Ieienoa?noai ia?aciaaiey ?O
Ieienoa?noai ia?aciaaiey, eoeueoo?u e nii?oa Eaeoaeneie iaeanoe
Oi?aaeaiea ia?aciaaiey a. Eaeoae
N?aaeiyy oeiea ?5 a. Eaeoae
?AOA?AO
«?ai?annee e aieiae 1930-o aiaeia a ?innee»
Eaeoaa
2007
NIAeA?AEAIEA
Aaaaeaiea
Aeaaa 1. N /aai ana ia/eiaeinue
Aeaaa 2. Ianeeuenoaaiiay eieeaeoeaecaoeey e ?aneoea/eaaiea
Aeaaa 3. Aaeeeee aieiae
Aeaaa 4. “Nioeeaeueii-/oaeaeua yeaiaiou” e oeeeeu ?ai?annee
Caeeth/aiea
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
I????a
A???a
“E? e ?y?e, ?i ? ??o ?????? ? eth?? ????i,? ??? ?e ???? ?ith ?a?ue
???i”. O? E?? (i ????i ?? ??a-O????e).
O?????, y? ??a ?????o ????, ???o ??a 2-oo ?ny/ ?o ??ae. I??ay y? ???, y
a? ? ????ey? ???? ???? ??????y a ??e ??? a 30-? ??. I???a ????e, ????
??ae, ???y ?????, ??iy?? ??o ? ??ue ?ith e ? ??ue ??o ???o ??e ??ath?e
?????th ??????y “????? ?????” a ????i ?e ? ?????a. I??o ????ue, ?i
????ay ???: N???ee Nithc a ????? ??? ??a ????? I? ???? ??e ??o ? y?o
?i?n a ??e ??? e ?iy? ???oue ????y?? a ? ??.
N????-y?????? ????a NNN? a 20-30?? OO ?? N ??? 1923 ?? e ? e?? 1927 ??,
? a?ue ? ??? ??i iy? ?o, a ?????y?e N???? ??? e ????, ????a ???????y
????a. A??a ? ?? E??a, ???? 21 y??y 1924 ??, ?? ????. E??uey??i, ???ey??
85% ????y ???, ????? ?????? ?y? ? ????? ??a, ????ue ?ith ????th. Y? ??
???i ?????? “y?????”, ? ?? “?????i ???-??eth???? ???ey”. I???? ??a,
?????a a ??? n 1914 ? 1922 ?ae, ???? ?e???a ???th, ??a ??? ?????ue. C???
???? ????????, ???? e ??ae a ???yo ??e ??a ???e, ???y? ??a ?????. I??i
???a y?o ????? ?o ? ??i ?y? ???ea ?????ey ??o ??y?i ???i e i????, ? ????
???a, ???e ???? ?i ??i.(E ?oy?th 1923 ?? a 355 e??yo ?a ?????ue 68297
???? ???u a 207?????o-48163 a 105 oth??o-16765 e ?a 1041 ?????????!!) O
???yi ??? ?y ?????? ?? ???. C????a ?? ? ?????y????a ???? ?? ??ue ??e, a
??? ?? ?????. E??uey? ?????e ?ay a ??? ????ie ???i ??a, ????? ? ???????
???????y ??????? N????i ??ae??? I??a ??????? ?????? ???e ???th “??ie,
???e ????e y????e, ???-??eth????e, ???, ???e ?????, ???o ?a ? ??? “???”.
???? ??n ?? ????y “?ae ????? ??th???”. Y? ????ay ????ey ??? ??????ue a
????? ?y?e n ????? n???? ??? ??i ???e. Ia ??? ???ey?e ?? ?? ??? ??????,
?y?y?? ??a e ????, “???y??a ????ey”. A ???? ???a AIO ???e ??n ???y ?
“a????a y???u”, ??aey??y ?ae ?ey?? ?????th???o a??, ? “?????e ????”, a
???? ???i ????? ? ????, a ??a ? ?o, ?i ?a ??o ??ue “?????e ??????e”.
A?? 1. N ?? ?? y? ?????
I?? ????? ?o ???eyth?? ??a ?????e ?????y AIO ??a ?i???? n ????? ??i?oy?,
?y???e n ????? a ?????oe? ????. A 1924-1926 ??o ????a ??????, ???e, ?i
??i ????? ????e ??? ???a AIO, ?? ???? ?e ? ??ue. A ??? e ?????? ?c ??? ?
