OAAeA?AEUeIIA AAAIONOAI II IA?ACIAAIETH
AINOAeA?NOAAIIIA IA?ACIAAOAEUeIIA O*?AAEAeAIEA AUNOAAI
I?IOANNEIIAEUeIIAI IA?ACIAAIEss
Eaoaae?a nioeeaeueiuo iaoe
Eiio?ieueii-eo?niaay ?aaioa
Eoeueoo?iia ianeaaeea Ooeueneiai e?ay
«Aeeianoey Aeaieaeiauo: o?e aaea enoi?ee»
Ooea 2006
Niaea?aeaiea
Aaaaeaiea
Aeaaa 1. ?iaeiia/aeueieee aeeianoee
1.1 Ia?aue i?aaei?eieiaoaeue ec ?iaea Aeaieaeiauo
1.2 Aeeioee Aeaieaeia — i?iaeieaeaoaeue aeaea iooea
1.3 Iioiiee Aeeioey
1.4 Ieaeiaoaaeeueneee caaiae
1.5 O/eeeua a Oaaeea
1.6 Oeiainiaua aeaea
1.7 Eoiae o?aoueaai iieieaiey
Aeaaa 2. Iineaiiee ai Oei?aioeee
2.1 Ianeaaenoai
2.2 Iaoaieee *a?aiaiiau
2.3 Iineaiiee ai Oei?aioeee
2.4 Eoiae /aoaa?oiai iieieaiey
Aeaaa 3. O/?aaeeoaeue iaa?aae
3.1 Iiacaeea a Ieaeiee Oaaee
3.2 Aueneia o/eeeua
3.3 E?aiinoiay eioaeeeaaioeey
3.4 Aeaieaeianeea i?aiee
Aeaaa 4. Iaaae Aeaieaeia
4.1 Eiycue Naiiiio?a
Aeaaa 5. Iineaaeiea
5.1 Aeei Iaaeiae/
5.2 Ieaaeoea a?aouey
5.3 Aeaea caaiaeneea
5.4 Eiiaoe caaiaeia
Caeeth/aiea
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
Aaaaeaiea
AEeciue e aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaenoaaeoaeae yoie aeeianoee eioa?aniaaea
iiiaeo enneaaeiaaoaeae, ienaoaeae. Iaiaueiiaaiiia aicauoaiea ooeueneiai
eociaoea Ieeeou Aeaieaeiaa i?eaeaeei aieiaiea nia?aiaiieeia e ii?iaeeei
iaiaei ?anneacia i oii, eae aai iioiiee i?aa?aoeeenue a aiaaoaeoeo
ethaeae XVIII aaea.
Aeia?aoe/aneea naaaeaiey i ia?aii Aeaieaeiaa nia?aiaiiee Aeaoa?eiu II
E.E. Aieeeia aeae a iiiaioiiiii nai?ieea aeieoiaioia «Aeayiey Iao?a
Aaeeeiai». Caeanue eceiaeaiu oeacu i iiaeaeiaaieyo Aeaieaeiaui e i
iiaea?ea, naeaeaiiii ia?aui o?aeueneei caaiae/eeii, oea?th ii neo/ath
?iaeaeaiey oea?aae/a 100 ouny/ ?oaeae e ae?aaioeaiiinoe. Ii aea ecaeae
i?e iaoa?eaeueiii niaeaenoaee o?aeueneeo i?iiuoeaiieeia naia ni/eiaiea
«Aeiiieiaiey» e «aeayieyi Iao?a Aaeeeiai» (1790).
?iaeiia/aeueiee aeeianoee Ieeeoa Aioooueaa Aeaieaeia ?iaeeeny a 1656
aiaeo. Ianeaaeieoea ec iineaaeiaai (naaeueiiai) iieieaiey aeaaeaeueoeaa
caaiaeia Ia?ey Iaaeiaia neii/aeanue a 1956-i. O?enoa eao aeecie ?iaea
Aeaieaeiauo, ec ieo 215 eao iie aeaaeaee o?aeueneeie caaiaeaie
(1702—1917).
Aeaaa 1. ?iaeiia/aeueieee aeeianoee
1.1 Ia?aue i?aaei?eieiaoaeue ec ?iaea Aeaieaeiauo
N?aaee ?onneeo naiae, iaycaiiuo naiei iiyaeaieai ia enoi?e/aneie noeaia
Iao?o I, iniaia ianoi caieiatho Aeaieaeiau. Naii eo eiy noaei neiaieii
iiaie, i?aia?aaeaiiie ?innee, a enoi?ey eo aicauoaiey ia?inea
iiiai/eneaiiuie eaaaiaeaie. ?iaeiia/aeueiee Aeaieaeiauo — Ieeeoa — iinee
i?e ?iaeaeaiee eioth oaieeeth. Aai ioaoe, Aeaieae Aioooueaa, i?ienoiaeee
ec ainoaea?noaaiiuo e?anoueyi e i?eaoae a Ooeo ec naea Iaaoeii, /oiau
caiyoueny a ai?iaea eocia/iui ?aianeii. A 1664, eiaaea aai nuio auei
ainaiue eao, Aeaieae oia?. Niaeanii ae?oaie aa?nee, Ieeeoa Aeaieaeia —
i?inoie e?anoueyiei, aaaeaaoee a ooeueneoth i?oaeaeioth neiaiaeo,
nianaynue io ?ae?ooneiai iaai?a. Ii o?aoueae, ii aaaeae a Ooeo ec
Iineau, aaea neoaeee ia Iooa/iii aeai?a. Ii oae eee eia/a, oaea a 1790-a
aa. Ieeeoa Aeaieaeia aanueia oniaoii oi?aiaae aeaeacii e aua aei
eciaieaoae anth aai aeeciue ano?a/e n oea?ai Iao?ii aue aeaaeaeueoeai
aeaeaciaeaeaoaeueiiai caaiaea, /oi oaea oiaaea aeaeaei aai iieiaeaiea
niaa?oaiii eneeth/eoaeueiui, iineieueeo ae?oaea iaiiiai/eneaiiua caaiaeu
oiai a?aiaie i?eiaaeeaaeaee nieioue eiino?aioeai e /eaiai i?aayuae
yeeou. *oi aea eanaaony ano?a/e n Iao?ii, oi e ii yoiio iiaiaeo
nouanoaoao ianeieueei eaaaiae. Ii iaeiie ec ieo Ieeeoa noae ecaanoai
oea?th oai, /oi ii/eiee I. I. Oaoe?iao aai iaiaoeeee ienoieao, aea aua e
ecaioiaee oi/ioth aai eiieth. Ii ae?oaie — Ieeeoa Aeaieaeia aue
aaeeinoaaiiui ec ooeueneeo i?oaeaeieeia, acyaoeeny a 1696 auiieieoue
caeac oea?y ia ecaioiaeaiea 300 ?oaeae ii caiaaeiiio ia?acoeo. Oniaoii
ni?aaeaoenue n caaeaieai, Aeaieaeia aue iaeaneai Iao?ii, a eiaaea
i?aaenoaaee oea?th ianeieueei ?oaeae nianoaaiiiai ecia?aoaiey, iieo/ee
aeec Ooeu caieth aeey no?ieoaeuenoaa iiaie oaa?eee. N ia/aeii Naaa?iie
aieiu 1700-21 ioaeaea ainoaea?noaa a iaoaeea e i?oaeee ?acei aic?inea, e
a 1701 Iao? auaeae Aeaieaeiao niaoeeaeueioth a?aiioo, iicaieyaooth
?anoe?eoue i?iecaiaenoai ca n/ao iieoiee iiaie caiee e e?aiinoiuo aeey
?aaiou ia caaiaeao. A oaea ia neaaeothuee aiae oaea/eeaue i?iiuoeaiiee
aee /aeii ainoaea?th i ia?aaea/a aio Iaaueyineiai aeaeaciaeaeaoaeueiiai
caaiaea ia O?aea. Anei?a ia /aeiaeouea aue iieo/ai iieiaeeoaeueiue
ioaao, aea aua ia e?aeia auaiaeiuo aeey Aeaieaeiauo oneiaeyo, ii
nouanoao aeaeaaoeo eo oicyaaaie O?aea.
1.2 Aeeioee Aeaieaeia — i?iaeieaeaoaeue aeaea iooea
Ia?aui ec Aeaieaeiauo, i?eauaoei ia O?ae, aue nui Ieeeou Aeeioee.
?iaeeaoeeny a 1678, ii aua a iieiaeinoe aue iineai iooeii a Naeniieth
o/eoueny nae?aoai iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai i?iecaiaenoaa e oaia?ue ?ueyii
i?eiyeny ca aeaei. Eiaiii aio e noaeaeaii auei nicaeaoue ianoiyuoth
eiia?eth Aeaieaeiauo, eioi?ay e na?aaeeia aaea i?iecaiaeeea 52% anaai
?onneiai iaoaeea. Ia/eiay n 1716, Aeaieaeiau inouanoaeyee no?ieoaeuenoai
ia O?aea iiauo oaa?ee e caaiaeia. Iaeiia?aiaiii iie aaee e ?acaaaeeo
iiauo o?aeueneeo e aeoaeneeo ianoi?iaeaeaiee, iaeioi?ua ec eioi?uo
eniieuecothony e iiiuia.
Iinea nia?oe a 1725 Ieeeou Aeaieaeiaa iieiiaeanoiui oicyeiii caaiaeia
noae Aeeioee. Ei ii ioaeaaae ana naia a?aiy e neeu. A iaeiii ec ienai e
A. Ae. Iaioeeiao ii ienae, /oi oaa?eee, eae iaeua aeaoe, o?aaotho
iinoiyiiiai aieiaiey. Ia uaaey naay, Aeeioee oiai aea o?aaiaae e io
ae?oaeo. Aua a 1720 Aeaieaeiau iieo/eee io Iao?a I a?aiioo ia
aeai?yinoai, /oi aeaei ei aiciiaeiinoue ia caeiiiuo iniiaaieyo iieoiaoue
e?aiinoiuo ?aai/eo aeey naieo caaiaeia. Ia ieo a oyaeaeaeoeo oneiaeyo
?aaioaee nioie e?aiinoiuo; ioioii i?eieiaee ooaea aaaeuo e
noa?iia?yaeoeaa. Ec iineaaeieo oi?ie?iaaeenue oaeaea eaae?u niio?eoaeae
e oi?aaeythueo caaiaeaie. A 1737 Aeeioee ia?aoeeny a Eaaeiao n i?inueaie
anao aai ?aai/eo, oi?iaeueii aua /eneeaoeony naiaiaeiuie, n/eoaoue aai
e?aiinoiuie. Iniiaiui n?aaenoaii aicaeaenoaey ia ?aai/eo i?e yoii aue
no?ao. I?iaeieaoeony aeanoiei iaeacuaaee — ii?iee, caeiauaaee a
aeaeaciua eieiaeee, aea?aeaee a nu?uo iiaeaaeao. Noieue aea aeanoiei
ai?ieenue Aeaieaeiau e n eiieo?aioaie, a oii /enea e n ainoaea?noaaiiuie
i?aaei?eyoeyie. Iie ia inoaiaaeeaaeenue ie ia?aae /ai: ia?aiaieaaee
ianoa?ia, ai?iaaee ?oaeo, iaiaaeaee ia oaoou, ia iicaieyee ae?oaei
caaiae/eeai ?oaeoue ean. Ia ?ac Aeaieaeiauo iaaeiyee a caoaaoa /oaeeo
caiaeue, ?ac?aaioea ianoi?iaeaeaiee aac ?ac?aoaiey i?aaeoaeuenoaa,
oe?uaaoaeuenoaa aaaeuo, oeeiiaiee io oieaou iaeiaia, iiaeeoia
aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe e i?. Ii anyeee ?ac aeaaiaea?y iie?iaeoaeuenoao
aunieiiinoaaeaiiuo aaeueiiae ei oaeaaaeinue ecaaaeaoue iaeacaiey.
