie aaeeieoeaie oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia. Iie caeeth-
/athony aaeeieoeaie io eiaie iauaaeeiaiey, eioi?ia ianao
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii iaycaoaeuenoaai. I?e yoii ia o?aaoaony auaea-
/e aeiaa?aiiinoe ia caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?ia, a ?aaoee?iaaiea ii?yae-
ea eo caeeth/aiey inouanoaeyaony iauaaeeiaieai iooai onoaiia-
eaiey ia?a/iy e aeaeia aeiaiai?ia, eioi?ua iiaoo caeeth/aoueny
aaeeieoeaie. Iniaaiii oe?iee a yoii ioiioaiee i?aaa iiae?acaea-
eaiee (eiaioaiuo no?oeoo?iuie aaeeieoeaie) a iao/ii-i?iecaiae-
noaaiiuo iauaaeeiaieyo, eioi?ua iiaoo caeeth/aoue aeiaiai?u ia
oeu aeiaieueii oe?iea, oioy e ia aeinoeaaao iauaia eiiiaoaioeee
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia. Eiaiii iiyoiio iia e o?aeooaony eae
niaoaiiay oicyenoaaiiay eiiiaoaioeey, caieiathuay i?iiaaeo-
oi/iia iieiaeaiea iaaeaeo iieiie eiiiaoaioeeae oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaia e aioo?eoicyenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeeae aioo?aiiaai iiae?ac-
aeaeaiey. I?aainoauaeoiinoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aaeeieoeu eae
naiaia?aciiai iiae?acaeaeaiey, aicieeoaai a i?ioeanna eiioeaio?a-
oeee i?iecaiaenoaa, ia iiaeao auoue iauyniaia n o?aaeeoeeiiiuo
oeeaeeenoe/aneeo iiceoeee. Nicaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeia-
iee naycaii n ia?aie/aieai i?aa eo iiae?acaeaeaiee, ii iii ia
iecaiaeeo eo aei iieiaeaiey oeaoa, a i?aa?auaao a noauaeou i?aaa,
caieiathuea ii iauaio eiiiaoaioeee i?iiaaeooi/iia iieiaeaiea
iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeai e oeaoii. Yoi i?yii auoaeaao ec ia?ii?ey-
oee ii eiioeaio?aoeee i?iecaiaenoaa, ii?aaeaeythueo naiaia?aciue
oa?aeoa? i?aainoauaeoiinoe i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aaeeieoeu. Iaeuecy
n/eoaoue aa
aeoiinoe aaeeieoeu iooai iaaeaeaiey aa i?aaaie th?eaee/aneiai
eeoea eca?aoeei au niune eiioeaio?aoeee i?iecaiaenoaa.
noaaiiuo aaeeieoe ea?aao eieaeueiia ii?iaoeaiia ?aaoee?iaaiea.
Yoi aeaao aiciiaeiinoue o/anoue iniaaiiinoe aeayoaeueiinoe i?iecaiae-
noaaiiuo aaeeieoe a eaaeaeii iauaaeeiaiee. Aianoa n oai ?aaoee?i-
aaiea aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
iauaaeeiaieyo eieaeueiuie ii?iaie ia?aaeei no?ieony ia oao aea
ia/aeao, /oi e ?aaoee?iaaiea aeayoaeueiinoe oeaoia ia i?aaei?ey-
oeyo. A ?acoeueoaoa eneaaeaaony i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea i?iecaiaeno-
aaiiuo aaeeieoe, /oi nieaeaao yooaeoeaiinoue eo oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Iiyoiio auei au oeaeaniia?acii ?anoe?eoue iaua-
ii?iaoeaiia ?aaoee?iaaiea aeayoaeueiinoe i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaee-
ieoe, aieaa aeaoaeueii ii?aaeaeeoue a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iniiaiua
aii?inu eo i?aaiecaoeee e aeayoaeueiinoe. A ii?yaeea aea eieaeueii-
ai ?aaoee?iaaiey neaaeiaaei au onoaiaaeeaaoue oieueei iniaaiii-
noe aeayoaeueiinoe i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe a eaaeaeii iauaaeeia-
iee.(*39)
iiaoo auoue ia oieueei i?iecaiaenoaaiiua aaeeieoeu, ii e ioaeaeueiua
naiinoiyoaeueiua i?aaei?eyoey. A i. 6 Iieiaeaiey i i?iecaiaeno-
aaiiii iauaaeeiaiee aiai?eony i iiae/eiaiee oaeeo i?aaei?eyoee
iauaaeeiaieyi, a ia i aoiaeaeaiee eo a ninoaa iauaaeeiaiey. Iaeia-
ei a oaeeo neo/ayo iiaoo auoue iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii oeaio?a-
eeciaaiu i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiua ooieoeee oeacaiiuo
aeaiiiai Iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 30 aeaeaa?y 1975 a.
(NI NNN?, 1976, ?2, no. 13).
(**39) Ni.: Yooaeoeaiinoue caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee
a i?iiuoeaiiinoe. I.: Iaoea, 1981, n. 39.
aaiiua eiiieaenu yaeythony ii nouanoao iauaaeeiaieyie niaoai-
iiai oeia, a ninoaa eioi?uo aoiaeyo eae i?iecaiaenoaaiiua aaeeie-
oeu, oae e naiinoiyoaeueiua i?aaei?eyoey. Iiaeiaiua iauaaeeiaiey
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie naiaia?aciua oicyenoaaiiua nenoaiu, i?aai-
aia iieiaeaiea eioi?uo a aeieaeiie ia?a ia ii?aaeaeaii. Iiyoiio
neaaeoao niaeaneoueny n i?aaeeiaeaieyie i iaiaoiaeeiinoe /aoeiai
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey eo i?aaiecaoeee e aeayoaeueiinoe.(*40)
i?aaei?eyoey, oae e i?iecaiaenoaaiiua aaeeieoeu. Ii a ea/anoaa oi-
cyenoaaiiie nenoaiu iii aeeth/aao a naie ninoaa eeoue naiinoiy-
oaeueiua i?aaei?eyoey e ae?oaea oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu. *oi aea ea-
naaony i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe, oi iie caaiueyie oicyenoaaiiie
nenoaiu auoue ia iiaoo e aoiaeyo a iaa /a?ac i?iecaiaenoaaiiia
iauaaeeiaiea, eioi?ia e aunooiaao eae auoanoiyuee i?aai ii
ioiioaieth e naiinoiyoaeueiui i?aaei?eyoeyi. Eiaiii yoio oi-
cyenoaaiiue i?aai, a ia aieiaiay i?iecaiaenoaaiiay aaeeieoea aeae-
noaoao a ea/anoaa oeaio?a nenoaiu. Iaeuecy niaeaneoueny n
I. E. Eiiyaaui, iieaaathuei, /oi oeaio?ii nenoaiu caeanue yaey-
aony aaeieieno?aoeey aieiaiie i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aaeeieoeu.(*41) Ii-
neaaeiyy aeaenoaoao ii ioiioaieth e naiinoiyoaeueiui i?aaei?ey-
oeyi eae i?aai e a i?aaeaeao eiiiaoaioeee iauaaeeiaiey. Oaeei
ia?acii, iauee i?eioeei, niaeanii eioi?iio oeaio?ii nenoaiu au-
nooiaao oicyenoaaiiue i?aai, ia ia?ooaaony e a aeaiiii neo/aa.
A ninoaa 4144 i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee, aeaenoaothueo a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, aioei 17 888 i?aaei?eyoee, ec eioi?uo 7766 ni-
o?aieee i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea naiinoiyoaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee.(*42)
Ec iaee/ey cia/eoaeueiiai /enea naiinoiyoaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee
a i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaieyo i?ioeaieee i?eciaiey i?aai-
noauaeoiinoe i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe aeaeatho auaiae i oii, /oi
.(*43)
iiai oeia ae?oaea, i?aaeaea anaai iie ninoiyo a iaee/ee a i?iec-
aiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaieyo cia/eoaeueiiai /enea e?oiiuo e oa?-
?eoi?eaeueii ioaeaeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, i?aa?auaoue eioi?ua a i?i-
ecaiaenoaaiiua aaeeieoeu iaoeaeaniia?acii. Iaiaeia cia/aiea
eiaao e no?aieaiea ianoiuo i?aaiia nio?aieoue naiinoiyoaeueiua
i?aaei?eyoey eae aaco yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey
oa??eoi?ee. Iaeiiaoe, i?aia?aciaaiea i?aaei?eyoee a i?iecaiaeno-
aaiiua aaeeieoeu i?eaiaeeo e e oo?aoa ianoiui athaeaeaoii /anoe
iue i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiue eiiieaen.-Oic-ai e i?aai, 1979,
? 3, n. 55.
(**41) Ni.: Eiiyaa I. E. Oicyenoaaiiua nenoaiu a ia?eiae c?aeiai nioeeaeecia:
I?aaiaua aii?inu, n. 146.
(**42) Ni.: Ia?iaeiia oicyenoai NNN? 1922-1982, n. 149.