1953 ?? ????e ??? ???a AIO ?e ?????i ????.Eo ??a??? ????a ??????? 26.000
?????o ?oe e 63.000 ???o. I??a ???u, ??y?a a 1922-1923 ??o, ??????
?????th IAIO ??? i ????e ?y????e, ???e?a, ?????????, “?????th????”. A
yo? ?????eyo IAIO ?? ?????? ??ae e ?i ?????y ???ey ??a ?????ue e ??? e
????th ? ????? a ??a, ??aey??y ?ae ???? (??? ? ?? ?o), e ????eth a ???a
?e ?? e ???? ??e. A 1924 ?? ? 62.000 ???o IAIO ?e, ???? ??a 52.000 ??
????u ??c ???e ?ae. IAIO ???e a ??e ?????e 9000 ?e, ?i ???ey? ?????oth
??o. I??? E???? ??o:
“O??ey ??e ???????o e ????o ? ????a a ???y?? ?? Ne?? ?oe, ?c ???? ???a e
????a?eth, ??ath?. O?a ??atho ??y? n ???ny????e ????e th??e
??????-?ay??oe?e ?o ? ???ny ????, ?????i, ???, “??????o ???ue?-???i
y????”. A ???a i ?y????e IAIO a 1924 a?o ?????ay ???y ????:
– ????? 11453 “???a”, ? ???o 1858 ?? ????y? ? ??a;
– ????i 926 ?????a (357 ???u ? ???u) e 1542 “???”;
– ??????i “a???? ???????” a E?? (132 ???? ????y? ? y?? ??);
– ????a 81 “???ey” ??? ??i ??o??a, a ?? ???o ?????? 266 ???a;
– “??????i” 14 ??????? ?????e (540 ??????), 6 ?????e ??? y??a (152
a?????o), 117 ?????e “????o ??????a” (1.360 ??????), 24 ?????e “?????a”
(1245 ???a??o), 85 “????o ?????e” e “?????o i?????” (1765 ??????), 675
“???? ??i” (1148 ?????uo);
– ???u n ???th ?? ???? a ???a e eth? 1924 ?? 4500 “??a”, “??????” e
“iy???” (????a e ??? ????e???e) ? I??u e E????a;
– ?y? ?ae ??? 18200 “????i ???o ?oe”;
– ?ae ??th??? ??a ??aey?y 15501 ???ey?a e ????? ?e;
– ???i e ????i 5.078.174 ??? e ?o?e ???????e. O??? ??? ???e ? ?? ?????,
?a ?-???? ?????? ??? ? ????? ???. I???a ???? ????? ???????? NNN?, ??yo?
31 ?oy?y 1924 ?? ?????i ???y? ?????a ?????th???o ?????? e ???e ?iy?a “??
????i ???a”. C?? ?eth?e a “?????eth???a ?????ey” ?y?a ?? ?y????e, ???a,
? ?ay ??th ???????i ???i? e ????? ????e ???, ?? ?i ? ??a “???????i”,
“?nya????? ? ?????? ?e y?????? ????ey ?????? ??eth?e”. O?? ???i, ??i
????e ? ??? ? ?y?a ????y, ? ??a ? ????y ????a ?e ????a. E?? ?? “????i
???i… ????ue ?y?a ??, ?????a ?????i ???e ????, ?ath?a ????y n ?????
??? ?e ????ey?? a i??? ??th ?y????ue, ???y ???? “n???? ???e”. I?????a a
???o??e n y?? ??ue ????e ???ey? ?? ??e ?? ?????u e ????th ?aea a ?????
?y?e ??. A?i ??y??i, ?i “?ae ??o ????ue ?? ????ie ??? ? ?oe, ????? ????i
????, ?? ??????i ?????o ????i?a ??????, ?? ?????? a ???? ??iy?? ? ???-??
?????eth e ?????o ??i, ? ??th??y ????i ????”. A? y? ????y, ???i? a 1926
??, ??e ???o ????? ????ay 58 ??uey O????i ???a, n ? /?????ueth ????,
???eyth??, /? ??a ?????th???a ?????ey, ??? ???? ????a ?y ???ey ???a.
