Iocuea a ia/aea XX aaea.
Auiieieee : O?ioeiia ss?ineaa,
Aa?aneiia Aeaenaiae?-
o/aieee 10 y1 eeanna.
“Iao ia caiea aeeaiai nouanoaa,
Noieue aeanoieiai, e?ooiai, aaenee ceiai,,
*oia ia iiaea oioy ia /an iaeei
A i?i
iocuea naa?oeoue ia?aai?ioa…”
Aeeueyi Oaenie?.
Eiiaoe XIX e ia/aei XX aaea (aei 1917 aiaea) – ia?eiae ia iaiaa
aiaaoue, ii ai?acaei aieaa neiaeiue. Ii ia ioaeae?i io i?aaeuaeouaai
eaeei-eeai ia?aeiiii : eo/oea, aa?oeiiua ni/eiaiey *aeeianeiai e
?eineiai-Ei?naeiaa ioiinyony eiaiii e 90 -i aiaeai XIX e e ia?aiio
aeacyoeeaoeth XX aaea.
Ii oaea ooee ec aeecie Ioni?aneee e Ai?iaeei, a a 1893 aiaeo e
*aeeianeee. Ia niaio ei i?eoiaeyo o/aieee, ianeaaeieee e i?iaeieaeaoaee
eo o?aaeeoeee : N. Oaiaaa, A. Aeacoiia, N. ?aoiaieiia. Ii eae ie aeecee
iie naiei o/eoaeyi, a eo oai?/anoaa ynii /oanoaothony iiaua aeonu.
Iia?a, a oa/aiea aieaa /ai noieaoey caieiaaoay aeaaiia ianoi a ?onneie
iocuea, yaii iooiaeeo ia aoi?ie ieai. A ?ieue aaeaoa, iaiai?io
au?anoaao.
Oe?iei ?acaeaathony neioiie/aneea, eaia?iua aeai?u a oai?/anoaa
Aeacoiiaa e Oaiaaaa. Ia?iiiie iiioey?iinoueth iieuecoaony oi?oaiueyiiia
oai?/anoai ?aoiaieiiaa, eioi?ue e nai aue aaeeeei ieaienoii.
Oi?oaiueyiiua eiioea?ou ?aoiaieiiaa ( eae e eiioea?ou *aeeianeiai, e
ne?eie/iue eiioea?o Aeacoiiaa) ioiinyony e aa?oeiai ie?iaiai eneonnoaa.
A iineaaeiae /aoaa?oe XIX noieaoey oai?/anoai ?onneeo eiiiiceoi?ia auei
i?eciaii ai an?i oeeaeeeciaaiiii ie?a.
N?aaee iieiaeiai iieieaiey iocueaioia, anooieaoeo a oai?/aneoth aeeciue
a eiioea i?ioeiai- ia/aea iuiaoiaai aaea, auee eiiiiceoi?u e eiiai oeia.
Oaea ia?aua eo ni/eiaiey iaienaiu i/aiue ii naiaio : ino?i, eiiaaea
aeaaea aea?cei. Oaeia Ne?yaei. Iaeieo neooaoaeae aai iocuea iiei?yea
aaeioiiaaiiie neeie, ae?oaeo aiciouaea iaiau/iinoueth. Ianeieueei
iicaeiaa aunooiee No?aaeineee. Aai aaeaou, Iinoaaeaiiua ai a?aiy
“?onneeo naciiia” a Ia?eaea, i?eaeaeee aieiaiea anae Aa?iiu. E iaeiiaoe,
oaea a aiaeu ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu ia ?onneii ainoiaeeo au? iaeia caacaea
– I?ieioueaa.
Aieueooth ?ieue a iocueaeueiie aeecie ?innee yoiai a?aiaie nua?ae
Aaeyaaneee e?oaeie, iacaaiiue oae ii eiaie aai iniiaaoaey Ieo?ioaia
Iao?iae/a Aaeyaaa – ecaanoiiai eanii?iiuoeaiieea, aeaaeaeueoea ia?iiiiai
ninoiyiey e no?anoiiai ethaeoaey iocuee, iniaaiii ?onneie. E?oaeie,
aicieeoee a 80-o aiaeao, iauaaeeiee ii/oe anao eo/oeo iocueaioia oiai
a?aiaie ; I. A. ?eineee – Ei?naeia noae eaeaeiui oeaio?ii yoiai
iocueaeueiiai niae?oaeanoaa. Anaie aeinooiiuie n?aaenoaaie Aaeyaa
no?aieeny iiii/ue oai, eoi neoaeee ?onneie iocuea.