(**43) Ni.: sseiaeaaa A. O. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea a iaeanoe ia?iaeiiai oicye-
noaa,- A ei.: Eiinoeoooeey NNN? e i?aaiaua i?iaeaiu niaa?oainoaiaa-
iey ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii, n. 90.
eo oa??eoi?ee, iineieueeo a i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee ?an-
/aou n ainoaea?noaaiiui athaeaeaoii oeaio?aeecothony e i?iaiaeyony
oieueei /a?ac iauaaeeiaiea a oeaeii. Ana yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao ia i
oii, /oi i?aainoauaeoiinoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe neiino?oe-
?iaaia iai?aaeeueii, a i iaee/ee iauaeoeaiuo i?e/ei, o?aaoth-
ueo
oaiiiai oeia eae iauaeoeaii iaiaoiaeeiie oi?iu i?aaiecaoeee
i?iecaiaenoaa a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo.
iuoeaiiinoe, ii e a ae?oaeo io?aneyo ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Eo
i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea ii?aaeaeyaony ?acee/iuie ii?iaoeaiuie
aeoaie, eioi?ua ia?aaeei niaea?aeao iaiainiiaaiiua ?anoiaeaeaiey,
ioiinyueany e i?eioeeieaeueii aaaeiui aii?inai, a oii /enea e
ii?aaeaeaieth naiie i?e?iaeu oaeeo iauaaeeiaiee. Ai anao io?an-
eyo yeiiiieee i?iecaiaenoaaiiia iauaaeeiaiea – oicyenoaaiiue
i?aai, ninoiyuee ec i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe e aeaenoaothuee a
ea/anoaa iniiaiiai caaia ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Iaeiaei a naeueneii
oicyenoaa i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iauaaeeiaiey eiino?oe?othony eia/a,
niaeanii Iieiaeaieth i i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee a naeueneii
oicyenoaa, ooaa?aeaeaiiiio Iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia
NNN? io 7 aeaeaa?y 1978 a.(*44), a ninoaa oaeeo iauaaeeiaiee aoiaeyo
naiinoiyoaeueiua i?aaei?eyoey. Eiia/ii, iauaaeeiaiey a naeueneii
oicyenoaa eiatho cia/eoaeueioth niaoeeoeeo, naycaiioth n oai, /oi
a eo ninoaa iiaoo aoiaeeoue ia oieueei ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaei?ey-
oey – niaoicu, ii e eiiia?aoeaiua i?aaei?eyoey – eieoicu.(*45)
A oaeeo oneiaeyo iaeuecy eeoeoue yeiiiie/aneie e i?aaiaie naii-
noiyoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey, aeeth/aaiua a ninoaa iauaaeeiaiey.
Ii iiaeiaiua eiiieaenu yaeythony ia i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie iauaaee-
iaieyie, a iauaaeeiaieyie n?aaeiaai ca.aia, iie aeaenoaotho ia eae
oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu, a a ea/anoaa oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai. Iaae-
aeo oai iiiyoea iauaaeeiaiey, eae e iiiyoea i?aaei?eyoey, aeieaeii
auoue aaeeiui aeey anaai ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.(*46)
iiai eiiieaena, a ninoaa eioi?iai aeeth/athony eae naeueneioicye-
noaaiiua, oae e i?iiuoeaiiua e eiua oici?aaiu. Iiiyoii, /oi
aeey iaania/aiey eo
oiaeei aaeeiue iiaeoiae e ii?aaeaeaieth i?aainoauaeoiinoe anao yoeo
i?aaiecaoeee.
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee a no?ieoaeuenoaa. Eo ooieoeee,
i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe ii?aaeaeythony oiiiyiooui auoa Iieiaeaie-
ai i i?iecaiaenoaaiiii no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiii iauaaeeiaiee. Ni-
aeanii yoiio Iieiaeaieth, i?iecaiaenoaaiiua aaeeieoeu iauaaeeia-
(**45) Ni.: Eicu?ue I. E. I?iecaiaenoaaiiua iauaaeeiaiey a naeueneii oicyeno-
aa.- Oic-ai e i?aai. 1979, ? 5, n, 9.
(**46) Ni.: Aaeyaaa 3. N. I?aai e iaaeoicyssnoaaiiay eiiia?aoeey. I.: TH?eae.
eeo., 1980, n. 41.
eae a i?iiuoeaiiinoe i?iecaiaenoaaiiua aaeeieoeu ?an/aoiuo n/a-
oia eiaoue ia iiaoo. Ii-aeaeeiiio, oaeia ?acee/ea aucaaii oai,
/oi ?an/aou oa??eoi?eaeueii ioaeaeaiiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaee-
ieoe cao?oaeiythony ionoonoaeai o ieo ?an/aoiuo n/aoia. Aiciiaeii,
ec yoiai auoaeaao e iaiaoiaeeiinoue ioe?uoey ?an/aoiuo n/aoia
anai oa??eoi?eaeueii ioaeaeaiiui i?iecaiaenoaaiiui aaeeieoeai,
ii ioe?uoea eo oieueei i?iecaiaenoaaiiui aaeeieoeai a no?ieoaeue-
noaa i?ioeai?a/eo aaeeiie i?e?iaea yoeo noauaeoia i?aaa a iau-
aaeeiaieyo anao io?aneae yeiiiieee.
?aaoee?iaaiea aeayoaeueiinoe i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee anao
io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Yoi iiaeao auoue aeinoeaiooi iooai
ecaeaiey Iauaai iieiaeaiey i i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaieyo
anao io?aneae yeiiiieee. Iniaaiiinoe aea aai i?eiaiaiey e
iauaaeeiaieyi ?acee/iuo io?aneae iiaee au onoaiaaeeaaoueny ii-
aeiaii oiio, eae yoi aeaeaaony a ioiioaiee ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aae-
i?eyoee. Caiaoei, enoaoe, /oi oaeie ii?yaeie eniieuecoaony a
ioiioaiee iao/ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee.(*47) Oieoeea-
oeey i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aeayoaeueiinoe i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
iauaaeeiaiee anao io?aneae yeiiiieee iiiiaeao ecaaaeaoue neo/ae-
iuo ?aoaiee, iaania/eo ?aoeeiiaeueiia ?aaoee?iaaiea iniiaiuo
aii?inia i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey anao iauaaeeiaiee ia?ae/iiai caa-
ia n o/aoii io?aneaauo iniaaiiinoae aeayoaeueiinoe oaeeo iauaaeeiaiee.
iaiey ia oieueei ia?ae/iiai, ii e n?aaeiaai caaia. A ioee/ea io
iauaaeeiaiee ia?ae/iiai caaia iie yaeythony ia oicyenoaaiiuie
i?aaiaie, a oicyenoaaiiuie nenoaiaie. A i?iiuoeaiiinoe i?a-
aiaia iieiaeaiea oaeeo iauaaeeiaiee ii?aaeaeyaony Iauei iieiaea-
ieai i ananithciii e ?anioaeeeaineii i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaaeeia-
ieyo, ooaa?aeaeaiiui Iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io
2 ia?oa 1973 a.(*48), a no?ieoaeuenoaa eo i?aaiaay i?aaiecaoeey ?a-
aoee?oaony Oeiiaui iieiaeaieai i ananithciii no?ieoaeueii-iii-
oaaeiii iauaaeeiaiee, ooaa?aeaeaiiui Iinoaiiaeaieai Ainno?iy
NNN? io 28 ia?oa 1979 a.(*49), a naeueneii oicyenoaa iie i?aaie-
cothony a aeaea o?anoia niaoicia, aeaenoaothueo ia iniiaa Iieiaea-
iey i o?anoa niaoicia, ooaa?aeaeaiiiai Iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa
Ieieno?ia NNN? io 20 ieoya?y 1975 a. (*50) E?iia oiai, nicaeathony
ananithciua e ?anioaeeeaineea iauaaeeiaiey a naeueneii oicyenoaa,
th?eaee/aneee noaoon eioi?uo onoaiiaeai Iauei iieiaeaieai,
ooaa?aeaeaiiui Iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? 26 iay
1980 a. (*51)
iaiee a NNN?. I.: TH?eae. eeo., 1981.
(**48) NI NNN?, 1973, ? 7, no. 32.
(**49) Athe. ii?iao. aeoia i-a e aaae-a NNN?. 1979, ? 10, n. 3.
(**50) NI NNN?, 1975, ? 21, no. 145.