Ae???n?e ??o: “I????i ???? I??o ? ??????? y???? e ???y??. I????i ???ue a
AIO ?????e ?ae? ? ?????e, ???e ? ??????ny ? ?? ?????e… I?? ????
???????e y????e (??? n ? ??y?) ? ??o ???a ???????a a ???e??? ????e ??
??e ??? ?e yoi ??????i ????????i ?ai?… Ai ?i ? ? ? ??i ? ??iu ???? ??
??? ? ?ny/ ???y?? e ????th?o a ?o ????a… Y? ???? ???tho ?n. Ec-? ?o ?o
?a?? ?y ???yi, ?? ???th?y, a ?o ??ue ???. AIO ??? ????? ?iyo?y y?e
??ea?e, ?iy?yy ?e ??i ??? ?????”.
A ???a ?????? ????o ?o IYIa n 1923 ? 1927 ?ae ????? n ???? ????? C????y
e N???e A?e ??e ??? ???? ????? e ???? ????e. Y? ???, a ?????a ??i y???
????ey??ny ???i ????eyi ?a a XIX ??, ?a-?? ?? ????u e ????u ??????:
A?????i a ??? 1920 ??, A??ey a ???a 1920 ??, A??y a ???a 1920 ??, Ae???i
a ??a 1921 ??, a O???? n A??? ??ueth 1920 ??. C?????, ?e ????ee ????ue
????? ??????a “?????e”, ?????ue ????y. A??? ?? ?n??? ????y a ??? O???.
O??? ?? ????a E??? A??e a ??y?a 1920 ??, ? a???ey ?????? n ??e ?e?. A??
? “????th” ????? ?? ? ?oe “?????? ???”. A??? ??? A????i ??? AIO ????y
C?????. A ??? ???? ????o ??a Ae???i, A??y e *?iy ?? a ?????e ????u
????y?. Ae???i ?????ye n?a??? ??????th ??? ? 1921 ??. Ec-? ???? ????y
??? ??? ??y? ???? ?y??? ??u ??? ???o ?????a. I? ???ue ??? ??, ? i????
???u ?e e ? ???ue ???ue, ?? ??e ??????o ??????e e ??a ??e ?????? ????y,
?e ????? ??? a 1923-1924 ??o.
I?? ?? ?o ?????? ??????y ?ae ???th ???????i ??????a A??ey ????ue ?iy?e
E??? A??e a o??? 1921 ??, ? ??ey ?????a ??ue ????ue ????????; ? o? ??
??a ???a ? e ??? ?a ??? ??y? a ?? ?y? ??? ?ny? ?ny/ ???, a ? ??y ?e ?
?????ue ?????y? ???o ?ith ???e????? ?????e ??????e e ??e, a y? ?? ??e
?ny/ ???e, a a ?????e ?????a a 1920 ?? ??ue ??????ue ??a ????y? ?ny/
???. I??????a ?????? e ??o 1922 ?? ??? ?????? ????i n ???e ?????????e
??ey? ??? E??? ??????e A??e, ???? ????? ????a. I???? 28 ???a 1924 ?? a
???e? ??? *???, ????a ???? ? ????i ?? iy? ? ???? iy? ???a A??e. I?
???yth?e ??e ?????, ?????i ?????e e ????, ????a ?? ????i ? ??eth. N 29
a??? ? 5 ??y?y 1924 ?? 12578 ???e ?? ????ey?.???o ????e ?e ????i ??e, ?i
??? ?????? I??ath?. ??????e ??? ????e a *E A??e ?????a i ?i, ?i ?????
??? ? ????? ???? e ???? ??????? ??? ?c ?????? ????ey ? ???. O? ? ??a
??????? ??e ?????? ??i. A 1924 ??, ??e ??i ??e ???oth ???eth ? ????th
*??, ?a ????a ? ????? ????e ???. Yo? ???, ?? ??e ???? “???i IYIa”.
A ??? 1928 ?? ??o ??a ???ey ?????? ????e, ?y ?????i I??ath? ???i ???