Iniiaaiiia Aaeyaaui iiaia ecaeaoaeuenoai ca ianeieueei aeanyoeeaoee
naiaai nouanoaiaaiey ecaeaei ia?iiiia eiee/anoai i?iecaaaeaiee ?onneeo
eiiiiceoi?ia. Uaae?i iiea/eaay o?oae eiiiiceoi?ia, Aaeyaa i?aaieciaae
au? e aaeaaiaeiua eiieo?nu ia eo/oaa eaia?iia ni/eiaiea, a iioii e
eiieo?nu eiaie I. E. Aeeiee ia eo/oaa i?iecaaaeaiea ?onneie iocuee
ethaiai aeai?a. Aaeyaa niinianoaiaae aine?aoaieth iieocaauouo ia?oeoo?
aaeeeiai Aeeiee, /uee e?oiiua ni/eiaiey oiaaea ieaaea ia cao/aee – ie ia
iaeiie iia?iie noeaia, ie ia neioiie/aneie yno?aaea.
Iaiaoiaeeii oiiiyiooue e i?aaieciaaiiua Aaeyaaui a oa/aiee iiiaeo
naciiia “?onneea neioiie/aneea eiioea?ou”, a oaeaea “?onneea eaia?iua
aa/a?a”. Oeaeueth eo auei – ciaeiieoue ?onneoth ioaeeeo n
i?iecaaaeaieyie iaoeeiiaeueiie iocuee. ?oeiaiaeeee eiioea?oaie e
aa/a?aie I.A. ?eineee -Ei?naeia e aai oaeaioeeaua o/aieee A.E. Aeacoiia
e A. E. Eyaeia. Iie ?ac?aaaouaaee ieai eaaeaeiai i?aaenoiyuaai naciia,
ninoaaeyee i?ia?aiiu, i?eaeaoaee eniieieoaeae… Eniieiyeenue
eneeth/eoaeueii i?iecaaaeaiey ?onneie iocuee : iiiaea ec ieo, caauoua,
ioaa?aiooua ?aiaa ?onneei iocueaeueiui iauanoaii iaoee caeanue ia?auo
naieo eniieieoaeae. Iai?eia?, neioiie/aneay oaioacey I.I. Ioni?aneiai
“Ii/ue ia eunie ai?a” aia?aua i?icao/aea eiaiii a “?onneeo neioiie/aneeo
eiioea?oao” ii/oe /a?ac aeaaaeoeaoue eao iinea nicaeaiey, a caoai auea
iiiaie?aoia iiaoi?aia ( “ii aino?aaiaaieth ioaeeee”, eae ioia/aeinue a
i?ia?aiiao ).
O?oaeii ia?aioeaieoue ?ieue yoeo eiioea?oia. A aiaeu, eiaaea ia oaeea
aaieaeueiua iia?u, eae “Ai?en Aiaeoiia” e “Oiaaiueia”, auei iaeiaeaii
aaoi oea?neie oeaico?u, eiaaea a naiie aeeyoaeueiie, ii/oe aaeeinoaaiiie
a ?innee iocueaeueii-eiioea?oiie i?aaiecaoeee (?II) auei caneeuea
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneiai ?aia?ooa?a, eiaaea iia?iua oaao?u, eiaioaiua
eiia?aoi?neeie, ii neiaai Noaniaa, ”auaeeee ni naieo iiaeiinoeia iia?u
Aeeiee, Ioni?aneiai, Ai?iaeeia, ?eineiai-Ei?naeiaa”, eiaaea oeaico?a
cai?auaea ianie Ioni?aneiai, iacaaiiua ei “ia?iaeiuie ea?oeieaie”, – a
oi a?aiy aaeeinoaaiiui ianoii a ?innee, aaea cao/aea any ioaa?aiooay
ioeoeeaeueiuie e?oaaie iocuea ?onneeo eiiiiceoi?ia, auee “?onneea
neioiie/aneea eiioea?ou”.
Ciaiaiaoaeueii, /oi /a?ac aiae iinea nia?oe A. I. Ai?iaeeia aue ono?iai
eiioea?o ec aai i?iecaaaeaiee, aieueoeinoai ec eioi?uo i?icao/aei oiaaea
aia?aua.
Aaeyaaneee e?oaeie a 80—90-a aiaeu ieacaeny aaeeinoaaiiui iocueaeueiui
oeaio?ii, aaea iauaaeeiyeenue iaeaieaa aeoeaiua iocueaiou, euouea iiaua
iooe ?acaeoey eneonnoaa.