(**51NI NNN?, 1980, ? 15, n. 98.
caoeee, aoiaeyuea a ninoaa yoeo iauaaeeiaiee, nio?aiytho yeiiiie-
/aneoth e th?eaee/aneoth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue. Iauaaeeiaiea n?aaeiaai
caaia yaeyaony oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiie, oeaio? eioi?ie aeaenoaoao
a aa eioa?anao a ea/anoaa noauaeoa i?aaa. Iauaaeeiaiea a oeaeii
a oeacaiiuo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao noauaeoii i?aaa ia i?eciaaony,
e?iia Iauaai iieiaeaiey i ananithciii e ?anioaeeeaineii iau-
aaeeiaieyo a naeueneii oicyenoaa. A i. 47 yoiai iieiaeaiey aiai-
?eony i i?aaao e iaycaiiinoyo eae iauaaeeiaiey, oae e aai oi?aa-
eaiey, ii a ae?oaeo aai ioieoao ?a/ue eaeao i i?aaao e iaycaiii-
noyo oi?aaeaiey iauaaeeiaiey (ni. i. 14, 42 e ae?.). Iiaeii
neacaoue, /oi a iniiaiii i?aainoauaeoiinoue oi?aaeaiey oaeiai
iauaaeeiaiey ii?aaeaeyaony ii iiaeaee i?aainoauaeoiinoe oi?aaea-
iee ae?oaeo iauaaeeiaiee n?aaeiaai caaia, i?e/ai aeaaioth ?ieue a
nicaeaiee oaeie iiaeaee nua?aei Iauaa iieiaeaiea i ananithciii
e ?anioaeeeaineii i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaaeeiaieyo, a eioi?ii i?e-
ciaaony oieueei i?aainoauaeoiinoue oi?aaeaiey, ii ia iauaaeeiaiey
a oeaeii.
i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaaeeiaieyo ano?a/aaony e oa?iei , ii ii i?eiaiyaony eeoue a neo/ayo, eiaaea ?a/ue
eaeao i oa?aeoa?enoeea i?aa anao caaiueaa iauaaeeiaiey, aeeth/ay
eae i?aaa aai oi?aaeaiey, oae e i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee,
aoiaeyueo a ninoaa iauaaeeiaiey. Eiaaea aea ?a/ue eaeao i i?aaao e
iaycaiiinoyo, inouanoaeyaiuo a eioa?anao iauaaeeiaiey a oeaeii
eae aaeeiiai eiiieaena, eiiiaoaioeey cae?aieyaony ca aai oi?aa-
eaieai.
thciii e ?anioaeeeaineii i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaaeeiaieyo, niaeanii
eioi?iio i?aaa ii ?oeiaiaenoao e inouanoaeaieth i?iecaiaenoaai-
ii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iauaaeeiaiey i?eiaaeeaaeao aai
oi?aaeaieth, a inouanoaeythony ia/aeueieeii iauaaeeiaiey e ii
onoaiiaeaiiiio ?ani?aaeaeaieth iaycaiiinoae – aai caianoeoaey-
ie, ae?oaeie aeieaeiinoiuie eeoeaie, a a neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?ai-
iuo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii,- niaianoii, ii niaeaniaaieth eee n o/a-
noeai i?ionithciiai i?aaia. Ia?auaao ia naay aieiaiea ioiana-
iea e eiiiaoaioeee oi?aaeaiey i?aa eae ii ?oeiaiaenoao, oae e
ii inouanoaeaieth i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
A yoie oi?ioee?iaea aini?eiyoi iiiyoea oicyenoaaiiie eiiia-
oaioeee, ?ac?aaioaiiia a iaoea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
aaeeiaiey aeaoaeueii ii?aaeaeyaony a iauai iieiaeaiee, onoaiaaee-
aathuai i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe oi?aaeaiey ii aeaeai oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, /oi i?eiaiyaony i?e ii?aaeaeaiee eiiiaoaioeee e
ae?oaeo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia. I?e oaeii iiaeoiaea auaeaeythony
i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe, ioiinyueany e ieaie?iaaieth, iao/ii-oaoie-
/aneiio i?ia?anno, eaieoaeueiiio no?ieoaeuenoao, iaoa?eaeueii-
oaoie/aneiio niaaaeaieth e nauoo i?iaeoeoeee, o?oaeo e ca?aaioiie
ieaoa, oeiainai, e?aaeeoo, o/aoo e io/aoiinoe. A eiiiaoaioeeth
caiiinoe a iaeanoe aiaoiae yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. (*52)
nenoaiu, ia iaeaaeathuae a oeaeii i?aainoauaeoiinoui, iicaieyao
iaania/eoue nio?aiaiea oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa aoiaeyueo a ninoaa
iauaaeeiaiey i?aaei?eyoee, i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee e ae?o-
aeo i?aaiecaoeee. Iiyoiio iiaeiaiua iauaaeeiaiey nicaeathony a
oeaeyo a?oiie?iaee a aaeeiua eiiieaenu e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoee e
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee, eeoaoue eioi?ua th?eaee/aneie
naiinoiyoaeueiinoe iaoeaeaniia?acii. A i?eioeeia ca i?aaiecaoeey-
ie, aoiaeyueie a ninoaa iauaaeeiaiey n?aaeiaai caaia, nio?aiythony
ana i?aaa, onoaiiaeaiiua a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aeey oicyenoaaiiuo
i?aaiia aeaiiiai aeaea. Iaeiaei aeeth/aiea eo a ninoaa iauaaeeiaiey
ana aea i?eaiaeeo e iaeioi?iio ia?aie/aieth i?aa, /oi naycaii n
oeaio?aeecaoeeae a iauaaeeiaiee i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiuo
ooieoeee.
niaaaeaiea, nauo i?iaeoeoeee, a?ociaua ia?aaicee, i?iaeoiua, eii-
no?oeoi?neea e iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneea ?aaiou e ae?oaea ooie-
oeee, iau/ii inouanoaeyaiua i?aaei?eyoeyie e i?iecaiaenoaaiiu-
ie iauaaeeiaieyie. A ?aieao aea i?iiuoeaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey
iie oeaio?aeecothony e auiieiythony eeai iaeiie ec aoiaeyueo a
aai ninoaa i?aaiecaoeee, eeai iaiin?aaenoaaiii oi?aaeaieai iau-
aaeeiaiey. Iiiyoii, /oi a oaeeo neo/ayo i?aaei?eyoey e i?aaie-
caoeee, aoiaeyuea a ninoaa iauaaeeiaiey, oaea ia iiaoo iieueciaaoue-
ny onoaiiaeaiiuie aeey ieo i?aaaie, ioiinyueieny e inouanoa-
eaieth niioaaonoaothueo ooieoeee.
aa?eaio oeaio?aeecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiuo ooieoeee,
i?e eioi?ii eo inouanoaeaiea aiceaaaaony iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia
oi?aaeaiea iauaaeeiaiey. A ?acoeueoaoa yoiai oi?aaeaiea iauaaee-
iaiey auiieiyao ia oieueei ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua, ii e i?i-
ecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiua ooieoeee, /oi yaeyaony iaeiei ec
iniiaaiee aeey i?aaiecaoeee eo aeayoaeueiinoe ia ia/aeao oic?an/a-
oa. ?acoiaaony, oic?an/ao a oi?aaeaiee ia naiaeeony e yoiio e
ninoieo aeaaiui ia?acii a oic?an/aoiie i?aaiecaoeee nianoaai-
ii oi?aaeai/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe (ni. ae. 4).
cyenoaaiiuo ooieoeee yaeyaony oa?aeoa?iie /a?oie aeayoaeueiinoe
oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia n?aaeiaai caaia, iaoiaeyuae aaeaeaaoiia io-
?aaeaiea a oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaie eiioeaioeee i?e ii?aaeaeaiee eo
i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey. Iai?ioea, yoi yaeaiea ia oeeaaeuaaaony a
aaeieieno?aoeaii-i?aaiaoth eiioeaioeeth oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie,
enoiaeyuoth ec iaiaoiaeeiinoe no?iaiai ?aca?aie/aiey oi?aaeai/a-
neie i oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e io?eoeathuoth oic?an/aoiua
iaoiaeu ?aaiou i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa.
iauaaeeiaiey. Eacaiue: Ecae-ai Eacai, oi-oa, 1981, n. 71-127.
iey i?iiuoeaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey, ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi
oaeia iiaiea i?ioeai?a/eo ia oieueei i?eioeeiai ?aoeeiiaeueiie
i?aaiecaoeee oi?aaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaii, ii e niaea?aeaieth Ia-
uaai iieiaeaiey i ananithciii e ?anioaeeeaineii i?iiuoeai-
iuo iauaaeeiaieyo, i?aaeoniao?eaathuaai i?aaiecaoeeth ia oic-
?an/aoiuo ia/aeao aeayoaeueiinoe eae iauaaeeiaiey a oeaeii, oae
e aai oi?aaeaiey (i. 2 e 5 Iauaai iieiaeaiey). Iineieueeo aea
a niioaaonoaee n i. 46 iinoaiiaeaiey i oicyenoaaiiii iaoa-
iecia oic?an/aoiua iaoiaeu eniieuecothony oaia?ue e a aeayoaeueii-
noe i?iiuoeaiiuo e no?ieoaeueiuo ieienoa?noa, eceiaeaiiue
acaeyae naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i ianiioaaonoaee o?aaeeoeeiiiie aaeieie-
no?aoeaii-i?aaiaie eiioeaioeee nia?aiaiiui oneiaeyi oicyenoai-
aaiey e caaea/ai ?acaeoey yeiiiieee a oeaeyo iiauoaiey yooae-
oeaiinoe iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
iiaeiinoue ?anoe?aiey i?aa ‘eo iiae?acaeaeaiee iooai aeaeaae?iaa-
iey ei i?aa, aoiaeyueo a eiiiaoaioeeth oi?aaeaiey iauaaeeiaiey.