???ny, ?e e ?ny? ?o ??ae, ???y??a ?????i. O?y ???? ?cy??i ??o? ??y?? ??a
????ou 1918-1922 ??a, ?i ?a ??i ?e ??? ?i ?????i. N????e N??? – ?e,
???i, e ?i ????? A???, ??? e E??? – ????i ??e a 1928 ??, ?? ??o ??? ??a
?????a ??? ???y??a. “Au i???a ???y??th ??o ?e a 1918-1919 ??o”, –
??????o A???. N??i e y?? ?e ??a, ??e ? ? ?? ?? ???. Ii ??, ?i ? y?o ?c
??? ??? ???????e
N?a ??a ??????? a ??a 1927 ?? ?e N??? ???e ???a. Iiy?ue 1927 ?? ?e ???i
???? ???? ???? ?????y????e ????e a ???????a ???a, ???e ??ye ??????n?a
???u a ???a. A y??a 1928 ?? ??i y?i, ?i ????y ? ???e ???, ???y? ?????
???? ??? 4,8 ??e?a ??, ??? 6,8 ????a ?? i????? ??. I???? ?i ? ???o
?????y????e ????e, ?????a e ?u?a, ????? ?????? ???a, ???? ?????? ???y??a
??y?e ???th – ???e ???, ???e N??i ??? “???? ?????e”. N??i e ?i ?????
???????ue y?i ??????i ?e ????i ?y ??, ??u ??ue ??? ????e. N??i ?y?e:
“???? a y?o ????eyo ??? ???e ?????? ????a”. 14 y??y 1928 ?? I??ath?
????i ???i ??oyi ???y? n ?????i “????? ???y??, ???a e ??? ???????? ??a e
???? ?i”. Aeey ????y ?????i ?a?uey??a ?? ??? i?????? a ?????? ??e ??ue ?
????? ??i – a ?e-??? ?? ???a, ?i ? ??a – ?ith ?????y????th ????th. N??y
107 O????i ???a i??????? ??th??a ? ?e ?? a oth?? ? eth?th ???o ??y? ??,
e y? ??? ???????. I??e ?y ??e? ?? ????u a ?ny? ?c ? ?a ??. IAIO ?????
??a e ???eth ???, a y? ?? ???? ?a ? ??? ????? ???yi. Ca ????i ??? ??
??????? ???e ???a ?? ? ?o ????o, ???y ???ea ????y ??o ???th e ???y???.
An?? ??? ??e ???? ????ey ??a ??????? n ????i ???e ????ey?, ?i a 1927 ??,
??? ? ??oth?e ?ae ???y?, ?e ? ???a ???? ?????, ??????e ?i, ?i ???? ???u
??o ???? ????.
“E??n ???????” ?i? 1927-1928 ??a ??? ??th?th ?? a ?i, ??e ?i?o ??y?
????? ???y; N??i ??e, ?i ????? ???ue ? ?? “???? ?????”, ???u e ?????
???u; ??? ???????e ????i ?cy??a ??ai ?e ??ue ??iy?ue ???? i? ??????i
?????y????e ????e e ?ae ??? ??????y?, ???i ??cy ??? ??? ??c ??e; ??a ??i
??o ????ny ??o ? ?? ???a, “??????ue ? ?e ??n”.
C????e ???n a ??? O??, a1928 ?? ????e ??oe “????e”, ????ny a 1921 ??, a
?????y?e ??o ???th e “???e”, a ??a ??a ???ue ?o i ???? ??????e “?????? e
???a ? ??? ? ??o ???ey?yo”. I???? ??????? e “????i ??? ????a” ?? ???u ?
???o ????e a ????? ??????? ???? ? ??? ??????a e ????eth i?? “???e ??????
??????e”.
O????? ??????e e y?????? ????e a ????a ?? IYIa, ????? ????th?e ??????,
??e ?????i ???eyth?a ????ea ??????o ?????: 578 000 a 1926 ??, 709 000 a
1927 ??, 909 000 a 1928 ??, 1 117 800 a 1929 ??. *?? ????ue ??th-? ????
y?e eth??e ???, ???ey?? a oth??, ???a a 1928 ?? ??? ?i iy??nyo ?ny/ ??,
??????i ??? ??y? ??? ??. I?????ue ???? ???????a ??th??y ???????e
???????e ???? “? ????, ???ey?yo e ?????”. A? ?? ??, ???????y ?no????? ?