A?aoiaioii a eo iieueco anaaaea auei e noieue iaiaoiaeeiia no?aia
aunieiyooaeoeaiia i?iecaiaenoai, ia eiaaoaa aiaeiaia ie a /anoiii, ie a
ainoaea?noaaiiii naeoi?a oiaaeaoiae yeiiiieee. A 1740 Aeeioee Aeaieaeia
iieo/ee /ei noaoneiai, a a 1744 — aeaenoaeoaeueiiai noaoneiai niaaoieea.
A oii aea aiaeo oeacii Aeecaaaou Iao?iaiu auei iauyaeaii, /oi ii
iaoiaeeony iiae iniaui iie?iaeoaeuenoaii ainoaea?uie. Oaeei ia?acii,
inaiaiaeaeaiiue aianoa n a?aoueyie io iaycaoaeueiie neoaeau e iiiaeo
iaeiaia, iaiiaeaeanoiue ieeiio, e?iia naiie ainoaea?uie, Aeaieaeia, eae
caiaoee iaeei ec aai aeia?aoia, ieacaeny naiui naiaiaeiui /aeiaaeii a
?innee. Ii yoo naiaiaeo iai?aaea aai nia?oue a 1745.
1.3 Iioiiee Aeeioey
Iinea nia?oe Aeeioey i?eiaaeeaaeaaoea aio caaiaeu ia?aoee e aai
nuiiaueyi — I?ieiieth, A?eai?eth e Ieeeoa. Noa?oee ec a?aoueaa I?ieiiee
aeaeii i?aaeeia ia eioa?aniaaeny e i?iaeae naith aeieth eoioeo
sseiaeaao. Ii i?ineaaeeny naiae aeaaioai?eoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoueth,
aea?oaiaae aieueoea noiiu ia Iineianeee ainieoaoaeueiue aeii, noeiaiaeee
nooaeaioai Iineianeiai oieaa?neoaoa. A 1772 ii iniiaae a Iineaa
Aeaieaeianeia eiiia?/aneia o/eeeua, nicaeae aioaie/aneee naae.
?acaaaeaieai ?aciiia?aciuo ?anoaiee i?ineaaeeny e a?ao I?ieiiey
A?eai?ee, oaeaea ia aeaeaaoee caieiaoueny caaiaeaie. A naith i/a?aaeue,
ieaaeoee nui A?eai?ey Iaaae noae ecaanoai eae anoanoaieniuoaoaeue,
iiaea?eaoee a 1803 Iineianeiio oieaa?neoaoo naith eieeaeoeeth ieia?aeia,
a oaeaea iaoe?ioth aeaeeioaeo. A oii aea aiaeo ii iniiaae a ss?ineaaea
ciaiaieoue Aeaieaeianeee eeoeae, a oaea a 1880-a aa. ia caaauaiiua ei
aeaiueae aue ioe?uo Oiineee oieaa?neoao.
O?aoee nui Aeeioey Aeaieaeiaa, Ieeeoa (1724—1789), e eioi?iio auei
iniaaiii ?aniieiaeaii ?iaeeoaeueneia na?aeoea e eioi?iai ioaoe oioae
naeaeaoue aaeeinoaaiiui ianeaaeieeii naiaai eieinnaeueiiai ninoiyiey,
oioy e onooiee Aeeioeth a oaeaioao, ii ana aea ieacaeny i?aaei?eei/eaui
aeaeueoeii. Aio aeinoaeinue oanoue caaiaeia: Ieaeiaoaaeeueneee aianoa n
*a?iienoi/eineei, Aueneee, Aeneii-Oaeoaineee e aeaa Eaeneeo. Yoa
ieaeiaoaaeeueneay /anoue ianeaaenoaa aeeth/aea iaeaieaa iiuiua e
i?eaueueiua i?aaei?eyoey.
Eae oieueei a 1758 aiaeo Ieeeoa Aeeioeaae/ anooiee a ianeaaenoai, ii
oio/an aea iiaeae oiaeaoaenoai i iino?ieea iiaiai caaiaea. A /aeiaeoiie
aeey Aa?a-eieeaaee ianeaaeiee ienae, /oi /oaoi, auieaaeyaiue ia aai
i?aaei?eyoeyo, ia?aaeaeaoue a aeaeaci ia iiaeii: “A ai aeecinoe oao iieo
caaiaeia n neae?neie noi?iiu auiaea ia ?aeo *oniaoth ?a/ea Noeaiea,
eioi?ay e iino?iaieth iieioiauo e e ia?aeiaea /oaoia niiniaia, ia
eioi?ie iieieiue e ioaoe iie oa iieioiaua iino?ieoue aue iaia?ai, e /aio
e ean auaacai, oieii ca eii/eiith naiath oiai auiieieoue ia oniae”.
Ia ?a/ea Noeaiea Ieeeoa Aeeioeaae/ iaia?aaaeny iino?ieoue ia?aaeaeueiue
caaiae n /aou?ueiy iieioaie. Iaeiaei yoe ieaiu ano?aoeee iaeiia?aiaiiia
i?ioeaiaeaenoaea n aeaoo noi?ii. Aa?iianna I.A. No?iaaiiaa oaa?yea
Aa?a-eieeaaeth, /oi ?a/ea Noeaiea e ianoi, iaethaiaaiiia iiae caaiae
Aeaieaeiaui, iaoiaeyony ia aa aea/ao. N aeiiioaieai oaeiai aea
niaea?aeaiey ia?aoeeny aa?ii I. A. No?iaaiia. I?aaenoiyea aeeeoaeueiay
oyaeaa, eioi?ay ia ono?aeaaea Aeaieaeiaa. Ii aeae oeacaiea ?acuneaoue
ae?oaia ianoi. E inaie 1758 aiaea iienee oaai/aeenue oniaoii, e iieiaeie
ianeaaeiee i?ineo ?ac?aoaiey iino?ieoue iieioiaua oaa?eee e aeey ieo
ieioeio ia ?aea Naeaea. Oai aieaa /oi aua a 1750-i eiia?ao?eoea
Aeecaaaoa ioaaea Aeaieaeiaui Naeaeeineoth eanioth aea/o.
Oeac i iino?ieea Naeaeeineiai caaiaea Aa?a-eieeaaey auianea 8 oaa?aey
1759 aiaea. I?ieiiee Aeeioeaae/, /aeiaae iaoaeea/eaue e ia “ieoaaoee
?iaenoaaiiuo /oanoa e a?aoo, iuoaeny iiiaoaoue no?ieoaeuenoao, cayaeyy,
/oi iiaue caaiae aoaeao oaeaeai io Iaaueyineiai anaai ia 30 aa?no. Ii
yoi ia iiiiaei. A 1760 aiaeo aiciee Ieaeianaeaeeineee caaiae, a /a?ac 15
eao — Aa?oianaeaeeineee. A 1771-i iino?ieee aua Aeneii-Ooeeineee.
1.4 Ieaeiaoaaeeueneee caaiae
A 1747 aiaeo a nayce n ?acaeaeii aeaaeaiee A. I. Aeaieaeiaa
Ieaeiaoaaeeueneee caaiae noaiiaeony oeaio?ii, noyaeaathuei ana ieoe
oipaaeeiey neiaeiui oicyenoaii aieueoie a?oiiu caaiaeia, aiineaaenoaee
ninoaaeaoae Ieaeiaoaaeeueneee ai?iue ie?oa. Yoi ia iiaei ia io?aceoueny
ia aiaoiai iaeeea aeaieaeianeeo aeaaeaiee. Anee, ii naaaeaieyi enoi?eea
A. Aaiieia, a 1734 aiaeo aaeeinoaaiiui aaeieieno?aoeaiui no?iaieai a
iinaeea auea e?aiinoue, aaea iiiauaeny aa?iecii aeey io?aiu, oi oaea a
iienaiee caaiaea ca 1758-e, e?iia e?aiinoe e caaiaeneeo ono?ienoa,
oeacaiu ainiiaeneee aeii e aea?aayiiay oea?eiaue.
Iniaia ianoi n?aaee anao aeaaeaiee ii ianooaaai i?iecaiaenoaa e o?iaith
oaoieee caieiae Ieaeiaoaaeeueneee caaiae. Oniaoo niinianoaiaaei
no?aieaiea Ieeeou Aeeioeaae/a i?eaea/ue ciathueo niaoeeaeenoia. Ii nai
neaaeee ca oaoie/aneeie iiaeieaie e i?eiaiye iaeioi?ua ec ieo a aeaea.
Ieaeiaoaaeeueneee caaiae a 1770 aiaeo, ii naeaeaoaeuenoao I. Iaeeana,
iaoiaeeeny a oeaaoouai ninoiyiee e “iaae /anoiuie neae?neeie caaiaeaie
niaa?oaiiaa, aaaeiaa e i?eaueueiaa aeaeacii”.
Aua aieaa iaiyeny noeeue oi?aaeaiey o?aeueneeie aeaaeaieyie ni noi?iiu
oicyaa. Ieeeoa Aeeioeaae/ i?iyaeye a oeacaieyo ia iaiueooth no?iainoue,
/ai ia?aua aeaaeaeueoeu. Oi?aaeye caaiaeaie ecaeaeaea, ec Iineau,
eiiaaea ienueiaie ec-ca a?aieoeu, ii aac o?aaiae e ooia.
1.5 O/eeeua a Oaaeea
Aua Aeeioee Ieeeoe/ a 1740 aiaeo ia aaca Iaaueyineie oeieu (1709)
iniiaae a?eoiaoe/aneia o/eeeua. *a?ac 18 eao oeieo iieiinoueth ia?aaaee
a Ieaeiee Oaaee e iauaaeeieee n ianoiui o/eeeuai. Ieeeoa Aeeioeaae/,
caeioa?aniaaiiue a aeinoaoi/ii aunieii o?iaia i?aiiaeaaaiey a oeiea,
ioe?uaaao a 1765 aiaeo ioaeaeaiey aeey iiaeaioiaee neoaeeoaeae ia
Ieaeiaoaaeeueneii caaiaea. A o/eeeua iao/aeenue aeaoe e n caaiaeia,
i?eiaaeeaaeaaoeo ?iaenoaaiieeai I. A. Aeaieaeiaa. Oae, a yiaa?a 1768-ai
oicyei i?eeacae Ieaeiaoaaeeueneie eiioi?a i?eiyoue o??o iaeue/eeia n
Noenoineiai caaiaea ii i?inueaa aai ieaiyiieea Aeaenaiae?a A?eai?ueaae/a
Aeaieaeiaa. A ieoya?a 1778 aiaea iineaaeiaaei iiaeiaiia aea iiaaeaiea a
ioaao ia i?inueao Ieeeou Ieeeoe/a, a neaaeothuai — Aeaenaiae? e Iao?
A?eai?ueaae/e Aeaieaeiau i?eneaee o/eoueny a yoo oeieo oanoue
iaeue/eeia.