Ia yoii aiai?eony a i. 38 Iauaai iieiaeaiey i ananithciii e
?anioaeeeaineii i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaaeeiaieyo, niaeanii eioi?i-
io oi?aaeaiea iauaaeeiaiey iiaeao iaaeaeyoue i?aaei?eyoey e i?aa-
iecaoeee, aoiaeyuea a ninoaa iauaaeeiaiey, aeiiieieoaeueiuie i?a-
aaie a i?aaeaeao naiae eiiiaoaioeee aac eaeeo-eeai ia?aie/aiee.
Noieue oe?ieay aiciiaeiinoue aeaeaae?iaaiey i?aa iauyniyaony oai,
/oi iaaeaeo caaiueyie nenoaiu neeaaeuaathony onoie/eaua oicyeno-
aaiiua nayce, aioo?enenoaiiua ioiioaiey, oeaiaioe?othuea
aaeeinoai nenoaiu eae oicyenoaaiiiai eiiieaena.
caaiueyie nenoaiu iniiauaaaony ia aaeeiie io?aneaaie i?e?iaea
yoeo i?aa, ia aaeeinoaa i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey caaiueaa oicyenoaai-
iie nenoaiu, aeaenoaothueo a ea/anoaa noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa. I?e iiiuoeao aea iauynieoue ia?aaea/o i?aa iaaeaeo caaiuey-
ie nenoaiu n oeeaeeenoe/aneeo iiceoeee i?eiaiyaony eneonnoaai-
iay eiino?oeoeey
a?aaeaeaineea i?e ia?aaea/a eo io i?aaia oi?aaeaiey i?aaei?eyoeth.
Iaeiaei oaeie iiaeoiae iaeuecy i?eciaoue oai?aoe/anee iainiiaaiiui,
iineieueeo io?aneaaay i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue noauaeoeaiiai i?aaa ia
caaeneo io oiai, eoi aunooiaao a ea/anoaa aai iineoaey – i?aai
oi?aaeaiey eee i?aaei?eyoea. (*54)
1976,n.143.
(**54) Iiae?iaiaa ni.: Eaioaa A. A. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea i?iiuoeaiiuo i i?i-
icaiaenoaiiiuo iauaaeeiaiee. I.: Iaoea, 1978, n. 68-69.
Aaeeinoai i?aa oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia ?acee/iuo aeaeia nicaea-
ao aiciiaeiinoue iaaeaeaiey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia iaeiiai aeaea
i?aaaie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia ae?oaiai aeaea. Oaeay aiciiaeiinoue,
a /anoiinoe, i?aaeoniio?aia a ioiioaiee iaaeaeaiey i?aaaie
oi?aaeaiee i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee ieienoa?noa nithciuo
?anioaeee. Yoi aeaeaaony iooai i?aaiecaoeee aeayoaeueiinoe oeacai-
iuo ieienoa?noa ia oneiaeyo, onoaiiaeaiiuo aeey i?iiuoeaiiuo
iauaaeeiaiee a niioaaonoaee n i. 2 Iinoaiiaeaiey Niaaoa Ieie-
no?ia NNN?
1973 a. (*55) Ia oaeeo oneiaeyo i?aaieciaaia ?aaioa iiiaeo i?i-
iuoeaiiuo ieienoa?noa a iaaieueoeo nithciuo ?anioaeeeao, eia-
aea ieienoa?noaa iaiin?aaenoaaiii ?oeiaiaeyo i?aaei?eyoeyie e
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie iauaaeeiaieyie. A oaeeo neo/ayo ieienoa?-
noai nithciie ?anioaeeee nio?aiyao i?aaa, i?eiaaeeaaeauea aio
eae ieienoa?noao, e ia?yaeo n yoei i?eia?aoaao i?aaa, onoaiia-
eaiiua aeey oi?aaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey. Neaaeiaa-
oaeueii, ia i?ienoiaeeo noe?aiey ?acee/ee iaaeaeo oicyenoaaiiuie
i?aaiaie ?aciuo aeaeia, oicyenoaaiiue i?aai iaeiiai aeaea i?eia-
?aoaao aeiiieieoaeueiua i?aaa, i?eiaaeeaaeauea oicyenoaaiiiio
i?aaio ae?oaiai aeaea. Yoi iieacuaaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue ia oieueei
aaeeiiai iiaeoiaea ei anai oicyenoaaiiui i?aaiai, ii e aeeooa?ai-
oeeaoeee eo i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey.
iiai iiaeoiaea e ii?aaeaeaieth i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey iauaaeeia-
iee. A iieiaeaieyo ia .iauaaeeiaieyo n?aaeiaai caaia a i?iiuo-
eaiiinoe, no?ieoaeuenoaa, naeueneii oicyenoaa onoaiaaeeaathony
iaeeiaeiaua aeey anao iauaaeeiaiee iauea iieiaeaiey e aianoa n
oai ii?aaeaeythony io?aneaaua iniaaiiinoe eo aeayoaeueiinoe. Iae-
iaei a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo a yoeo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao ia oieueei
ii?aaeaeythony io?aneaaua iniaaiiinoe, ii e ii-?aciiio ?aoathony
iauea aii?inu aeayoaeueiinoe iauaaeeiaiee.
ii?yaeie nicaeaiey ii ?aoaieth ieienoa?noaa eee aaaeiinoaa NNN?
i?e oneiaee niaeaniaaiey aii?ina n Niaaoii Ieieno?ia nithciie
?anioaeeee. Aeey niioaaonoaothueo aea iauaaeeiaiee a naeueneii
oicyenoaa – o?anoia niaoicia – i?aaeoniio?aii, /oi iie nicaeathony
ieienoa?noaaie e aaaeiinoaaie NNN? aac oaeiai niaeaniaaiey,
A nayce n yoei aicieeaao aii?in, ianeieueei iainiiaaiiu oaeea
?acee/ey. Aaaeue niaeaniaaiea nicaeaiey iauaaeeiaiey nithciiai iiae-
/eiaiey n Niaaoii Ieieno?ia ?anioaeeee iiiiaaao i?aoai?aieth
a aeeciue i?eioeeia ni/aoaiey io?aneaaiai e oa??eoi?eaeueiiai
ia/ae a ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie. A yoio i?eioeei ia a iaiueoae
ia?a aaaeai a ?oeiaiaenoaa naeueneei oicyenoaii, /ai i?iiuoeai-
iinoueth.
a i?iiuoeaiiinoe e a naeueneii oicyenoaa ooaa?aeaeaiu i?aaeoaeue-
noaii, a ia iauaaeeiaieyo a no?ieoaeuenoaa – Ainno?iai NNN?.
Aeaeeii, i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea iauaaeeiaiee ai anao io?aneyo yeiii-
ieee aeieaeii ii?aaeaeyoueny ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie iaeeiaeiaiai
o?iaiy. O/eouaay aaaeiia cia/aiea iauaaeeiaiee, eo i?aaiaay
i?aaiecaoeey aeieaeia, ia iao acaeyae, ?aaoee?iaaoueny ii?iaoeaiu-
ie aeoaie i?aaeoaeuenoaa.
iey iauaaeeiaiee n?aaeiaai caaia ?acee/iuo io?aneae yeiiiieee
i?iaiaeeony iaiineaaeiaaoaeueii, eiathony ?acee/ey, ia oieueei
iainiiaaiiua io?aneaauie iniaaiiinoyie iauaaeeiaiee, ii e
ioiinyueany e iniiaiui aii?inai aeayoaeueiinoe. Aeey nicaeaiey
?aoeeiiaeueiuo th?eaee/aneeo oneiaee i?aaiecaoeee iauaaeeiaiee
n?aaeiaai caaia i?aaenoaaeyaony oeaeaniia?aciui ecaeaoue Iauaa
iieiaeaiea ia iauaaeeiaieyo n?aaeiaai caaia anao io?aneae yeiii-
ieee n onoaiiaeaieai iniaaiiinoae aai i?eiaiaiey ii ioaeaeueiui
io?aneyi. I?e oaeie nenoaia i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aeayoaeue-
iinoe iauaaeeiaiee n?aaeiaai caaia auei au iaania/aii iaiaoiaee-
iia ni/aoaiea iauaai e iniaaiiiai a eo i?aaiaie i?aaiecaoeee.