27 ethiy 1929 ??, ??a ?????a ????aey. N???i y?e ?? ????y ?a ??th???,
??????a ?e ???i e ?? a?? ???y ???u, ?????? ? ???e???a ??? a ???yo n
“??th ???ey ?????? ????o a???a ????o e ???? ???a ???”. IAIO ?o?i ??y? ??
?y ????ey ????u ????e ?? ? y???. I?? ?? ??????ay ???y ??, ?e ?e, 38.000
???e ??th??? N????? E??y I??? I????y a 1928 ?? ? ??e ????ue ??????a ??u
??????. Ii???? ???i iy????i ??a ????a ? ???? ?y ???u ??????y ???e ?? e
???ey ?????, ? ???o ??????e ????e ???? ???. ???ay ?? ??th??? ??o ??ue ?e
o??? ??? ??????? y?????e ??iy?i ?????. E?? 1929 ?? ?e ???? a ????? ?? ?
“?????e” I???i? ?ay, ???th?? 350 ?ny/ ????? ????? ???????? ??e. E??i a
??e ???? ???? ?ay “????? ??/??a ?e ???”, ? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???yi,
????????y a ???? ????o ?????a ???????e.
Aeey N??? ?????a ????a a ???? ?cy??a ?uy?y?? ???ey? ???a e ??? ?e, ?a???
??ny??y e ?????eth ????e ???. A eth? 1929 ?? ??????i ?uy?? “??th ?? ????
???????e”. I??e iy???? ?? ??????? ?????th ???????th 5.000 ?cy??, ? ?a a
eth? ??? ????e ??th ??? – ???????th 8.000 ?cy?? ? ?? ??? 1930 ?ae, a e
??y?th y? ??a ???a ? ??o 13.000! E?? 1929 ?? i?????? ?????? ?ny?e ?ny/
?????a, ??? ???th?, ??????, ???o, ???ny ?y ???? a ???th, ?a i? ???? ???
n ???? ??????y? ??? e ???? IAIO. Ae???a ia ???yi ?a ?????ue, ???a ????a
???? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ????? a ???????e. 31 ?oy?y 1929 ?? ?? ?uy??i i
“???? ??a?????” ?c ?y?o ?????e.
A?? 2. I??????y ???????y e ???????
I??????y ???????y ??a ??iy?e ???, ?uy???e N???? ?????? ??? ??? ???
y??o????. A?? ?? ????a ???yi ?? ??????u, ? ?o ???i ????o ?ny/ ??? a
1930-1931 ??o; ??ue ?ny/ ??? ? ???, ??e ?ny/ ??? a ???. O???? ?ae ???y??
???a ????ey? ??e ??th?e y?i a ???? ?????i ???a.
N???e E??c, I?iyy e N??yy A?? ??? ?? ??ue ??e ???? ???????e ??ueth 1930
??, ??? ????y?a ??i ?????y????a ???u – ? ?ae ???a.
27 ???y 1929 ?? N??i ?uy?e i ????a e “??? ????? ????? ?e ???”. Ia
?????th ???eth I??ath? ?? ????i ????? ?????? ?? ? y?e “?????”. E???y
????? ?e ????e ???a: ??? – y? “?, ?i ???? ???a a ?????th???e ?y????e”,
?e ??? ?? ????? e ????? ? ??a????a ??? a ???y IAIO ?e ????y? a ??? i???y
??????y, ??e ? ??? ?? ???u, a ?? ??????. E??e ??? ????e, ?????? ?e “?
?iy??? ?ay ?e ?????th???u, ? ?a-?? y?yth??y ??oy????oi??, ????e ????
?????th?e”, ??? ?? ????iu e ???u ??? ? ??? ??y? a ????? ???u ???. I???,
??? ???e ????e, ?????? ?e “a ??oe?a ?y??a e ???” ??? ?? ???iu n ???o ??a
???ey e ???? ? ????? “?a ?i ?????uo ?cy??, ? ????? ??yo, ??oth?o
?????ey”.
A ??? ??? ?????a ???, ??iy?ay ? ????y ????? ????, ?????ey ???????i ????
???? N??a e ???? ??????? ? IAIO, ???? ?????ue ???????i ???ey? e ????e ?