?anoiaeu caaiae/eeia ia niaea?aeaiea oeieu auee iaaaeeee. I?e ioe?uoee
o/eeeua auaeaeee I. A. Aeaieaeia ia aai niaea?aeaiea 500 ?oaeae, a
1778-i noiia nie?aoeeanue aei 300. *enei o/aieeia iaiyeinue. Oae, a
1770-i o/eeinue 20 iaeue/eeia, e ieiei aeanyoea aianoa n o/eoaeai oeieu
Aaa?eeeii Aaoeoueaaui i?aeoe/anee iaeaaeaee caaiaeneei aeaeii iiae
?oeiaiaenoaii eiino?aiiiai niaoeeaeenoa Ineia Ooaeiaa?a, ?ac/eea ii
aea?aao e ecia?aoaoaey. Aeaoe ai?ii?aai/eo auiieiyee ia oeieueiua, a
aa?neea “o?iee”. Aeaaeaieee Aiaeei e Iaeean aeaeaee ia ai?a Aunieie
nioie aeaoae, eioi?ua oaneaee ?oaeo, neeaaeuaaee aa a eo/e.
Iaiaei naeaeaee auioneieee oeieu A. Aeaiaioueaa, A. Iaeueieeia, O.
Neae?yeia, O. A?aoueaa, C. ?aniiiia. Iie ianee ia aeaieaeianeea caaiaeu
e ?oaeieee oaoie/aneea ciaiey. Ei auee ciaeiiu eieae Eiiiiiniaa, Iaeeana
e ae?oaeo o/aiuo — oaeea eiaeenue a oeiea. Ei aue ecaanoai ia?aaeiaie
?onneee e eiino?aiiue iiuo ii ai?iicaaiaeneie /anoe.
1.6 Oeiainiaua aeaea
A ieoya?a 1772 aiaea iineianeay eiioi?a a iiae?iaiii ienueia niiauaea I.
A. Aeaieaeiao, /oi aeaaiue iieoiaoaeue — aiaeeeneee eoiaoe ?eaaeue,
ioeacaeny ieaoeoue ca aeaeaci n iiiaioa iouacaea ca a?aieoeo, “a oioy ia
ioaeiua ii caaiaeneii aaenaeyi ieaoaaee e aeaaae, e oi anaaaea n
iaiai?eaie, /oi ii aeae aaoaio aeaai?iaeeth e?aaeeo”.
Aeaei caeeth/aeinue a iaiiia?iuo o?aoao Aeaieaeiaa. Iie i?iecaiaeeeenue
ia n?aaenoaa, iieo/aiiua /a?ac aaie io eoioeia ?eaaey e Aoeeina,
iieoiaoaeae aeaieaeianeiai aeaeaca, e?aaeeoiaaaoeo caa?aie/iia
iooaoanoaea caaiae/eea. Ca aeaa n eeoiei aiaea i?aauaaiey a Aa?iia, ii
eno?aoee 75 ouny/ ?oaeae. ?eaaeue a nayce n yoei i?ae?aoee oieaoo aeaiaa
ca aeaeaci e oai eeoee caaiaeneoth aaeieieno?aoeeth iaiaoiaeeiuo
n?aaenoa aeey aaaeaiey aeae. I?eoeinue auoiaeeoue ec cao?oaeiaiey ca
n/ao e?oiiuo caeiia. Iaoa?ao?aneee i?eeac/ee caiye o caaiae/eea
Oo?/aieiiaa 20 ouny/, iineianeay eiioi?a iieo/eea io caaiae/eea
Iioiaeyoeia 60 ouny/, aea io aeaith?iaeiiai a?aoa Aaaeieeia Ieeeoe/a
iieo/eee aua 50 ouny/.
Cia/eoaeueiay noiia caeiia — 130 ouny/ ?oaeae iieacuaaao noaiaiue
?anno?ienoaa oeiainiauo aeae a nayce n /?acia?iie ?anoi/eoaeueiinoueth
aeaaeaeueoea. Yoe caeiu aea?aeaee a no?iaii nae?aoa, “ia iauyaeyy e ia
?acaeaoay”. A /oi aeaaeaeaoe? A ii e iinea yoiai ia ano?aaiaeeeny. Aai
caa?aie/iay aeeciue i?ioaeaea ii-i?aaeiaio a ia?aacaeao ec iaeiie
noieeoeu a ae?oaoth, nii?iaiaeaeaeanue aei?iaeie iieoieaie aeey
oe?aoaiey iineianeiai aeiia.
1.7 Eoiae o?aoueaai iieieaiey
Aaoi? ecaanoiuo ainiiieiaiee A.O. Aieioia aeaeae a iineaaeiea aiaeu a
iineianeii aeaieaeianeii aeiia nia?aiea ea?oei Ieeeou Aeeioeaae/a e
ethaiaaeny aia?eeaineeie ioe/eaie eieea?e. I aeaaeaeueoea yoeo
?aaeeinoae iaioa?eno ieoao, /oi ia?yaeo n ethaaciinoueth ii ioiioaieth e
ainoth a ciaiaieoii aiaa/a “neaicue cieioi” auea aeaeia a?oaay “iiaeeay
i?e?iaea”. Aiaoiee eine aua ia ne?uaae aioo?aiiae i?e?iaeu o?aeueneeo
ai?iii?iiuoeaiieeia — i?iaeeaaoaeae aeecie. A aio o ae?oaiai
nia?aiaiieea, iaaei iieaaaoue, auei eiia iiaiea i Aeaieaeiaa. N aaeeeei
o?oaeii nooae a Ioione auei aeinoaaeaii o?aeueneia aeaeaci — yei?y,
iooee. Ia naiii aieueoii ino?iaa Aeynee — Eaaeuyea — ?yaeii n aeiiaie
onoaiiaeee iaaieueoea iooee, ioeeoua ia o?aeueneeo caaiaeao, “Eieoiaii
?inneeneei” iacaae Oaeeoiaa iiyo A.?. Aea?aeaaei. Yoe neiaa ia/a?oaiu
cieioii ia o?aeueneii i?aii?a, oe?uaoai iiaeeo eoioea.
Eoae, Ieeeoa Aeeioeaae/ Aeaieaeia iaeaieaa y?ei aiieioee a naaa
oa?aeoa?iua /a?ou ca?iaeeaoaeny ?onneie i?iiuoeaiiie ao?aeoacee. Yoi aue
iineaaeiee ec aeeianoee, eioi?ue nai oi?aaeye e aeiaeyaeuaae ca
o?aeueneeie caaiaeaie. Aaeaaiaeiue aeioiae aeaaeaeueoea ainueie ai?iuo
caaiaeia e 11 ouny/ e?aiinoiuo aeoo ninoaaeye e eiioeo aai aeecie
eieinnaeueioth ii oai a?aiaiai noiio – 250000 ?oaeae.
I?e Aeeioee Ieeeoe/a oicyenoai yoie aaoae aeeianoee aeinoeaei caieoa. I
i?ioeaaoaiee aai caaiaeia iiaeii noaeeoue ii ?inoo auieaaee /oaoia: anee
a 1766 aiaeo iia ninoaaeyea 392 ouny/e ioaeia, oi e eiioeo noieaoey
aeinoeaea 734 ouny/e. A oi a?aiy ieaeiaoaaeeueneay a?oiia caaiaeia
i?aauneea ii ?acia?ai i?iecaiaenoaa ana caaiaeu, i?eiaaeeaaeaaoea a
na?aaeeia XVIII aaea Aeeioeth Aeaieaeiao, ?iaeeoaeth.
Aeaaa 2. Iineaiiee ai Oei?aioeee
Oniaoai niinianoaiaae iiaue iiaeuai aeaeaciaeaeaoaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa
a ?innee aoi?ie iieiaeiu yoiai noieaoey ec-ca iiauoaiiiai yenii?oa
iaoaeea a Aiaeeth. Oieueei o Aeaieaeiauo ca iieaaea i?iaeoeoeey /oaoia
au?inea ii/oe a iyoue ?ac.
2.1 Ianeaaenoai
Iinea eii/eiu a 1787 aiaeo Ieeeou Aeeioeaae/a inoaeenue ianeaaeieeaie
14-eaoiee nui Ieeieae (1773-1828) e aeaa iacaioaeiea aei/a?e. A
ianeaaenoai aoiaeeei aeaayoue caaiaeia Oaaeeueneie a?oiiu:
Ieaeiaoaaeeueneee, Aueneee, Aa?oia- e Ieaeianaeaeeineea,
*a?iienoo/eineee, Aeneii-Oaeoaineee, Aeneii-Ooeeineee, a oaeaea aea?aaie
n 9209 aeooaie ioaeneiai iiea. THiue aeaaeaeaoe ia?iiiiai oicyenoaa
aeieai ia eioa?aniaaeny naieie o?aeueneeie aeaaeaieyie. Ca iaai
oi?aaeyee caaiaeaie aunieiiinoaaeaiiua iiaeoiu A.A. O?aiiaeoeeee e E.Ae.
Aeo?iiai.
N thiuo eao Ieeieae Aeaieaeia /eneeeny na?aeaioii aaa?aeaeneiai
Naiaiianeiai iieea, ii ii aeai?yineiio iau/ath aeee a ?iaeeoaeueneii
aeiia e “i?ioiaeee iaoee”. Iicaea ii aae a noieeoea ?acaoeueioth aeeciue
eaea-aaa?aeaeneiai ioeoea?a. Ananeeueiue eiycue A.A. Iioaieei
caeioa?aniaaeny ei e acye e naaa aaeuthoaioii. A oea?noaiaaiea Iaaea I
eiy Aeaieaeiaa iaeueeaao a eiaiiuo oeacao noiana?iaeiiai eiia?aoi?a
aianoa n oaieeeyie i?eaeai?iie ciaoe. Ec eaia?-thiea?ia Ieeieae Ieeeoe/
nei?i aue iiaeaeiaai eaia?aa?ii, oaeiui niaaoieeii e caoai aioia?oaeii.
A?iaeneea iaauee aio i?eaiaeeeenue iicaeiaa – ai a?aiy aeoau i?e
Ai?iaeeii. Ii aeineoaeeeny aei /eia aaia?ae-iaei?a.
A 1791 aiaeo 18-eaoiee Ieeieae Aeaieaeia i?enooiaao e oi?aaeaieth
caaiaeaie, ii nia/aea niaianoii n iiaeoiaie. Iaae iieiaeui
caaiaeiaeaaeaeueoeai e a 22 aiaea ana aua auea iiaea. Anee aioe
iniiaaoaey aeeianoee caaiae/eeia Ieeeoa Aeeioeaae/ Aeaieaeia i?iaeeaae a
aiae ii 26 ouny/ ?oaeae, oi aai nui Ieeieae Ieeeoe/ iiaunee naie ee/iue
?anoiaeiue athaeaeao aei 170 ouny/. A ?acoeueoaoa o eaia?aa?a aeai?a
oaea e 1795 aiaeo iaeiieeinue noieueei aeieaia, /oi, ianiio?y ia
iaeeaeaaiua aieueoea aeioiaeu n caaiaeia, aeaoeoeeo ii aaeaino yoiai
aiaea ia auieaoo aeieaia i?aaeaeaeaeny a 840 ouny/ ?oaeae. Aio oa?iaeaei
aaie?ionoai. AEaieoueaa Ieeieay Ieeeoe/a ia aiaaoie iaaanoa aa?iianna A.