aeaaaaiua a niioaaonoaee n ?aoaieyie iaeneiai (1982 a.) Iea-
ioia OeE EINN a iaeanoyo e ?aeiiao no?aiu. Ii?yaeie eo i?aa-
iecaoeee e aeayoaeueiinoe ii?aaeaeyaony Oeiiaui iieiaeaieai
i ?aeiiiii aa?ii?iiuoeaiiii iauaaeeiaiee e Oeiiaui iieiaea-
ieai ia iaeanoiii, e?aaaii, ?anioaeeeaineii (ANN?) aa?ii?i-
iuoeaiiii iauaaeeiaiee, ooaa?aeaeaiiuie iinoaiiaeaieyie
Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 25 iiya?y 1983 a. (*56) A ioee/ea io
ae?oaeo iauaaeeiaiee, aa?ii?iiuoeaiiua iauaaeeiaiey yaeythony
ia aaeeiuie i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiuie eiiieaenaie,
a oi?iie ?aaeiiaeueiie eii?aeeiaoeee aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee
naeueneiai oicyenoaa, i?iiuoeaiiinoe e ae?oaeo io?aneae, aoiaey-
ueo a aa?ii?iiuoeaiiue eiiieaen. I?e yoii i?aaei?eyoey, aoi-
aeyuea a ninoaa aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey, nio?aiytho
naith aaaeiinoaaiioth iiae/eiaiiinoue.
i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa
iu iauae eiiiaoaioeee e i?aaiu niaoeeaeueiie oicyenoaaiiie
eiiiaoaioeee.
ii e ae?oaeie iaeanoyie iauanoaaiiie aeecie ia ii?aaeaeaiiie
oa??eoi?ee. E oaeei i?aaiai ioiinyony Aa?oiaiue Niaao NNN?
e Niaao Ieieno?ia NNN?, Aa?oiaiua Niaaou e Niaaou Ieieno?ia
nithciuo e aaoiiiiiuo ?anioaeee, ianoiua Niaaou e eo eniie-
ieoaeueiua eiieoaou.
aaeeea. Oae, Aa?oiaiue Niaao NNN? ooaa?aeaeaao ainoaea?noaai-
iue ieai yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey, ainoaea?noaai-
iue athaeaeao no?aiu, nicaeaao ieienoa?noaa e ainoaea?noaaiiua
(**56) NI NNN?, 1983, ? 1, no. 1, 2.
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Niaao Ieieno?ia NNN? inouanoaeyao
iauaa ?oeiaiaenoai ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii, nicaeaao aeaaiua oi?aa-
eaiey e ae?oaea oeaio?aeueiua o/?aaeaeaiey aeey ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiii-
ieeie, ecaeaao iinoaiiaeaiey, ii?aaeaeythuea ii?yaeie ?oeiaiaenoaa
e inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Aaeeea e ?ieue
ianoiuo Niaaoia e eo eniieieoaeueiuo eiieoaoia a ?oeiaiaenoaa
yeiiiieeie ia naiae oa??eoi?ee.
iieuecotho oaeoth oi?io ?oeiaiaenoaa, eae ii?iaoeaiia i?aaiaia
?aaoee?iaaiea. Iie i?eieiatho ?aoaiey a aeaea i?aaiauo ii?i
iauaai e eiie?aoiiai oa?aeoa?a, ii?aaeaeytho ii?yaeie ?oeiaiae-
noaa e inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ecaeaaaaiua
eie ii?iaoeaiua aeou ?aaoee?otho oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey e
ea?atho aaaeioth ?ieue a ?oeiaiaenoaa nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieeie.
cyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey, i?e i?eiyoee ?aoaiee eiaeeae-
aeoaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a iie eniieuecotho aeaaiui ia?acii n?aaenoaa
ainoaea?noaaiiiai e aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa. Iai?eia?, ianoiua
Niaaou i?e inouanoaeaiee eiio?iey ca io?aiie i?e?iaeu i?eie-
iatho ?aoaiey eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a, iaycaoaeueiua aeey
oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia. Iiaeiaiua ?aoaiey yaeythony th?eaee/a-
neeie oaeoaie, ia iniiaa eioi?uo aicieeatho aaeieieno?aoeaiua,
a ia oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey.
anooiatho n?aaieoaeueii ?aaeei, a oaeeo i?aaiioiioaieyo iie, eae
i?aaeei, o/anoaotho ia iaiin?aaenoaaiii, a /a?ac niaoeeaeueiua
iiae?acaeaeaiey eee oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu, iaoiaeyueany a eo
iiae/eiaiee. Oae, a oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey ii oi?aaea-
ieth i?aaei?eyoeyie ianoiiai iiae/eiaiey anooiaao ia ianoiue
Niaao eae oaeiaie e aeaaea ia aai eniieeii, a nicaeaaaaiua a ni-
noaaa iineaaeiaai i?iecaiaenoaaiiua e io?aneaaua oi?aaeaiey e
ioaeaeu. No?oeoo?ii aoiaey a ninoaa eniieeiia, iie iaeaaeatho nia-
oeeaeueiie oicyenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeeae e aunooiatho eae naiinoiy-
oaeueiua caaiuey a ?oeiaiaenoaa i?aaei?eyoeyie ianoiiai iiae/eia-
iey. Aianoa n oai a ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo a oicyenoaaiiua i?aai-
ioiioaiey iiaoo anooiaoue e iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?aaiu iauae
eiiiaoaioeee, oiaaea iie aeaenoaotho eae noauaeou oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa.
?oeiaiaeyo oieueei yeiiiieeie. Iiyoiio eiiiaoaioeey oaeeo i?aa-
iia e yaeyaony niaoeeaeueiie, iia ia?aie/aia oeaeyie eo aeayoaeue-
iinoe, oiaaea eae i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe i?aaiia iauae eiiiaoaioeee
ia?aie/aiu ia ii i?aaeiaoo, a oa??eoi?eae e o?iaiai eo aeay-
oaeueiinoe.
iua i?aaiu ninoaaeytho aaeeioth a?oiio, a aa i?aaeaeao a naith
i/a?aaeue auaeaeythony aeaa aeaea i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa.
E ia?aiio ec 1oeo ioiinyony i?aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiae-
i?aaei?eyoeyie, i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie iauaaeeiaieyie e ae?oaeie
oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie e ninoaaeytho aianoa n ieie oicyeno-
aaiioth nenoaio, aeaenoaoy a ea/anoaa aa oeaio?a. Iie yaeythony
oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie, iiaoo aeaenoaiaaoue ia oic?an/aoa e io-
aa/atho ia oieueei ca naith ?aaioo, ii e ca aeayoaeueiinoue aicaeaa-
eyaiie eie nenoaiu. Iiaeiaiua i?aaiu anooiatho a oaniua oi-
cyenoaaiiua nayce n ae?oaeie caaiueyie nenoaiu, iiaoo aeaeaae?i-
aaoue ei /anoue naieo i?aa, aunooiatho a i?aaiauo ioiioaieyo a
eioa?anao nenoaiu a oeaeii.
eiiiaoaioeee ninoaaeytho ooieoeeiiaeueiua i?aaiu. Oaeea i?aaiu
?oeiaiaeyo ii?aaeaeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth, auiieiytho ii?aaeaeaiioth
ooieoeeth a ianooaaao anaai ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Aeey oniaoiiai
auiieiaiey yoie ooieoeee iie iiaoo i?eieiaoue ?aoaiey, iayca-
oaeueiua aeey ia iiae/eiaiiuo ei i?aaiecaoeee. Oaeei iooai iaan-
ia/eaaaony aaeeinoai ooieoeeiiaeueiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa a ianooaaao
anaai ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Aeayoaeueiinoue ooieoeeiiaeueiuo i?aa-
iia, eae i?aaeei, oeiaine?oaony ec athaeaeaoa, ii a iaeioi?uo
neo/ayo iia no?ieony ia oic?an/aoiuo ia/aeao (niaaaeai/anei-
nauoiaua i?aaiu, aaieianeea o/?aaeaeaiey).
cyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa – oeaio?ia nenoai. Oaeea i?aaiu yaey-
thony oeie/iuie o/anoieeaie oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee e
ninoaaeytho iaeei ec aeaeia oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia. E iei ioii-
nyony oicyenoaaiiua ieienoa?noaa, oeaio?u nenoai iio?aaeoaeue-
neie eiiia?aoeee ?aciiai o?iaiy e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea i?aaiu oi-
cyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa.
oeaio?ia nenoai caieiatho oicyenoaaiiua ieienoa?noaa. Eo aaaeo-
uaa iieiaeaiea n?aaee yoie a?oiiu i?aaiia iauyniyaony i?aaie-
caoeeae oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie ii io?aneaaiio i?eioeeio,
a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ui io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe e ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa oi?aaeythony, eae i?aaeei, ieienoa?noaaie. Aicaeaa-
eyaiay ieienoa?noaii io?aneue i?iiuoeaiiinoe eee ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa ninoaaeyao oicyenoaaiioth nenoaio. Aianoa n oai iie-
iiai niioaaonoaey iaaeaeo io?aneueth e nenoaiie ieienoa?noaa iao,
iineieueeo, eae i?aaeei, i?aaei?eyoey io?anee eeoue a i?aiaea-
aeathuae /anoe aoiaeyo a nenoaio niioaaonoaothuaai ieienoa?noaa,
ii eiathony e oaeea i?aaei?eyoey io?anee, eioi?ua aeeth/aiu a
nenoaiu ae?oaeo ieienoa?noa.
ia cia/eoaeueii e iinoiyiii oaaee/eaaaony. Yoio i?ioeann naycai
n oaeoaeaieai niaoeeaeecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa, aucuaathuei e aeec-
ie iiaua io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe e ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Ii-
yoiio Eiinoeoooeey NNN? 1977 a. ioeacaeanue io ii?aaeaeaiey ni-
noaaa ieienoa?noa a oaenoa Eiinoeoooeee, eae yoi aeaeaeinue ?aiaa.