Aanueia i?eia/aoaeueiui yaeaieai a ?onneie iocueaeueiie aeecie eiioea
XIX aaea auea oae iacuaaaiay /anoiay iia?a N. E. Iaiiioiaa a Iineaa. Nai
Naaaa Eaaiiae/ Iaiiioia aoaeo/e iiaeiaii Aaeyaao aiaaoui
i?aaei?eieiaoaeai, i?aaieciaae a ?innee iia?ioth o?oiio. N iae ii
inouanoaee ia?aua iinoaiiaee ?onneeo iia? – “?onaeee” A. N.
Aea?aiiuaeneiai e “Niaao?i/ee” I. A. ?eineiai-Ei?naeiaa, – eioi?ua
iieueciaaeenue o iineianeie ioaeeee cia/eoaeueiui oniaoii. Oae aea ii
iinoaaee iia?o “Ineiaeoyiea” I. A. ?eineiai-Ei?naeiaa. N yoie iia?ie,
eioi?ay ieaaea ia oea, oaao? auaoae ia aano?iee a Iaoa?ao?a.
Ia ?oaaaea XIX-XX aaea aic?iaeaeaaony eioa?an e noa?eiiie iocuea.
Iaei-iiiaeo ia/eiaaony no?ieoaeuenoai i?aaiia a ?innee. A ia/aea XX
noieaoey eo iiaeii auei aoeaaeueii ia?an/eoaoue ii iaeueoeai.
Iiyaeythony eniieieoaee, ciaeiiyuea neooaoaeae n i?aaiiie iocueie
i?aaeieo yiio e noieaoee : A. E. Aeacoiia, Noa?ieaaeiineee.
Yoi a?aiy yaeyaony aaaeiui yoaiii a enoi?ee ne?eiee. Iiyaeyaony a?oiia
ae?ooicia – eiiiiceoi?ia e eniieieoaeae, eioi?ua ?ane?uaatho iaaaaeiiua
i?aaeaea aiciiaeiinoe ne?eiee eae nieueiiai eino?oiaioa. Aicieeatho
iiaua caia/aoaeueiua i?iecaaaeaiey, n?aaee eioi?uo aeaeiia ianoi
caieiatho ni/eiaiey niaaoneeo eiiiiceoi?ia. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy anaio ie?o
ecaanoiu eiioea?ou, niiaou, iueanu I?ieioueaaa, O?aiieeiaa. Eo
caia/aoaeueiia eneonnoai iiiiaaao iai ii/oanoaiaaoue, /oi ca
oaeeaeoaeueiue yoi eino?oiaio – ne?eiea.
A eiioea XIX e a ia/aea XX aaea, a iniaaiii a i?aaeieoya?ueneii
aeanyoeeaoee, /a?ac an? ?onneia eneonnoai, e a /anoiinoe iocueo,
i?ioiaeeo oaia iaeeaeaiey aaeeeeo ia?aiai, eioi?ua aeieaeiu nianoe
noa?ia, iani?aaaaeeeaia iauanoaaiiia ono?ienoai. Aeaeaei ia ana
eiiiiceoi?u iniciaaaee iaecaaaeiinoue, iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?aaiethoeee e
ni/oanoaiaaee ae, ii i?aaea?iciaoth iai?yae?iiinoue iuouaee ana eee
ii/oe ana. Aieueoeinoai iocueaioia iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai o/anoey a
?aaiethoeeiiiuo niauoeyo ia i?eieiaee, e iioiio nayce iaaeaeo ieie auee
aeiaieueii neaauie.
Eeoa?aoo?a :
E. N. O?aoueyeiaa “No?aieoeu ?onneie iocuee”, “?onneay iocuea XIX aaea”.
A. E. Aeaooaeue “Iocueaeueiia iooaoanoaea”.
E. Oa?ania “Iocuea a naiuea ioc”.
O. I?aeaoianeay “Iyoue ii?o?aoia”.
N. Aaca?yi “?anneac i aeoa?a”.
A. I. Aanei?iaaeiay, I. I. Iaaeiae/ “Iocueaeueiua no?ainoaey
nia?aiaiiiai iiae?inoea”
I. A. Ceeueaa?eaeo “Iocuea e ou” 1,3,4,6,7 /anoe.
A. Aaneia-A?inniai “Eieaa i iocuea e aaeeeeo iocueaioao”.
Y. Nie?iiaa “?onneay iocueaeueiay eeoa?aoo?a”.
A.N. Yioeeeeiiaaeey.
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