A. No?iaaiiaie (oia?ea a 1818 aiaeo) iiiiaea aio aueoe ec oeiainiauo
cao?oaeiaiee e iicaieeea oaaee/eoue e aac oiai a?iiaaeiua aiaaonoaa.
A 1806 aiaeo ii nai i?eacaeae a Ieaeiaoaaeeuene “aeey iinoaiiaee i?eaee
i?aaeaiey caaiaeaie”. AEaeay iiaeaioiaeoue iiuoiuo ianoa?ia, oicyei ca
naie n/ao ioi?aaee aieaa noa /aeiaae e?aiinoiuo a Aiaeeth, Oaaoeeth e
Aano?eth aeey eco/aiey niaoeeaeueiuo io?aneae ai?iicaaiaeneie oaoieee.
Ieaeiaoaaeeueneee caaiae, ia eioi?ii o?oaeeeenue iiiaea caia/aoaeueiua
ianoa?a, n/eoaeny a oi a?aiy eo/oei ii anaio o?aaoo O?aeueneeo ai?.
2.2 Iaoaieee *a?aiaiiau
Aeaieaeiaui aacei ia oaeaioeeauo ethaeae. Iiiaeie ec oniaoia ia naieo
caaiaeao oicyaaa auee iaycaiu yiooceacio e o?oaeiaiio oai?/anoao
caaiaeneeo oiaeueoeaa, iiaaoi?ia, oaeaioeeauo ianoa?ia. Aieueoa anaai a
XIX aaea i?ineaaeee caaiaeu Aeaieaeiauo o?oaeu iaoaieeia *a?aiaiiauo,
nicaeaoaeae ia?aiai ?onneiai ia?iaica e iiiaeo ia?iauo iaoei. Eo auea
oeaeay aeeianoey.
Ioiioaiea e o?oaeo *a?aiaiiauo ni noi?iiu aeaaeaeueoeaa auei aeaiyeia: n
iaeiie noi?iiu, eo iiaeaea?aeeaaee a iaaeaaeaea ia i?eaueue e neaao
caaiaeia io iaaeaeaiiuo iaoei e iaoaieciia, n ae?oaie — /anoi ia
ieacuaaee ieeaeiai niaeaenoaey a eo ?aaioa e aeaaea oi?iiceee
?aaiiaeooeai, i?eaee?eaie, i?aiiiaie. Oai ia iaiaa *a?aiaiiau i?iaaee
aieueooth ?aaioo ii oaoie/aneiio iniauaieth aeaieaeianeeo caaiaeia,
iiiai niinianoaiaaee naiei o?oaeii i?eaueueiie ?aaioa i?aaei?eyoee.
I?iaeeny Aoei *a?aiaiia e aunioai oaoieee eneeth/eoaeueii aeaaiaea?y
naiaio i?e?iaeiiio oaeaioo e iaoo?a. Ia?aciaaiey ii oaeoe/anee ieeaeiai
ia eiae, o/eeny “i?e aeiia”. Ionthaea e iioee ana “iaoo?aeueiua
iaoaieee” *a?aiaiiau: nai Aoei, aai a?ao Aeaenae, eioi?iio I.I.
Aeaieaeia ii?o/ee no?ieoaeuenoai “i?iaieioiuo oaa?ee” a 1813 aiaeo; nui
Aoeia — Ie?ii, ia?aue iiiiuiee a nicaeaiee ia?iauo iaoei e ia?iaica;
ieaiyiiee Aiiin, nicaeaoaeue “ia?iaiai neiia” — o?aeoi?a, ia?aaiceaoaai
oyaeanoe n Ieaeiaoaaeeueneiai ia Aa?oia-naeaeeineee caaiae.
I?aaenoaaeoaeae e?aiinoiie eioaeeeaaioeee I.I. Aeaieaeia ?anniao?eaae
eae ?aciiaeaeiinoue ee/iie nianoaaiiinoe e i?aaeii/eoae naieo iaeaieaa
eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo niaoeeaeenoia aea?aeaoue a e?aiinoiii ninoiyiee. Ii
aeaaea iuoaeny oi/ii ii?aaeaeeoue ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa ia iaeioi?uo.
Iie neaaaeenue, ii aai iiaieth, ec ?anoiaeia ia ia?aciaaiea,
eiiaiaee?iaee ia ae?oaea caaiaeu e ca a?aieoeo. Oae, caia/aoaeueiue
niaoeeaeeno a iaeanoe ai?ii-iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai i?iecaiaenoaa, iieo/eaoee
?aciinoi?iiiaa ia?aciaaiea ca a?aieoeae, Oioee Eeuee/ Oaaoeia, noiee, ii
ioeaiea Aeaieaeiaa, 25 ouny/ ?oaeae; ianoa? Aeaenae *a?aiaiia — iaiueoa,
ii iiiai auoa noaeeiu a oanoue ouny/, i?aaeeaaaaiie *a?aiaiiaui aeey
aueoia ec e?aiinoiiai ninoiyiey.
2.3 Iineaiiee ai Oei?aioeee
A 1810 aiaeo Ieeieae Ieeeoe/ iieo/ee iacia/aiea ?onneei iineaiieeii ai
Oei?aioeee, noieeoeo Oineaineiai eiyaeanoaa. N 1815 aiaea ii aeee
aacauacaeii a yoii oeaio?a i?eoyaeaiey iiiaeo ciaoiuo ?onneeo naiae.
Iaieiaaiia ei iaeaoeoei Na??enoi?e o iinoa Aeaeea A?aoeei i?aaenoaaeyei
iano?oth nianue ioaee/iiai iocay n ianoaiiaeie aeiia ?onneiai aaeueiiaee
i?ioeiai aaea. Ooo auee o?aioeocneea nae?aoa?e, eoaeueyineea
eiienneiia?u, o?aeueneea eiioi?ueee, i?eaeeaaeee, ainieoaiieoeu e a
aeiiieiaiea ei anaio o?aioeocneay aiaeaaeeueiay o?oiia a iieiiii
ninoaaa. A aeiia Aeaieaeiaa iaoiaeeeanue oaeaea aunoaaea iaeaoeoiauo e
ae?oaeo oeaiiuo aauae, a a naaeo — eieeaeoeey iiioaaaa. Iaa yoe
ioaeaeaiey auee aeinooiiu oei?aioeeneei caaaeai. O?aioeocneea niaeoaeee
aeaaaeenue aeaaaeaeu a iaaeaeth, a caoai neaaeiaae aae. Naiiai oicyeia,
?acaeoiai ia?aee/ii, ia?aaiceee ec eiiiaou a eiiiaoo a e?aneao n
eieanaie. Neo/aeinue, /oi Ieeieae Ieeeoe/, ?anniao?eaay io/aou naieo
caaiaeia, iaoiaeee ioaeiui auo?aaiaaoue aeey ee/iuo iauyniaiee ai
Oei?aioeeth eiai-ieaoaeue ec o?aeueneeo i?eeac/eeia. E oio cai?yaae
o?ieeo a iiaiceo e i?iacaeae anth ?inneth e Aa?iaieth, /oiau yaeoueny e
aa?eio.
Ai Oei?aioeee e nae/an ia iaaa?aaeiie ?aee A?ii anoue ieiuaaeue
Aeaieaeiauo, ia eioi?ie aicauoaaony aieueoie i?aii?iue iaiyoiee Ieeieath
Ieeeoe/o, auiieiaiiue neoeueioi?ii Ei?aioei Aa?oieeie. Oeaio?aeueiay
a?oiia iiaeiyoa ia aunieee i?yiioaieueiue iinoaiaio, ecia?aaeaao I. I.
Aeaieaeiaa a aeaea ?eineiai naiaoi?a, eioi?ue i?eaeeiaao e a?oaee nuia,
a aeaineay oeao?a, neiaieece?othuay I?eciaoaeueiinoue, i?aiiaeiineo aio
eaa?iaue aaiie.
2.4 Eoiae /aoaa?oiai iieieaiey
Ca ia?eiae aeaaeaiey I. I. Aeaieaeiaui caaiaeneei oicyenoaii aieueoeo
eiee/anoaaiiuo eciaiaiee ia i?iecioei. *enei caaiaeia auei i?aaeiei.
Auieaaea iaoaeea inoaaaeanue ia o?iaia eiioea XVIII aaea, oae eae
o?aeueneia aeaeaci auoaniyeinue n ie?iaiai ?uiea aieaa aeaoaaui ec
ia?aaeiauo no?ai, aeaaiui ia?acii ec Aiaeee, a aioo?aiiee ?uiie ia iia
iiaeioeoue ana aic?anoathuoth ianno iaoaeea. I?e aeaeueiaeoai nie?auaiee
i?iecaiaenoaa aeaeaca a 30-a aiaeu (aei 300 ouny/ ioaeia) Aeaieaeiau
oaaee/eee aeiau/o cieioa aei 35 ioaeia e iaaee aei 60 ouny/ ioaeia a
aiae. Iauee iauai i?iaeoeoeee a ?oaeyo aic?in aaeaia.
Aeaau ia aiaaeaoue a o?aaeeoeeiiiua ioeaiee Aeaieaeiauo, ioae?ay iaeie
eeoue io?eoeaoaeueiua oaeou i ieo, ni?aaaaeeeainoe ?aaee iaaei i?eaanoe
oa?aeoa?enoeeo ioiioaiee I. I. Aeaieaeiaa e naiei iiaeaeaiiui, aeaiioth
?. I. ?yaiaui a na?aaeeia i?ioeiai aaea. Aaoi? enoi?e/aneeo i/a?eia
niiauaao “iiiaeanoai i?eia?ia ioa/aneeo iiia/aiee” Ieeieay Ieeeoe/a i
aeaaininoiyiee caaiaeia: aaaaeaiea aacaeaiaaeiie auaea/e i?iaeaioa
iaeieaoiei e i?anoa?aeui ethaeyi, iinoiyiiay ?acaea/a aniiiiaeaiee
ioaeaeathueiny — ieiei 5000 ?oaeae a aiae, i?aeiouanoaaiiua i?ioea
ae?oaeo caaiaeia ieaou ca ?aaioo, iniaua iaa?aaeu, iiiu?aiey e i?eaeaea
i?aaeio?aieoaeueiie iniu e ei aaaaeaieth iinaaa ea?oioaey, ioione ii
caaiaeneei oeaiai aeaeaca oai, eoi oioae no?ieoue eaiaiiua aeiia,
iieoieo eo/oeo eioaaeae, oieiiai?neeo aueia e ei?ia aeey oeo/oaiey
ii?iae aeiiaoiaai neioa a caaiaeneii ie?oaa.
Ieeieae Ieeeoe/ neii/aeny a 1828 aiaeo, caaauae iioi?iieoue naay a
Oaaeea. Nui aai Iaaae Ieeieaaae/ iino?iee caeanue Auenei-Ieeieueneoth
oea?eiaue, noaaooth onuiaeueieoeae ?iaea Aeaieaeiauo. Oiaaea aea a
Oaaeea, ia caaiaeneie ieiuaaee, ia?aae ai?iui oi?aaeaieai nii?oaeeee
a?iiciaue iaiyoiee I. I. Aeaieaeiao, ioeeoue a Ia?eaea. Oaia?ue aai iao.