Nae/an eo ninoaa onoaiaaeeaaaony a Caeiia i Niaaoa Ieieno?ia
64 ieienoa?noaa NNN?, a oii /enea 33 iauanithciuo e 31 nithc-
ii-?anioaeeeaineia. Iaeiaei ia ana ieienoa?noaa ?oeiaiaeyo oi-
cyenoaii, eiathony e oaeea, eioi?ua oi?aaeytho io?aneyie
aaeieieno?aoeaii-iieeoe/aneie e nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iie aeayoaeue-
iinoe, oioy /enei eo iacia/eoaeueii. Ec iauaai eiee/anoaa
64 nithciuo ieienoa?noa 56 yaeythony oicyenoaaiiuie e oieueei
8 iaoicyenoaaiiuie.
noa?noa iaoneiaeaii i?aa?auaieai yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe
a aeaaioth ooieoeeth nioeeaeenoe/aneiai ainoaea?noaa. Naiay inii-
aa,
iniiaaiea niaoeeaeenoai ii aaeieieno?aoeaiiio i?aao eiino?oe-
?iaaoue iauaa iiiyoea ieienoa?noaa eae i?aaia aaeieieno?aoea-
iiai oi?aaeaiey.(*59) I?e yoii oioneaaony ec aeaeo eee o/eouaa-
aony a iaaeinoaoi/iie noaiaie, /oi iniiaiay ianna ieienoa?noa
yaeyaony oicyenoaaiiuie, /oi iie aeaenoaotho eae oicyenoaaiiua
i?aaiu, eniieuecotho ia oieueei aaeieieno?aoeaiua, ii e yeiiiie/a-
neea iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa. Ii yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu ieioi oeea-
aeuaathony a o?aaeeoeeiiiua ?aiee aaeieieno?aoeaii-i?aaiaie eii-
oeaioeee, a nayce n /ai iaeie aaeieieno?aoeaenou ?anniao?eaatho
eo eae yeiiiie/anee iainiiaaiiua aaeieieno?aoeaiua iaoiaeu,
a ae?oaea i?aaeeaaatho aiana ioeacaoueny io iiiyoey yeiiiie/aneeo
iaoiaeia.(*60)
ieienoa?noa ii?aaeaeythony Iauei iieiaeaieai i ieienoa?noaao
NNN?, ooaa?aeaeaiiui Iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN?
io 10 ethey 1967 a. (*61) Iii ioiineony ei anai nithciui ieienoa?-
noaai, ii ii niaea?aeaieth a iniiaiii i?eaioe?iaaii ia ieienoa?-
noaa oicyenoaaiiua. Yoi iaoei io?aaeaiea a naiii ii?aaeaeaiee
ieienoa?noaa, aeaaaaiii a iieiaeaiee. Ieienoa?noai ?anniao?eaa-
aony a iai eae oeaio?aeueiue i?aai ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey,
inouanoaeythuee ?oeiaiaenoai io?aneueth ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.
A Iauai iieiaeaiee i ieienoa?noaao onoaiiaeaiu iaeioi?ua
i?eioeeieaeueii aaaeiua iiiaiou -a i. 7 noi?ioee?iaaii iiiy-
oea nenoaiu ieienoa?noaa, a i. 4 oeacuaaaony ia ni/aoaiea a
aai aeayoaeueiinoe yeiiiie/aneeo e aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iaoiaeia,
a i. 58 i?aaeoniio?aii iaaeaeaiea ieienoa?noaa oeiainiauie oii-
aeaie e ?aca?aaie, eiiiaoaioeey ieienoa?noaa ii?aaeaeaia ii ia-
(**58) Eaiei A. E. Iiei. nia?. ni/., o. 36, n. 130.
(**59) Ni.: I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea ieienoa?noa NNN?. I.: TH?eae. eeo., 1971.
(**60) Ni.: Aueia A. A., Eaiaiia A. A., Eiceia TH. I. Yeiiiie/aneay iieeoeea
EINN e i?aai. I.: Ecae-ai IAO, 1979, n. 119.
(**61) NI NNN?, 1967, ? 17, no. 116.
oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia.
iieiaeaiee, ioiinyueony e oicyenoaaiiui e iaoicyenoaaiiui
ieienoa?noaai, iiiaea oicyenoaaiiua i?aaa ieienoa?noaa a iai
io?aaeaiu ia auee. Yoi i?eaaei e iiyaeaieth ia?iiiiai eiee/a-
noaa ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia, ii?aaeaeythueo oicyenoaaiiua i?aaa ie-
ienoa?noa, oa?aeoa?ecothueo eo oicyenoaaiioth eiiiaoaioeeth.
A nayce n yoei aicieeea iaiaoiaeeiinoue eiaeeoeeaoeee ii?iaoea-
iuo aeoia, ii?aaeaeythueo oicyenoaaiioth eiiiaoaioeeth ieie-
noa?noa, i?eaaaeaiey eo a niioaaonoaea n i?aaiaui iieiaeaieai
ieienoa?noa eae i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa.
iey ia?ii?eyoee ii niaa?oainoaiaaieth oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiec-
ia. A iinoaiiaeaiee i oicyenoaaiiii iaoaiecia niaea?aeaony
iiaua e i?eioeeieaeueii aaaeiua iieiaeaiey i oicyenoaaiiuo
ieienoa?noaao. I?aaeaea anaai, yoi eanaaony ?acaeoey oic?an/ao-
iuo ia/ae a aeayoaeueiinoe i?iiuoeaiiuo e no?ieoaeueiuo ieie-
noa?noa, cae?aieaiey ca ieienoa?noaaie ii?aaeaeaiiie /anoe
i?eauee eae iniiau oic?an/aoiiai naiioeiaine?iaaiey io?anee,
aaaaeaiey oic?an/aoiie nenoaiu nicaeaiey e aiaae?aiey iiaie oao-
ieee, ia?aciaaiey a ieienoa?noaao aaeeiiai oiiaea ?acaeoey iaoee
e oaoieee aeey oeiaine?iaaiey ia?ii?eyoee a iaeanoe iao/ii-
oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna ca n/ao i?eauee io?anee, aiceiaeaiey ia
aieiaiua ieienoa?noaa ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca iaania/aiea ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa e ianaeaiey anae niioaaonoaothuae i?iaeoeoeeae, a oii
/enea ecaioiaeyaiie ia i?aaei?eyoeyo ae?oaeo nenoai, aunooiea-
iey ieienoa?noa, i?iecaiaeyueo oiaa?u eoeueoo?ii-auoiaiai ia-
cia/aiey e oicyenoaaiiiai iaeoiaea, a ea/anoaa aaia?aeueiuo ii-
noaaueeia anao niioaaonoaothueo oiaa?ia.
i oicyenoaaiiii iaoaiecia a iauae oi?ia e aeieaeiu auoue eii-
e?aoece?iaaiu a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ii?aaeaeythuai oicyenoaaiioth
eiiiaoaioeeth ieienoa?noa. I?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi yoa caaea/a iiaeao
auoue iaeaieaa ?aoeeiiaeueii ?aoaia iooai ecaeaiey Iauaai iiei-
aeaiey i oicyenoaaiiuo ieienoa?noaao NNN?. A oaeii ii?iaoea-
iii aeoa iiaea au auoue ii?aaeaeaia oicyenoaaiiay eiiiaoaioeey
ieienoa?noa, onoaiiaeaiu oi?iu e iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa io?aney-
ie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Yoei iieiaeaieai
iiaee au ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny e iaoicyenoaaiiua ieienoa?noaa a
neo/ayo, eiaaea iie ?oeiaiaeyo iiae/eiaiiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie e
iauaaeeiaieyie, anooiatho a oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey.
ia oieueei a aeayoaeueiinoe ieienoa?noa, ii e ae?oaeo i?aaiia oi-
cyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa – oeaio?ia nenoai. Iie oaeaea iaaeaey-
thony iaoa?eaeueiuie e oeiainiauie oiiaeaie e ?aca?aaie,
ia?aaiaeyony ia oic?an/aoiua iaoiaeu, iiauoaaony eo yeiiiie/a-
neay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ?acoeueoaou ?aaiou aicaeaaeyaiuo nenoai.