Oioy iineaaeiea aiaeu I. I. Aeaieaeia aeee iniaaiii ?ineioii e, ia
aeaeay n?aaenoa, iie?iaeoaeuenoaiaae o/aiui e ooaeiaeieeai, iaeiaei ca
n/ao oniaoiiai aaaeaiey aeae ia O?aea, a Aia?eea, O?aioeee e ae?oaeo
no?aiao inoaaee naiei ianeaaeieeai eiouanoaa ii/oe aaeaia aieueoa ii
n?aaiaieth n oai, /oi nai iieo/ee io iooea. Nuiiaueyi Iaaeo e Aiaoieeth
aeinoaeenue a?iiaaeiua aeaaeaiey, caieiaaoea iaoe?ioth ieiuaaeue a 6,7
ouny/e ea. ei. E?iia caaiaeia, a ianeaaenoai aoiaeeei iyoue ii?neeo
noaeia, eieeaeoeey ae?aaioeaiiuo i?aaeiaoia noieiinoueth nauoa ieeeeiia
?oaeae.
Aeaaa 3. O/?aaeeoaeue iaa?aae
3.1 Iiacaeea a Ieaeiee Oaaee
Iinea ia?aoiaea caaiaeii e nuiiaueyi Ieeieay Ieeeoe/a oaeoe/aneia
o/anoea a oi?aaeaiee eie aia/aea iia i?eieiaoue oieueei 30-eaoiee Iaaae
Ieeieaaae/, iineieueeo Aiaoieeth auei anaai 16 eao. Noa?oee aeee a
iooeianeii iniaiyea ia iaaa?aaeiie Iieee a Iaoa?ao?aa, a ieaaeoee,
caeii/ea eeoeae Iaiieaiia, iaoiaeeeny aacauacaeii a Ia?eaea. I?e
anooieaiee a ianeaaenoai Iaaae Ieeieaaae/ ecaeae i?eeac ii Iaoa?ao?aneie
eiioi?a eiaiiaaoue aa ai?aaeue Aeaaiie, a oi?aaeythuaai aeaeaie
aaee/aoue aee?aeoi?ii Aeaaiie eiioi?u. Oi?aaeoaeue aea
Ieaeiaoaaeeueneiai ie?oaa n yoeo ii? noae aee?aeoi?ii Ieaeiaoaaeeueneeo
caaiaeia. Ei a oi a?aiy aue A.A. Ethaeiia.
A 1830 aiaeo aaa?iaenoa? oea?neiai aeai?a Iaaae Ieeieaaae/ Aeaieaeia
iieo/ee ?ac?aoaiea ainoaea?y ia iiacaeeo ia O?ae. A Ieaeiai Oaaeea
aioiaeee oi?aeanoaaiioth ano?a/o. A aeanoieee aeaeaa?ueneee ii?ic
ano?a/aee aai n oi?oaayie, eieieieueiui caiiii anao oea?eaae e iooa/iuie
auno?aeaie. Ia ae?oaie aeaiue iiaue oicyei ioi?aaeeny iniao?eaaoue naie
caaiaeu. Ii eo ?aiueoa ieeiaaea ia aeaeae, ie/aai a i?iecaiaenoaa ia
niuneee e oiaeee ii oaa?eeai e oeaoai ni neo/athuei aeaeii. Caoi
i?aia?aceeny, eiaaea aai noaee ciaeiieoue ni caeaieyie Aeaaiiai
oi?aaeaiey Ieaeiaoaaeeueneeo caaiaeia (iuia ai?niaao), caaiaeneiai
ainieoaey, n aeiiii naieo i?aaeeia e naiueth i?aaineaaiuie oea?eayie.
Caeioa?aniaae Iaaea Ieeieaaae/a Aoiaei-Ea?onaeeineee niai?. Iiiaea
eeiiu, ?anienaiiua e?aiinoiuie ooaeiaeieeaie, aucaaee ainoeuaiea. Ii
iiaeaeae oaeaeaoue ianoa?ia ii eaiith e aeeaiienoeaa.
Oi?aaeythuee iiaae caaiae/eea a niaoeeaeueioth ooaeiaeanoaaiioth
ianoa?neoth, eioi?ay aaea ia/aei n aeeaiieniie oeieu 1806 aiaea. Iaaae
Ieeieaaae/ ?aoee, /oi e?aiinoiua ooaeiaeieee ia ooaea eiino?aiiuo, ii
aeaoaaea, a a ia?aaioea eaiiy e a ooaeiaeanoaaiiii eeouea i?aacioee
iiiaeo. N?aco oicyei i?eeacae Ethaeiiao ioi?aaeoue aieaa niiniaiuo a
noieeoeo. Oai ii iieaaae eniieueciaaoue eo ianoa?noai ia oieueei aeey
oe?aoaiey nianoaaiiiai aeiia, ii e ainoaea?noaaiiuo caeaiee. A
/anoiinoe, Enaaeeaaneiai niai?a, ia ioaeaeeo eioi?iai aacee ec Ieaeiaai
Oaaeea a?aieo, i?aii?, iaeaoeo e yoio, cieioi e ae?oaea ae?aaioeaiiua
iaoaeeu, eaiie. Iaaae Ieeieaaae/ iiaea?ee Ieeieath I a 1836 aiaeo
ia?iiioth iaeaoeoiaoth ?ioiiaeo — ainaiue eieiii, niaaeeiaiiuo eoiieii,
aioo?aiiyy iiaa?oiinoue eioi?iai ioaeaeaia eaco?eoii. Iicae/iue iie
?ioiiaeu aueiaeai o?aeueneeie naiioeaaoaie. Yoio iaeaoeoiaue o?ai nae/an
oe?aoaao aaaicae Ceiiaai aeai?oea.
3.2 Aueneia o/eeeua
A 1820—1830 aiaeao ianoiay aeeaiieniay e a?eoiaoe/aneay oeiea aeeeanue a
Aueneia caaiaeneia o/eeeua, ca n/ao /aai iii cia/eoaeueii ?anoe?eeinue.
O/eeeua aioiaeei “n iiciaieyie ethaeae aeey caaiaeneeo ?aciiia?aciuo
aeieaeiinoae”. N 1839 aiaea iii noaiiaeony oacaeiui e a o/aaiii
ioiioaiee iiae/eiyaony ieieno?o i?inaauaiey. Eiee/anoai o/aieeia
aeinoeaaao 160 /aeiaae. Ia?yaeo n iauaia?aciaaoaeueiuie i?aaeiaoaie ei
i?aiiaeatho niaoeeaeueiia /a?/aiea e ?eniaaiea, caaiaeneea ienueiaiiua e
aaeieieno?aoeaiua aeaea, aooaaeoa?eth, iniiau iaoaieee e ai?iiai aeaea,
iaoaeeo?aeth. Aua iocueo, iaiea, a a ioaeaeueiua aiaeu — aeaaa?o,
oeceeo, iaiaoeeee, o?aioeocneee, aiaeeeneee ycuee.
A o/eeeua oeo/oaaony ninoaa i?aiiaeaaaoaeae, e na?ueacii iaeaaeeaathony
i?aeoe/aneea caiyoey. I. A. *a?aiaiia ?oeiaiaeee i?aeoe/aneei iao/aieai
e caieiaeny n o/aieeaie iaoaieeie. Caeanue i?aiiaeaaaee e auaoea
ainieoaiieee Aueneiai o/eeeua: A. *a?aiaiia aae niaoeeaeueiia /a?/aiea,
O. Caacaeei — eeoaeiia aeaei, ai?iue eiaeaia? A. A?ioaaa — ai?ioth
/anoue. Iaeioi?uo ainieoaiieeia ioi?aaeyee aeey aeaeueiaeoaai
oaoie/aneiai ia?aciaaiey ca a?aieoeo. Oae, a 1840 aiaeo a ?aciuo no?aiao
Aa?iiu iao/aeinue 16 /aeiaae.
Oaaeeueneee enoi?ee-e?aaaaae I.E. Oeeaiei ioia/aao: “Aueneia o/eeeua,
iiaeaeoe, auei aaeeinoaaiiui oaoie/aneei o/aaiui caaaaeaieai a ?innee, a
eioi?ii ca ?aaeeei eneeth/aieai o/eeenue e i?aiiaeaaaee e?aiinoiua,
i?e/ai iiiaea ec iieieaiey a iieieaiea. Yoi auoaeaei ec e?aiinoie/aneeo
oneiaee ai?iicaaiaeneie aeecie”. I iieiaeaiee o/aieeia aiai?yo oaeea
oaeou. Ca 1830 — 1840 aiaeu 67 ec ieo iiaeaa?aeenue naiui no?iaei
iaeacaieyi. Oieueei ca 1838—1847 aiaeu eneeth/aiu ec o/eeeua 38,
ia?aaaaeaiu ec ooaoa neoaeeoaeae a ?aai/ea — 24, naeaiu a nieaeaou — 4
/aeiaaea, iaeiiai nineaee a Neae?ue.
3.3 E?aiinoiay eioaeeeaaioeey
E *a?aiaiiaui noa?oee ianeaaeiee — Iaaae Ieeieaaae/ Aeaieaeia ioianny
aeiaieueii nienoiaeeoaeueii, ii iiiiee iie?iaeoaeuenoaaiiia ioiioaiea
?iaeeoaey e caaiaeneei iaoaieeai. Iineieueeo aua ioaoe ?ac?aoee
iino?ieeo aoi?ie iaoeiu aeey Iaaeiiai ?oaeieea, oi ia/aoia aeaei
i?iaeieaeaeinue. I?ioanni? A.N. Ae?aeineee auneacuaaao i?aaeiieiaeaiea,
/oi caaiaeiaeaaeaeueoeo eiiiie?iaae eioa?an, i?iyaeaiiue e aeinoeaeaieyi
*a?aiaiiauo ciaiaieoui iaiaoeeei o/aiui A. Aoiaieueaeoii, iaeia?eaoei
i?e iinauaiee Oaaeea “noieue ioee/iua ii naiaio ono?ienoao e iieuecai
ia?iaua iaoeiu”.
O?oaeiaa neeaaeuaaeenue ioiioaiey n ae?oaeie iiai?ieeaie iiaie oaoieee.
O.E. Oaaoeia iinea caa?aie/iiai iao/aiey aa?ioeny a Oaaee a aiae nia?oe
I.I. Aeaieaeiaa. A aeaeueiaeoai aio i?eoeinue eiaoue aeaei n
ianeaaeieeaie. Ca aeaa aeanyoeeaoey neoaeau o Aeaieaeiauo ia
Ieaeiaoaaeeueneeo caaiaeao, aaea ii oi?aaeye oaoie/aneie /anoueth,
Oaaoeia i?aaeeiaeee niinia iaiaauaiey “i?iiuaeith i?iaeoeoia, eioi?ua ii
oaiaiio niaea?aeaieth a naaa iaaee oee i?aaeaea a ioaae”, ieacuaae
iiiiuue *a?aiaiiaui a iino?ieea ia?auo ia?iaicia, i?iaiaeee iiuou ii
eniieueciaaieth iooiaeyueo aacia, ecaioiaeaieth eeoie noaee. Ii aianoi
aeaaiaea?iinoe a eiioea aeecie aue oaieai e neii/aeny a iieiie ieuaoa a
Oiinea iinea oyaeaeie aieacie. Eeoaeiue ianoa? O.O. Caacaeei,
i?ineaaeaoee eeouie oeao?aie caaiaeu Aeaieaeiauo ia iiiaeo aunoaaeao, ia
neeiia aeiae iieo/ee i?eeac: “oaieeoue ia naia i?iieoaiea ii iaeiaieth a
iai iaaeiaiinoe”. Oaeaioeeaue iaoaiee I.I. Iieaaa, ia auaea?aeaa
ecaeaaaoaeuenoa aeaaiiai oi?aaeythuaai, iieii/ee n niaie. A
aeaieaeianeeo aio/eiao iaiaei oaeaioeeauo ethaeae ooiaeeei ec aeecie
eiaiii oaeei ia?acii.
*enei e?aiinoiuo ia Ieaeiaoaaeeueneeo caaiaeao a 1845 aiaeo i?aauneei 43
ouny/e. Aieueiiioiouaiiuo aea auei oieueei 66 /aeiaae. Ii ooaoiiio
nieneo ia 1846 aiae n?aaee iineaaeieo /eneeeenue O.E. Oaaoeia, aai ioaoe
e a?aouey, Aoei e Ie?ii *a?aiaiiau, a?aouey A?ioaaau, A. Onoeiia, E. N.
Iaea?ia, E. O. Iaea?ia e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea iaeaieaa aeaeiua
niaoeeaeenou.
3.4 Aeaieaeianeea i?aiee
Aua aoaeo/e aoaa?iaoi?ii a Eo?nea, ii i?ineue aeaaiaeaoaeai e?ay. Ai
a?aiy oiea?u 1831 aiaea iino?iee oai /aou?a aieueieoeu, ca aai n/ao aue
aicaeaeaioo iaiyoiee iiyoo E.O. Aiaaeaiiae/o. Iaaae Ieeieaaae/ aue ia
/oaeae eneonnoao, oaeaeaeny aioe/iie a?oaieiaeae, noae ii/aoiui /eaiii
Aeaaeaiee iaoe e eneonnoa a A?aoeoei e Neaia. Aio iinayuai iaeei ec
eo/oeo iooaaiaeeoaeae oiai a?aiaie ii ?eio, iaienaiiue a 1838 aiaeo
e?oiiui eoaeueyineei a?oaieiaii Aioiiei Ieaae, eioi?ue nii?iaiaeaeae
I.I. Aeaieaeiaa ai a?aiy iniio?a ?eineeo aioe/iuo iaiyoieeia. E ana-oaee
iaeaieaa ecaanoai ii eae o/?aaeeoaeue ciaiaieouo Aeaieaeianeeo i?aiee.
17 ai?aey 1832 aiaea a aieueoii eiioa?aioe-caea Iaoa?ao?aneie aeaaeaiee
iaoe nia?aeenue ecaanoiua o/aiua, aaaeiua naiiaieee. Ninoiyeinue
oi?aeanoaaiiia niauoea — ia?aia i?enoaeaeaiea iiaie aeaaeaie/aneie
i?aiee, o/?aaeaeaiiie aiae iacaae o?aeueneei caaiae/eeii I.I.
Aeaieaeiaui. O/?aaeeoaeue aa aaeaaiaeii aiinee a Aeaaeaieth iaoe ii 20
ouny/ ?oaeae anneaiaoeeyie “ia iaa?aaeu ca eo/oea ii ?aciui /anoyi
ni/eiaiey i ?innee” e ii 5 ouny/ “ia ecaeaiea oaai/aiiuo aeaaeaieath
?oeiieniuo oai?aiee”. Ii inoaaeaiiiio caaauaieth e iinea nia?oe Iaaea
Ieeieaaae/a aeaiueae ia yoe oeaee iinooiaee a oa/aiea 25 eao. I?aiee
aeaeeeenue ia iieiua — ii 5 ouny/ ?oaeae e iieiaeiiua — ii 2,5 ouny/e.
Ca ana a?aiy eo nouanoaiaaiey (1832—1865) auei ?anniio?aii 903
ni/eiaiey, ec ieo i?aiee iieo/eee: iieiua – 55, iieiaeiiua – 220,
ioia/aiiua ii/aoiuie iocuaaie – 127.
Aeaaa 4. Iaaae Aeaieaeia
4.1 Eiycue Naiiiio?a
Iaaae Iaaeiae/ Aeaieaeia ?iaeeeny ca aiae aei nia?oe iooea, a 1839-i. Ii
ia iia iiiieoue ?iaeeoaey, ii a naieo aeaenoaeyo aeaeaei, io iaai ia
ooae. Iinoiyiii oaeaeaeny ?aciuie aeaeiauie iaieioeyoeeyie:
naoa?iaa?aieai, aia?eeaineeie yeaaaoi?aie, io?iaineeie ?uaiuie
i?iiuneaie, ecaeaieai nianoaaiiie aacaou “?inney”. Oi aae?oa aaycuaaeny
a oi?aiaeth iynii aeeeeo aeeaioiuo, aoeueiiiuie eiioeaio?aoaie. Oaaoaeny
ca ana, /oi ii aai ?an/aoo, iiaei i?eianoe nei?ue aeioiae. A naieie
o?aeueneeie caaiaeaie ii/oe ia caieiaeny. Ana iaaeaaeaeu ia iieo/aiea
i?eauee n ieo aiceaaae ia oi?aaeoaeae e naiaai aeaaiiai oiieiiii/aiiiai
— i?ioanni?a i?aaa Aeia?iaieueneiai.
Iaaae Iaaeiae/ ioee/eeny o/anoeai a “Nayuaiiie ae?oaeeia”
(“Aeia?iaieueiay io?aia”), eiinie?e?iaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee i?eaeai?iie
a?enoie?aoe/aneie ?innee a 1881— 1882 aiaeao, eioi?ay a ai?ueaa n
?aaiethoeeiiiui aeaeaeaieai niia?ie/aea n ainoaea?noaaiiie iieeoeeae,
eiaea iaoe?ioth ?onneoth e caa?aie/ioth aaaioo?o. Eae iaeei ec
aeaeiaeoeo aa /eaiia, caaiae/ee anneaiiaae yoiio iauanoao 50 ouny/
?oaeae. Oiaaea aea I.A. Naeoueia-Uaae?ei a “Ienueiao e oaoaiueea” (1881—
1882) auaae aai iiae naoe?e/aneie oaieeeae “Eiycue Naiiiio?a”. Oaieeey
ia?aciaaia io oooi/iiai oe?aeineiai iacaaiey aeaoaauo ni?oia oaaaea:
“nai iai o?a”, oi anoue nai aa?ei o?ao.
I.I. Aeaieaeia I?iyaee iaiaeoth oeiainiaoth aeoeaiinoue iinea ?aoi?iu
1861 aiaea, eiaaea ia/aeinue i?iieeiiaaiea ioa/anoaaiiiai e ca?oaaaeiiai
eaieoaea ia o?aeueneea caaiaeu. Oaaeeueneea caaiaeu aea?aeaeenue
aeieueoa anao, oeeiiyynue io aeoeeiie?iaaiey. Aeaaea naie o/anoaiaaee a
i?iieeiiaaiee naieo eaieoaeia ia ae?oaea i?aaei?eyoey. Oae, a 1873
aiaeo, eiaaea ianooiee neaaeothuee yoai ?aci?aiey oicyenoaa I.A.
Anaaieiaeneiai a Ieeeoeineii ie?oaa, eoaea aoiaeeee aeaa caaiaea,
Ieeeoeineee e Aeaenaiae?ianeee, a oaeaea Eoiueaaneia ianoi?iaeaeaiea
eaiaiiiai oaey a Nieeeaineii oacaea, a /enea a?aiaeaoi?ia aunooieea
a?oiia o?aeueneeo caaiae/eeia. N?aaee ieo aaaeouaa iieiaeaiea caieiae I.
I. Aeaieaeia. A eoiaa ii neoiee iae e naeaeaeny aaeeiiee/iui oicyeiii
aeaea.
Ca naiue eao I.I. Aeaieaeia iieiaeee a ea?iai ia iaiaa 910 ouny/ ?oaeae,
oieaoea eeoue 40 ouny/ aeieaia. Iiaue aeaaeaeaoe, i?iaae iaieiooth
oeiainiaoth iia?aoeeth, eiay oeaeueth caoaao ia?niaeoeaiiai oicyenoaa
Ieeeoeineiai ie?oaa, eioi?ia, a eiioea eiioeia, i?eniaaeeiee e
Ieaeiaoaaeeueneiio.
Iaeiaei ia naieo oaaeeueneeo caaiaeao Iaaae Iaaeiae/ aue anaai
aeaaaeaeu: ia?aue ?ac iiae?inoeii n iaoa?ueth Aa?i?ie Ea?eiaiie. Ai
aoi?ie e iineaaeiee — a 1863 aiaeo, eiaaea i?eacaeae ia O?ae oaea
iieiii?aaiui aeaaeaeueoeai anao caaiaeia, ieeeeiiiuo aeaaeaiee. Aio auei
22—23 aiaea. Aeceo i?iaeieaeaeny ieiei o?ao iaaeaeue, a?aiy
i?iaiaeeeinue ia ioioa eee a caaaaao. Yoio i?eacae Aeaieaeiaa noae
nthaeaoii ?iiaia Ae. I. Iaieia-Neae?yea “Ai?iia aiacaei”. Nia?aiaiieee
ienaoaey eaaei ociaaaee a ia?aca Aaaaiey Eaioaaa ianeaaeieea
au?iaeaeathuaeny naiuee e?oiiuo o?aeueneeo caaiae/eeia.
A 1880 aiaeo oaaeeueneee caaiae iinaoee ecaanoiue ?onneee iaoaeeo?a
Ae.E. *a?iia. A ie?anoiinoyo Ieaeiaai Oaaeea i?eacaeee aeieai
?anniao?eaae Aunieiai?neee ?oaeiee, aaea ?ac?aaioee aaeenue ioe?uoui
niiniaii.
A ?onneii oaoie/aneii iauanoaa 1 iiya?y 1880 aiaea *a?iia aunooiee n
aeieeaaeii i iiacaeea. Auneacuaaeny ii aanueia yia?ae/ii: “ss ia iiao
iie/aoue naaiaeiy, anee aeaeo oeuie/aneoth ?ac?a6ioeo ?oaeieeia,
caeinoaiaaiioth o iaoeo i?aaeeia, iaaeeaaiea ?oaeu a eo/ao eee ia
eeaoeao; anee y aeaeo a?iiaaeioth, iieiouoth iiae aeiaeaeai eo/o oaey,
ia?aiaoaiioth iiiieai n aieiaaoeaie. ss ia niath iie/aoue, eiaaea aeaeo
oienooth aacia?acioth eaiaiioth ie?aieaeo n a?iiaaeiui ieaiaiai o
aea?ea, a eioi?oth, auaeaaynue ec nee, aeotho nieco oanoue eee ainaiue
aea?aayiiuo iaoia, aea aea/eiuo aeu?yaui eieanii”.
Aiai?y i i?e/eiao oiaaeea iaoaeeo?aee, *a?iia iacaae e oaeoth: “Eiiaaea
iiiaaeathony oeaeua caaiaeneea ie?oaa, a eioi?uo iao ie iaeiie ee/iinoe,
iieo/eaoae iao/iia oaoie/aneia ia?aciaaiea”. Aeaieaeianeee caaiae
n/eoaeny iaeiei ec eo/oeo /anoiuo caaiaeia. Ii aeaaea e caeanue iieiaeuo
ai?iuo eiaeaia?ia ano?a/aee iai?eaaoeeai, noaaeee i?aeoeeaioaie eeai aac
ii?aaeaeaiiuo iaycaiiinoae n iaeaiueeeo aeaeiaaieai.