Yoi y?ei i?iyaeyaony a aeayoaeueiinoe oi?aaeaiee iauaaeeiaiee
n?aaeiaai caaia (ni. 3), i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo e io?aneaauo oi?aa-
eaiee e ioaeaeia eniieeiiia ianoiuo Niaaoia e ae?oaeo i?aaiia
oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa – oeaio?ia nenoai.
oic?an/aoiuo ia/ae a aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey n oai?a-
oe/aneie oi/ee c?aiey i?aaenoaaeyao iniaue eioa?an i?eiaieoaeue-
ii e oi?aaeaieyi e ioaeaeai eniieeiiia ianoiuo Niaaoia, Iie
no?oeoo?ii aoiaeyo a ninoaa eniieeiiia Niaaoia, yaeythueony
i?aaiaie iauae eiiiaoaioeee. I?aaiu iauae eiiiaoaioeee, ?oei-
aiaey ia oieueei oicyenoaaiiie, ii e ae?oaeie iaeanoyie iauano-
aaiiie aeecie ia naiae oa??eoi?ee, ia iiaoo aeaenoaiaaoue ia
ia/aeao oic?an/aoa. Iaeiaei aoiaeyuea a eo ninoaa io?aneaaua e
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oi?aaeaiey e ioaeaeu iaeaaeatho naiinoiyoaeue-
iie eiiiaoaioeeae, aeaenoaotho eae auoanoiyuea caaiuey ii ioii-
oaieth e iiae/eiaiiui i?aaei?eyoeyi e i?aaiecaoeeyi, ninoaaeytho
aianoa n ieie oicyenoaaiiua nenoaiu, aunooiatho a ea/anoaa eo
oeaio?ia. Iiyoiio, ianiio?y ia eo aeeth/aiea a no?oeoo?o eniie-
eiiia ianoiuo Niaaoia, iie iiaoo aeaenoaiaaoue ia oic?an/aoiuo
ia/aeao, /oi oaaaeeoaeueii iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony i?aeoeeie. Oae, i?e
Iinai?eniieeiia oniaoii aeaenoaotho ia oicyenoaaiiii ?an/aoa
Aeaaiinaaoio?ain, Aeaaiinno?ie, Aeaaiinno?ieiaoa?eaeu e ae?o-
aea aeaaiua oi?aaeaiey, oi?aaeaiey e ioaeaeu, ?oeiaiaeyuea oi-
cyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie.
ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eiiieaenia. Eo i?aaiecaoeey iiiiaaao ino-
uanoaeaieth i?eioeeia aaeeinoaa io?aneaaiai e oa??eoi?eaeueiiai
ia/ae a ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie. Iiiaea oaeea eiiieaenu oaea
nicaeaiu, ii aeaenoaotho ia anaaaea yooaeoeaii ec-ca ia?aoaiiinoe
aii?inia eo i?aaiaie i?aaiecaoeee. Oa??eoi?eaeueii-i?iecaiae-
noaaiiue eiiieaen aeeth/aao a naie ninoaa i?aaei?eyoey e iauaaee-
iaiey ?aciuo io?aneae, ?aniieiaeaiiua ia ii?aaeaeaiiie oa??eoi-
?ee. Oaeei ia?acii, ii ia yaeyaony oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiie, ?o-
eiaiaeeiie aaeeiui oeaio?ii. Aianoa n oai oa??eoi?eaeueii-i?iec-
aiaenoaaiiue eiiieaen ninoaaeyao ii?aaeaeaiiia aaeeinoai, aeay-
oaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoee e iauaaeeiaiee ?aciuo nenoai, ?aniiei-
aeaiiuo ia aai oa??eoi?ee, aeieaeia eii?aeeie?iaaoueny n o/aoii
ia oieueei io?aneaauo, ii e oa??eoi?eaeueiuo eioa?ania. Iaeiaei
aei neo ii? ionoonoaoao yniinoue ioiineoaeueii niioiioaiey i?aa
io?aneaauo e oa??eoi?eaeueiuo i?aaiia a ?oeiaiaenoaa aeaiiuie
eiiieaenaie.
ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eiiieaenia neaaeoao, ia iao acaeyae, enoiaeeoue
ec oiai, /oi iiaeiaiua eiiieaenu yaeythony iiauie naiaia?aciu-
ie oicyenoaaiiuie ia?aciaaieyie. Eo nicaeaiea ia aeieaeii i?e-
aiaeeoue e ia?ooaieth io?aneaaie nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie,
eioi?ay e a aoaeouai inoaiaony ii?aaeaeythuae, iaeaieaa niioaao-
noaothuae caaea/ai ?acaeoey iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna e
iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa. Aianoa n oai aeieaeiu
auoue onoaiiaeaiu oi?iu oi?aaeaiey oa??eoi?eaeueii-i?iecaiae-
ieyie.
?iee ianoiuo Niaaoia a ?oeiaiaenoaa iiaeiaiuie eiiieaenaie, a n
ae?oaie – iin?aaenoaii nicaeaiey niaoeeaeueiuo i?aaiia ii ?oeiaiae-
noao eiiieaenaie, iniaaiii e?oiiuie e ?aniieiaeaiiuie ia
oa??eoi?ee ianeieueeeo iaeanoae e e?aaa. Oae, aeey ?oeiaiaenoaa
?acaeoeai Caiaaeii-Neae?neiai iaooaaaciaiai eiiieaena ia?aci-
aaia niaoeeaeueiay eiienney Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN?. A i. 14
iiaiai Iieiaeaiey i Ainieaia NNN?, ooaa?aeaeaiiiai Iinoaiiaea-
ieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 17 ethiy 1982 a. (*62) i?aaeoniio-
?aii, /oi Ainieai NNN? iiaeao eiaoue oiieiiii/aiiuo n niio-
aaonoaothuei aiia?aoii a ioaeaeueiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ?aeiiao.
Aeayoaeueiinoue oiieiiii/aiiuo Ainieaia NNN? aoaeao niinianoai-
aaoue eii?aeeiaoeee ?aaiou oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia ?acee/iuo io-
?aneae, iaoiaeyueony ia niioaaonoaothuae oa??eoi?ee.
eiiieaeniuo i?ia?aii oi?ie?iaaiey e ?acaeoey oa??eoi?eaeue-
ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eiiieaenia. Aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey yoiai ai-
i?ina Ainieaiii NNN? 31 yiaa?y 1980 a. ooaa?aeaeaiu Iaoiaee/a-
neea oeacaiey, i?aaeoniao?eaathuea, a /ano?inoe, /oi a oa??eoi-
?eaeueiie i?ia?aiia aeieaeiu auoue ii?aaeaeaiu oaeaea oi?iu e
iaoiaeu oi?aaeaiey e ieaie?iaaiey (*63). ?acoiaaony, oi?iu e ia-
oiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa oa??eoi?eaeueii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie eiiieaena-
ie iaiaoiaeeii onoaiiaeoue caeiiiaeaoaeueii, eo nicaeaiea i nenoa-
ia ?oeiaiaenoaa eie aeieaeiu i?aaie/anee aieoe a nouanoaothuoth
nenoaio oicyenoaiaaiey e noaoue iaeiei ec aa iaiouaieaiuo yea-
iaioia. (*64)
eae yeiiiieee ea?atho ooieoeeiiaeueiua i?aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai
?oeiaiaenoaa. Iie i?aaiecothony iau/ii eae ainoaea?noaaiiua ei-
ieoaou, iai?eia? Ainieai NNN?, Ainniaa NNN?, Ainnoaiaea?o
NNN?, Aineiieoao oeai NNN? e ae?oaea. A ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo oa-
eea i?aaiu nicaeathony a oi?ia ieienoa?noa, iai?eia? Ieienoa?-
noai oeiainia NNN?.
iinoueth a ianooaaao no?aiu, eii?aeeie?otho ?aaioo io?aneae ia-
?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. A yoii niunea iie i?iaiaeyo iaaeio?aneaaia
?oeiaiaenoai yeiiiieeie.
eiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia onoaiiaeaia, iia ii?aaeaeyaony eiie?aoii i?e-
iaieoaeueii e eaaeaeiio oaeiio i?aaio a iieiaeaiee i iai. A cea-
(**63) Yeii. aac., 1980, ? 13, n. 6.
eiiieaenaie oe?iei ianoaeaeathony a eeoa?aoo?a. Ni.: Eiiieaeniia ?ac-
aeoea Caiaaeiie Neae?e.- Nia. ain. e i?aai, 1978, ? II, n. 46-62; Iaii-
oei A. I. N o/aoii io?aneaaiai e oa??eoi?eaeueiiai i?eioeeiia.- Nia.
ain. e i?aai, 1979, ?. 10, n. 21; Ainoaea?noaaiiia ?oeiaiaenoai eiiieaeniui
?acaeoeai oa??eoi?ee a NNN?. I.: EAIAI NNN?, 1981.
noe iiaeiaiuo i?aaiia, naycaiiui n ?acee/eai ooieoeee oicyeno-
aaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. Oai ia iaiaa iiaeii eiinoaoe?iaaoue, /oi
eiiiaoaioeey ooieoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaiia aeaaiui ia?acii naiaeeony
e ?aoaieth iniiaiuo aii?inia ?oeiaiaenoaa niioaaonoaothuei ae-
aeii aeayoaeueiinoe, oiaaea eae aieaa eiie?aoiia ?oeiaiaenoai anaie
?aii oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai, a ninoaa eioi?uo iie aoiaeyo.