A ethia 1885 aiaea oaei ii/eaoaai a Eoaeee Iaaea Iaaeiae/a Aeaieaeiaa
i?eaacee a Oaaee e iiianoeee a onuiaeueieoeo ?iaea Auenei-Ieeieueneie
oea?eae. A ai?iaea aeieai aua auee aeaeiu neaaeu iioi?iiiie i?ioeannee.
Oeeoea auea iinuiaia aeaeoui ianeii n ai?u Aunieie. Noieau e a?ee
oe?aoaee caeaiua ae?eyiaeu, aeaieaeianeee aeii – ?anoaiey ec i?aiaea?ae
ii neo/ath i?eacaea aaeiau eiyaeie A. I. Aeaieaeiaie.
Aei naiae eii/eiu Iaaae Iaaeiae/ oniae ioee/eoueny e a
aeaaioai?eoaeueiinoe. Oieueei ca iineaaeiea aeanyoue eao aeecie ii
iiaea?oaiaae ia iainee e ae?oaea iiniaey a i?aaeaeao ?innee 1167840
?oaeae.
E?iia ?iaeiaiai ieaeiaoaaeeueneiai eiaiey, ianeaaeieeai I.I. Aeaieaeiaa
aeinoaeenue ee/ii i?eia?aoaiiua ii/eaoei Eeeeiaoeeee naoa?iue caaiae a
Eeaaneie aoaa?iee. Aioiaoaeneia eiaiea ieiei Iaoa?ao?aa, “Caaiaeia/eia”
iiae Iineaie, Eoiueaaneee ai?iicaaiaeneee ie?oa eiaiea I?aoieeii aeec
Oei?aioeee a Eoaeee, iaaaceiu e eaaee a Iineaa, Ieaeiai Iiaai?iaea,
?inoiaa-ia-Aeiio. Ciaiaieoay aeeea Nai-Aeiiaoi, eoaea Aeaieaeia “oaee”
ieeeeiiu, auea i?iaeaia ca aeieae, anaai ca 30 ouny/ ?oaeae.
Aeaenaiae? II iacia/ee iaae aeaieaeianeeie caaiaeaie iiaeo ai aeaaa n I.
I. Aeo?iiai. Ae?oaeie iiaeoiaie auee a?ao I.I. Aieaieuaa-Eooocia e A.I.
AEiian, iiai/iue nui, eae aiai?eee, Aiaoieey Ieeieaaae/a Aeaieaeiaa,
ainieoaiiue ai O?aioeee, eii/eaoee Ai?ioth oeieo a Ia?eaea e 18 eao
neoaeeaoee nia?aa ii iniaui ii?o/aieyi, a iioii aeaaiui oiieiiii/aiiui a
aeaeao aeaieaeianeeo caaiaeia.
A aeooiaiii caaauaiee I.I. Aeaieaeia ia iiaeaeae ?acaeaeeoue iniiaiia
eiaiea. Ianeaaeieee aeieaeiu auee aaeaaiaeii auiea/eaaoue ?aioo n
aeioiaeia a noiia 84 ouny/e ?oaeae iaoa?e Iaaea Iaaeiae/a Aa?i?a
Ea?eiaia, aeeaoae a Oeieyiaeee, e o?aioeocneie i?eioeanna Iaoeeueaea aea
Iiioi?. Ia ainieoaiea iyoe ianeaaeieeia auei anneaiiaaii 150 ouny/.
Aeaaa 5. Iineaaeiea
5.1 Aeei Iaaeiae/
Naiie caiaoiie oeao?ie n?aaee ianeaaeieeia I.I. Aeaieaeiaa aue aai
noa?oee nui Aeei Iaaeiae/, aaa?iaenoa? auni/aeoaai aeai?a, Aeey naiae
ea?uea?u ii aua?ae o?aaeeoeeiiiia naiaeiia iii?eua — neoaeao a
Ieienoa?noaa eiino?aiiuo aeae. A eaioi oaa?aeueneie ?aaiethoeee 1917
aiaea ii caieiae ianoi ?onneiai iineaiieea a A?aoeee, oaoaa ooaea ca
aeaa aiaea aei yoeo niauoee.
Anee Aeaieaeiau ia?auo aeaoo iieieaiee auee ciaoieaie ai?iicaaiaeneiai
aeaea e oieeiauie i?aaiecaoi?aie, oi oicyenoaaiiua iia?aoeee neaaeothueo
o?ao iieieaiee oaea eiaee cia/eoaeueii iaiueoee ianooaa, ii aua
iicaieyee a eaeie-oi ia?a nio?aiyoue ia?iiiia caaiaeneia aeaei, oioy a
iaeioi?uo aai aaoayo oaea oa?yy e i?iaeaaay caaiaeu. Aeaenoaey aea
iineaaeieo naiaeeeenue eeoue e iieo/aieth ieeeeiiiuo aeeaeaeaiaeia.
Ai?iue eiaeaia? A. A. A?oi-A?aeeiaeei ciae /aou?ao iieiaeuo
aeaaeaeueoeaa caaiaeia, aaea ii neoaeee. Aeeia Iaaeiae/a aeaeae a Oaaeea
o?eaeaeu. Ia?aue ?ac — 17-eaoiei thiioae, neo/athuei e iineooiui
nii?iaiaeaeaaoaio aai oi?aaeoaeth AEiiano. Caaiaeneia aeaei ii ia
iiieiae e ia oioae aieeaoue a iaai. I?eoiaeee a oaean io caaiaeneie
iuee, aea?u e ooia. Ianoie/ea aue oieueei a nii?oa, aea e oi a ea?a ia
aeeuey?aea.
Aoi?ie ?ac, a aieiaeiii 1891 aiaeo, Aeei Iaaeiae/ i?eaoae nianaoue naie
caaiaeu io aieiaea, ono?aeaaoue noieiaua. I?eacaeae ceiie ianyoea ia o?e
ni naiei oiaa?euai, ono?aeaae eaeea-oi noieiaua a Oaae?einea, ii nei?i
aa?ioeny a Oaaee. Oiaaea aea ii aai ?anii?yaeaieth caeanue aue
o/?aaeaeai “Ai?iicaaiaeneee iocaoi Ieaeiaoaaeeueneeo e Eoiueaaneeo
caaiaeia”. Aua aeaaaeaeu, a 1895 e 1910 aiaeao, A.I. Aeaieaeia iinaoee
O?ae.
E ana aea ianoiyoaeuenoaa canoaaeyee Aeeia Iaaeiae/a i?iyaeyoue
ii?aaeaeaiiue eioa?an e caaiaeai. E 1909 aiaeo iinea nia?oe a?aoa Iaaea
ii caiye aaaeouaa iieiaeaiea a oaaeeueneeo aeaaeaieyo Aeaieaeiauo.
5.2 Ieaaeoea a?aouey
A ioee/ea io noa?oaai a?aoa, Aiaoieee Iaaeiae/ aeaaea ia cayaeye i naiai
eioa?ana e aeaeo. Nia/aea iiaeieao aeeaae a Oaaeea, ii aai eiiiaieth
ninoaaeye eaeae, n eioi?ui ii ono?iee ia?onioth eiaeeo e oeaeuie aeiyie
eaoaeny ii Oaaeeueneiio i?oaeo. Iaeioi?ia a?aiy Aiaoieee neoaeee a
A?iaeiaineii aona?neii iieeo, caoai a?inee neoaeao e aae aania/ioth
aeeciue ca a?aieoeae.
Iaeioi?oth iaaeaaeaeo iiaeaaae ieaaeoee Aeaieaeia, Iaaae Iaaeiae/. Aio
iiiaeny oi?ioee aoaa?ia?, i?eaao-aeioeaio Iaeanneiai oieaa?neoaoa.
“Iaaae Iaaeiae/, aiai?yo, oi?ioi o/eeny e niae?aeny iinooieoue a Ai?iue
einoeooo. Ia iiiith, iinooiee ee, eee i?iaaeeeny ia yecaiaia, eee
oaiyeny, — ii a eiioea eiioeia ii ieacaeny thiea?ii A?iaeiaineiai iieea
e oae aae naay, /oi iieeiaie eiiaiaee? ?aaeaoiiae aue, eiaaea thiea?,
iaeiiaoe, ooae ec iieea. Caoai ii ia/ae iooaoanoaiaaoue. Iiaoae a
Oeaio?aeueioth Aceth n eaeei-oi aiaee/aieiii ia ioioo e iiaee iiiai
eaiaiiuo aa?aiia. Ii aei?iaa ii inoaiiaeeny ia aeaiue a Oaaeea, /oiau
iieacaoue oyao ia aaeueaeoiaiia. Iioii iiaoae a Ao?eeo e nei?i oia?”, –
niiauaao A?oi-A?aeeiaeei.
Ai?iue eiaeaia?, i?eniao?eaaynue e Aeaieaeiaui, iaaeioiaaae: “*aai aea
ei ia oaaoaei? Aeoiuie, eaeeioaie eo iacaaoue auei iaeuecy. Eo nano?u
a?aiaee a Iaoa?ao?aa eae ia?aua e?anaaeoeu e naiua eioa?aniua aeaiueiu
iauanoaa”. A?oi-A?aeeiaeei n/eoae, /oi, n iaeiie noi?iiu, o Aeaieaeiauo
ia auei noeioea /aai-eeai aeiaeaaoueny, a n ae?oaie — iaie/aneee no?ao:
aae?oa caaiaeu ia?anoaioo aeaaaoue aeioiaeu e ei, aeaaeaeueoeai, ia/ai
aoaeao aeeoue.
I?e oaeeo oicyaaao oaaeeueneea caaiaeu ia?aaeeaaee iniai o?oaeiua
a?aiaia.
5.3 Aeaea caaiaeneea
Aanue ii?aoi?iaiiue ia?eiae ieaeiaoaaeeueneia oicyenoai n/eoaeinue naiui
e?oiiui ec ai?iicaaiaeneeo ie?oaia O?aea. A 1895 aiaeo ia oaaeeueneii
caaiaea auei iaiyoi 1733 /aeiaaea. Anaai a ai?iii ie?oaa Aeaieaeiauo
?aaioaei 16882 /aeiaaea, oii aea aiaeo iieo/aii ia caaiaea 1 iei. 157
oun. ioaeia /oaoia, ieiei 600 oun. ioaeia noaee e aeaeaca. Aaniiuaaeiay
yenieoaoaoeey ethaeae, ieceay iieaoa o?oaea, eioaineaiia no?ieoaeuenoai
aeaeaciuo aei?ia iicaieyee Aeaieaeiaui e a yoe o?oaeiua aiaeu eae-oi
auaea?aeeaaoue eiieo?aioeeth e aeaaea oaaee/eoue i?iecaiaenoai ?aeuenia
e ?aeueniauo e?aieaiee. Iniaaiii ?aioaaaeueii ?aaioae Ieaeianaeaeeineee
caaiae. A ia?eiae 1892—1900 aiaeia Aeaieaeiau aaeaaiaeii iieo/aee
/enoiai aeioiaea io ?aeuenia 1-1,2 iei. ?oaeae.
Iaeiaei iaiaoeaoayny aua ?aiueoa aeeni?iii?oeey a ?acaeoee ioaeaeueiuo
io?aneae yeiiiieee Oaaeeueneiai ie?oaa oneeeeanue e eiioeo XIX aaea.
Oiieeaiay e ?oaeiay aaca caaiaeneiai oicyenoaa ?acaeaaeanue iaaeeaiiaa,
/ai naie i?aaei?eyoey. Caaiaeai ia oaaoaei oiieeaa, nu?uey. I?eaaaioee e
i?eaiciiio, e /anoe/iie caiaia ae?aaaniiai oaey eaiaiiui. Ii yoi eeoue
oaaee/eei ?anoiaeu e iaino?eei oeiainiaua cao?oaeiaiey aeaaeaeueoeaa. A
aiaeu e?ecena e aeai?annee Ieaeiaoaaeeueneee ie?oa onooiee ia?aia ianoi
ii auioneo i?iaeoeoeee Aiaineianeiio i?aaei?eyoeth.
A 1899 aiaeo Ieienoa?noai oeiainia ?innee iiaeaioiaeei iao/ioth
yeniaaeeoeeth ii eco/aieth yeiiiie/aneiai ninoiyiey ?innee e ia?niaeoea
aai ?acaeoey. Noaaeeanue caaea/a eco/eoue iieiaeaiea aeae a yeiiiieea
O?aea. Aicaeaaeoue yeniaaeeoeeth i?eaeaneee Ae.E. Iaiaeaeaaaa. A ethia
ii i?eaoae a Ieaeiee Oaaee.
A io/aoa “O?aeueneay i?iiuoeaiiinoue aeaeaciay a 1899 a.” ?onneee o/aiue
aiieia ?aciiii iacaae neaaeothuea i?aiyonoaey ?acaeoeth o?aeueneiai
ai?iiai aeaea: /?acia?iia nin?aaeioi/aiea aieueoeo ieiuaaeae a iaeieo
?oeao, eniieueciaaiea aeaaeaeueoeaie oieueei naiaai eana,
iaaeinoaoi/iinoue iooae niiauaiey, iaaeinoaoie i?aaei?eei/eainoe o
aeaaeaeueoeaa.
A oneiaeyo e?ecena ia/aea XX aaea Aeaieaeiau niaieee aeaaiia i?aaeaiea
Ieaeiaoaaeeueneeo e Eoiueaaneeo caaiaeia. Aai aicaeaaee auaoee /eiiaiee
Ieienoa?noaa oeiainia A. I. ?aoueeia-?iaeiia, neoaeeaoee i?aaeaea
aeoea-aee?aeoi?ii aeaia?oaiaioa aeaeaciuo aei?ia. A inouanoaeaiee naieo
i?iaeoia ?acaeoey caaiaeia ii iaoae iiaeaea?aeeo iniiaiiai iaeueea Aeeia
Iaaeiae/a Aeaieaeiaa e iioiio iia ia n/eoaoueny n iiiiceoeeae ae?oaeo
aeaaeaeueoeaa.
Ia/aei e?ooiai iiai?ioa e oooaeoaieth oeiainiaiai iieiaeaiey ie?oaa
ioiineony e 1902 – 1903 oeiainiaui aiaeai, eiaaea caaiaeu iioa?iaee
oauoie a 393 ouny/e ?oaeae e inoaeenue niaa?oaiii aac n?aaenoa.
Iaia?aaaeenue i?eaaaiooue e i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui nnoaeai e e?aaeeoai o
/anoiuo aaieia. Iaeiaei Ainoaea?noaaiiue aaie a nnoaea ioeacae. Nnoaeo
auaeae Ieaeaai?iaenei-Naia?neee, ioeaieaoee Ieaeiaoaaeeueneee ie?oa ia
noiio 7,5iee. ?oaeae e Eoiueaaneee — a 3,5 iei. ?oaeae. Nnoaeo auaeaee a
?acia?a 60 i?ioeaioia ioeaii/iie noieiinoe.
Ii iia ia auaaea Aeaieaeianeia i?aaei?eyoea ec e?eceniiai ninoiyiey,
oauoi/iinoue ie?oaa ?inea. E iaeaieaa ino?iio iiiaioo e?ecena iauay
caaeieaeaiiinoue caaiaeia aeinoeaaea 14 iei. ?oaeae. A oa/aiea oanoe
ianyoeaa ?aai/ei ia auaeaaaee ca?aaioiie ieaou. Caaioiaea oiieeaa
i?ae?aoeeanue. Aieueoeinoai i?aaei?eyoee inoaiiaeeinue. Iaeiaei
aeaaeaeueoeu i?iaeieaeaee ecuiaoue ec eo aeoeaia ia?iiiua noiiu ia naie
ee/iua ?anoiaeu.
Iiyoue nianei i?aaeoaeuenoai, oaeiaeaoai?ea i/a?aaeioth i?inueao
Aeaieaeiauo i aeaiaaeiie iiiiue a noiia 750 ouny/ ?oaeae e ?ac?aoea ei
iiaua caeiu a ?onneeo e eiino?aiiuo aaieao. Eiino?aiiiio eaieoaeo
ioe?ueny aeinooi e i?e?iaeiui aiaaonoaai o?aeueneiai e?ay. Iaeiaei yoi
ia iiiiaei.
5.4 Eiiaoe caaiaeia
Ia/aaoayny a 1914 aiaeo aieia ii?ieeioea ana ieaiu ii caaiaeai. Iia
ieii/aoaeueii iiaei?aaea yeiiiieeo ie?oaa. Oioy aiaiiua caeacu nicaeaee
iaeioi?oth aeaeeiinoue iiaeuaia i?iecaiaenoaa, nei?i noaea iuouaoueny
iexaaoea nu?uey e ?aai/eo, iiaeeeciaaiiuo a a?ieth. A 1916 aiaeo a
Ieaeiai Oaaeea inoaiaaeeaathony aeiiaiiua ia/e, cae?uaathony
Aeneii-Oaeoaineee caaiae, n iaiieiie iaa?oceie ?aaioatho oeaoe ae?oaeo.
Ia ni?aaeyynue n aiaiiuie caeacaie, iieo/ea e iio?aoea ia
ia?aiai?oaeiaaiea caaiaeia ainoaea?noaaiioth nnoaeo, oicyenoai
Aeaieaeiauo ieacaeinue iaeaioia oeiainiaiai e?aoa. Iauee aeiea ninoaaeye
ieiei 10 iei. ?oaeae.
A yoie ianoaiiaea nthaea iaoiaeeo aei?iao aaieianeee eaieoae. Aia/aea
ia?aiineony ainoaea?noaaiiue aeiea ia ?onneee aeey aiaoiae oi?aiaee
aaie, caoai iiaeienuaaaony aeiaiai? ia o/?aaeaeaiee “Aeoeeiia?iiai
iauanoaa Ieaeiaoaaeeueneeo e Eoiueaaneeo ai?iuo e iaoaie/aneeo caaiaeia
ianeaaeieeia I.I. Aeaieaeiaa, eiycy Nai-Aeiiaoi” e i?iaiaeeony
oeiainiaay ?ai?aaiecaoeey ie?oaia. Inoaaaeinue eeoue neaaia ooaoaiea,
/oi i?e naiae eia?oiinoe oaaeeueneay aaoaue Aeaieaeiauo i?iyaeea
iaeaieueoaa oii?noai, aieioue aei 1917 aiaea oaea?aeeaay ?iaeiia “ai?iia
aiacaei”. Onoaa Aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa aue iiaeienai 24 ia?oa.
Ao?aeoaciiio ie?o inoaaaeenue iineaaeiea ianyoeu aeanoe.
Aeoeee auee eoieaiu iiiai/eneaiiie eeeaioo?ie aaiea, i?ioanni? TH.A.
Ao?aiia ii?aaeaeyao aeieth o/anoee Aeaieaeiauo a naiai noa?ii aeaea ia
aieaa /ai a 24 i?ioeaioa io iniiaiiai eaieoaea. Eiio?ieue Aeaieaeiauo
iaae ?iaeiauie aeaaeaieyie aue ooa?yi.
Caoai i?eoee iiaua oicyaaa, nianoeaoea e aaieianeeo aeaaeaeueoeaa. 30
aeaeaa?y 1917 aiaea ia i?aaei?eyoeyo Ieaeiaoaaeeueneiai ie?oaa aaaee
?aai/ee eiio?ieue. 28 yiaa?y (10 oaa?aey) 1918 aiaea Niaaoneia
i?aaeoaeuenoai ecaeaei aeae?ao i iaoeeiiaeecaoeee anao i?iuoeaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee “Aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa Ieaeiaoaaeeueneeo caaiaeia e
?oaeieeia ianeaaeieeia I.I. Aeaieaeiaa”.
Aieaa /ai aeaooaaeiaia ainiiaenoai aeeianoee Aeaieaeiauo iaae
o?aeueneeie caaiaeaie eii/eeinue.
Caeeth/aiea
?aciie ioeaiea auea aeeaaea ciaiaieoiai ?iaea a ?acaeoea yeiiiieee O?aea
e ?innee. ?aiueoa niaaoneea enneaaeiaaoaee, ioia/ay yeiiiie/aneea oniaoe
Aeaieaeiauo, a oa?aeoa?enoeea eo a oeaeii aieueoa eniieueciaaee /a?iua
e?anee. Iui/a, i?e iaiiaeaiee enoi?e/aneiai naiiniciaiey, iaiaei aaoi?ia
oaea?eeinue a ae?oaoth e?aeiinoue — eniieueciaaoue iaeie aieoaua e
?iciaua.
I?e ?anneaca i Aeaieaeiauo iaeuecy iaieoe i?ecua E. Ia?ena ecia?aaeaoue
enoi?e/aneeo aeayoaeae “no?iauie ?aia?aiaeoianeeie e?aneaie ai anae
naiae aeeciaiiie i?aaaea”, aac eioo?iia ia iiaao e eaaaiae aie?oa eo
eiaie. Aaoi? yoeo i/a?eia no?aieeny iieacaoue ai?iicaaiae/eeia aeeauie
ethaeueie, aac i?ee?an, n eo ii?ieaie e n aeayieyie, iai?aaeaiiuie ia
?acaeoea ioa/anoaaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e eoeueoo?u.
Aeeianoey iieueciaaeanue aieueoie ecaanoiinoueth aeaaiaea?y a?iiaaeiui
aiaaonoaai, auaeathueiny caneoaai a ?acaeoee ioa/anoaaiiie
ai?iicaaiaeneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e oe?ieie iauanoaaiiie
aeaaioai?eoaeueiinoe. Iao e?ae iniaaiii iiiaei iaycai ?iaeo Aeaieaeiauo:
iie iino?ieee nauoa iieonioie iaoaeeo?ae/aneeo caaiaeia, a oii /enea
ni?ie — ia O?aea.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u
1. Eaeeoa N.I. A?aiy, aniao?eaathuaany a naay (ia?acu Aeaieaeiauo a
ioa/anoaaiiie enoi?e/aneie i?ica)//Ooeueneee iaoaee. *aou?a noieaoey
enoi?ee – I.-Ooea,1995, N.37
2. Eaeeoa N. Ethaeiue nui Ieeeou//Ooea aa/a?iyy–1996, 21 iay, N.3
3. Eoeeeia A. ?iaeiaia ianoi Aeaieaeiauo//Ooea aa/a?iyy–1996–19 naio. –
N.3 I Ieeeoa Aeaieaeiaa
– Nnueee a Eioa?iaoa
4. http://history.ntagil.ru/1_10.htm
5. http://www.maecenas.ru/doc/2004_1_2.html
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