?aaioo iooai ecaeaiey ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia, ?aaoee?othueo ii?y-
aeie ieaie?iaaiey, inouanoaeaiey iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai
niaaaeaiey, oeaiiia?aciaaiey e o. i. Ia?yaeo n yoei iie i?eie-
iatho ?aoaiey e ii eiie?aoiui aii?inai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicye-
noaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Cia/eoaeueiia ianoi a aeayoaeueiinoe ooie-
oeeiiaeueiuo i?aaiia caieiaao eiio?ieue ca i?iaaaeaieai niioaao-
noaothuae ?aaiou.
iyoue yeiiiie/aneea naieoeee e oici?aaiai, ia?ooathuei onoaiia-
eaiiue ii?yaeie aaaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Oae, Ain-
noaiaea?o NNN? i?eiaiyao naieoeee e oicyenoaaiiui i?aaiai ca
ia?ooaiea o?aaiaaiee ainoaea?noaaiiuo noaiaea?oia e oaoie/a-
neeo oneiaee ii ea/anoao i?iaeoeoeee, a Aineiieoao oeai NNN? –
ca ianiaethaeaiea onoaiiaeaiiuo i?aaee oeaiiia?aciaaiey. Aeaiiua
naieoeee yaeythony aanueia yooaeoeaiuie e ninoiyo a ecuyoee
iacaeiiii iieo/aiiie i?eauee a ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao e a
eneeth/aiee niioaaonoaothuae i?iaeoeoeee ec io/aoiuo aeaiiuo i
auiieiaiee ieaia.
oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie ii aii?inai, ioiinyueiny e eo eiiia-
oaioeee. Ainieai NNN? ?anniao?eaaao ?aciiaeaney, aicieeathuea
i?e ?ac?aaioea ieaiia, Ainnoaiaea?o NNN? – i?e ninoaaeaiee
noaiaea?oia e oaoie/aneeo oneiaee, Aineiieoao oeai NNN? – i?e
niaeaniaaiee oeai e oa?eoia. Anoue e oaeie ooieoeeiiaeueiue
iuo nii?ia,- Ainoaea?noaaiiue a?aeo?aae NNN?.
ieeie ea?aao Ainieai NNN?. Ooieoeee yoiai i?aaia auee oneea-
iu iinoaiiaeaieai i oicyenoaaiiii iaoaiecia, /oi iaoei io?a-
aeaiea a iiaii Iieiaeaiee i Ainieaia NNN?, ooaa?aeaeaiiii Ii-
noaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 17 ethiy 1982 a. Aia-
eiae/iui ia?acii a oneiaeyo niaa?oainoaiaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai
iaoaiecia oneeeaathony ooieoeee i?aaiia noaiaea?oecaoeee, iaoa-
?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai niaaaeaiey, oeaiiia?aciaaiey, oeiainiauo
e ae?oaeo ooieoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaiia. Yoei iiauoaaony aeaenoaai-
iinoue eo ?aaiou ii ?oeiaiaenoao yeiiiieeie.
noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo i?aaenoaaeyaony
oeaeaniia?aciui ii?aaeaeeoue eo eiiiaoaioeeth a iauae oi?ia io-
oai ecaeaiey Iauaai iieiaeaiey i oaeeo i?aaiao. A iai iiaee
iia, oi?iu e iaoiaeu eo ?aaiou, iniiaiua aii?inu, ioiinyueany
e eiiiaoaioeee anyeiai ooieoeeiiaeueiiai i?aaia oicyenoaaiiiai
?oeiaiaenoaa. A ieaia iiaeaioiaee caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia NNN?
y iinoaiiaeaiee I?aaeoaeuenoaa NNN? ia 1983-1985 aa., ooaa?ae-
aeaiiii iinoaiiaeaieai I?aceaeeoia Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN?
e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 24 naioya?y 1982 a. (*65), i?aaeoniio?aia
?ac?aaioea Iauaai iieiaeaiey i ainoaea?noaaiiuo eiieoaoao NNN?.
aiaenoaa eiaaony iau/ii iaiaei i?aaiecaoeee. Aianoa n ieie ooie-
oeeiiaeueiue i?aai ninoaaeyao aaeeiith nenoaio. Oa?aeoa? e ian-
ooaau oaeie nenoaiu caaenyo io eiino?oe?iaaiey ooieoeeiiaeue-
iiai i?aaia a ea/anoaa iauanithciiai eee nithcii-?anioaeeeaineiai.
Iniaaiii aaeeea nenoaia ooieoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaiia, eioi?ua ya-
eythony nithcii-?anioaeeeaineeie. Oae, a nenoaio Ainieaia NNN?
aoiaeyo ainieaiu nithciuo e aaoiiiiiuo ?anioaeee, ieaiiaua
i?aaiu eniieeiiia ianoiuo Niaaoia.
a i?aaenoaaeyao niaie nenoaio ooieoeeiiaeueioth. Ii a oaeoth ne-
noaio iiaoo aoiaeeoue e oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu. A iaeioi?uo neo-
/ayo oaeaeueiue aan oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia a ooieoeeiiaeueiuo
nenoaiao aanueia aaeee. A nenoaio Ainniaaa NNN? aoiaeyo iiiai-
/eneaiiua i?aaei?eyoey, niaaaeai/anei-nauoiaua iauaaeeiaiey e
ae?oaea oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu, auiieiythuea iia?aoeaii-oicye-
noaaiiua ooieoeee a iaeanoe iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai niaaaea-
iey e nauoa i?iaeoeoeee. A nayce n aieueoei oaeaeueiui aanii oi-
cyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia a nenoaia Ainniaaa NNN? neaaeoao i?eciaoue,
/oi yoa nenoaia iineo niaoaiiue oa?aeoa?.
a ooieoeeiiaeueioth nenoaio eee nenoaio niaoaiiiai oa?aeoa?a,
aicaeaaeythuee aa ooieoeeiiaeueiue i?aai i?e oi?aaeaiee e
ieaie?iaaiee oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iiae/eiaiiuo i?aae-
i?eyoee e iauaaeeiaiee aunooiaao ii ioiioaieth e iei eae
oeaio? oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu. Iineieueeo aunooieaiea a oaeii
ea/anoaa ia ninoaaeyao iniiaiie caaea/e ooieoeeiiaeueiiai i?aaia,
aai eiiiaoaioeey ii ?oeiaiaenoao iiae/eiaiiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie
e iauaaeeiaieyie iau/ii a iieiaeaiee i iai ia onoaiaaeeaaaony,
a ii?aaeaeyaony iooai i?e?aaieaaiey aai i?aa e i?aaai ieie-
noa?noaa. Oae, a Iieiaeaiee i Ainniaaa NNN?, ooaa?aeaeaiiii
Iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 13 iay 1969 a. (*66),
oeacuaaaony: <...i inouanoaeaiee ooieoeee naycaiiuo n i ecaiaenoaaiii-oaoie oeiainiaie e oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeue- iinoueth o aoiaeyueo a nenoaio ainniaaa nnn ainniaa iauei iieiaeaieai ieienoa>.
(**66) NI NNN?, 1969, ? 13, no. 69.
i?aaiia ii ?oeiaiaenoao aoiaeyueie a eo nenoaio oicyenoaaiiuie
i?aaiaie i?aaenoaaeyaony oeaeaniia?aciui, iineieueeo a ioiioa-
iee ieienoa?noa a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?ac?aaioaia /aoeay iiaeaeue
i?aaiaie i?aaiecaoeee eo aeayoaeueiinoe ii oi?aaeaieth iiae/eiai-
iuie i?aaei?eyoeyie e iauaaeeiaieyie. Eniieueciaaiea yoie ii-
aeaee a aeayoaeueiinoe ooieoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaiia ii oi?aaeaieth
iiae/eiaiiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie e iauaaeeiaieyie oai?aoe/anee
iainiiaaii, iineieueeo nouiinoue oicyenoaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey aaee-
ia e ia iaiyaony a caaeneiinoe io iiae/eiaiiinoe ieciauo oi-
cyenoaaiiuo caaiueaa io?aneaaiio eee ooieoeeiiaeueiiio i?aaio.
N i?aeoe/aneie aea oi/ee c?aiey yoi nicaeaao cia/eoaeueiua oaeia-
noaa eae a naiie oi?aaeai/aneie ?aaioa, oae e a eiio?iea ca
i?aaeeueiinoueth aa inouanoaeaiey. I?e yoii, ?acoiaaony, inoaaony
a neea neacaiiia auoa i iaiaoiaeeiinoe oeo/oaiey i?aaiaie
i?aaiecaoeee aeayoaeueiinoe ieienoa?noa eae oeaio?ia oicyenoaai-
iuo nenoai a oneiaeyo i?iaaaeaiey ia?ii?eyoee ii niaa?oainoai-
aaieth oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia.
IIIssOEA OICssENOAAIIIAI I?AAA
1. Iiiyoea e aeaeu noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa 49
YEIIIIEEA
aoee?iaaiea eiouanoaaiiie noa?u oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia 90
/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey 94
aaiiuo i?aaiia e eo iiae?acaeaeaiee 108
IE*ANEIAI NOEIOEE?IAAIEss
OICssENOAAIII-I?AAIAAss IOAAONOAAIIINOUe
CAUEOA OICssENOAAIIUO I?AA E EIOA?ANIA
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