??????eth. E? ????? a ???a IAIO ? N????e ???e: “??????th?a ???e n ?????
???yi ? ??thth ??aeo, ??? ????, ???y a ??oth ??a? ??ue. E??e ????? a
????o, ?? ?c ??? ??o, ???? ???th ???, iy??ny?????e ?e, ???ithth ???o ?e
???… A??? ??????? ?a, ?eth?y ????a ????e, ???a ???ae?atho ?ae ??? ??e,
??y?th ?? a ???a ??? ? ??, ???a ?e, ??????? ???, ?????e”.N??????th
??????o ?e ????? ?? ?e ????e ? ? ??? ??? ???u ? ??????eth. A?a?a ??a
??????? ?????e ?y ?????ey, ??????ea ??i ???i ?a??? ?y ???ey ??? ???.
N??? e ?????? ???yi, ????ny ??i ???ue ??i ? ??a, ???yi, ???o ?a ????, a
??a ??o ???yi, ?i a ??y?a 1929 ?? “?? ??ueth n ?i, ??u ? ?a?ue e ?i ??i
? ?? ? ?a? ???????? ??????ueth”, “??e?”, “???a ???i ???? ???? ???ue”. Ii
?? ??i “????” ???? ?o, ?i ??? ???y ?????y ???????e. E???e ? ??????eth
??iy? ? i??? ???yi. O?, a ??i ???? ? O??? ?? ???u ? ??????eth, ?e ????i
“?e ??e” ??? ????e ? ??????eth, ???y ???? ? ae??e ???a ?? ? ????.
I????? e ???? ??????a ???y??a ????i ??? ????? ?? ??u. A ??? ??ey ?ny?
??? ???? ??e ? ???e. I? ????a ???i ??oyi ???y?, ?????ath?a ???? ???
???????e, ????o ????? “???ay ????ue ???y?e? ??” e ?????ue “?????i
????iey ??????? ????e ???”. A ??? ??i ???y??o ????e e ??? n ??oy? ?????,
?oy ?a ?a? ?? ???????? 1992 ???? ?????y. N?? ???? N??? ?? ?????u,
???y??a ???? ? ????i ??a e? ?? ????i ?? ??e ??? o ?ay a ???a, ???ey? ???
?????, ??e ???o ????? ?e ????ey i ?????e a ??????ue ???a ?????? e
???????i ??a, ???? ?????? ?cy??, ??????? ???u ??a??, ???? ???e, ?????e
?????? ???? ???i, ?????e ????o ???yi e ??, ?????e ??? ?????a.
A?e ???y?i e ???ue a ??a-??? ???? ????????a ??u ????? ???????e, ??o ? ?e
?ae??. E ??o 20-o ?e ?a ? ??e ???ue ??iy?e ?????e, ??e ???a, ?????ny ?oy
? ? ?????? ???.
????? ?? ???. A ??i ??? ?????? ??? ? ??? O??? “??? ?????th???o y????”
???a e ??? a ??a ??a 1930 ?? ??a 15.000 ???e. IAIO O??? ????? a ???a ???
?? n 1 ???y ? 15 ??a 1930 ?aea 26.000 ???e, ? ???o 650 ?? ?????u ??????
??? e ????o. N???i ?i?i AIO, ??? ?????ay ??oeey ?????a e ??? a 1930 ??
20.200 ???e.
I???ay ????e ??? “?????th???o y????”, IAIO ????i a ??ue ????o ? ???
????y? ?ny/ ???a ??? ????e. I???y ?? ??? ????a a ??? n 6 ???y, ??a ?????
??o 15.985 ???e, a e 9 ???y ?a 25.245 ???e, ? ?????? IAIO, “?? ???? ?
??y”. A ????i ???a (?????), ?????? 15 ???y, ??iy??: “I? ????? ???a ?e
??? “?uy? ? ??u?ey” a ???? i???yo e ?e ??????? ???o 64.589 ???e, ? ?o a
o?a ???????? ???? (1 ????e) 52.166 ???e, a a ?? ???? ???? – 12.423
????”. Ca ????i ?? “??-??c” ? 60.000 ???a ??? ????e ?e ??????.
A ???????? ? ??? ????eytho ??e ?? ??ue “?uy?o ? ????y” eth?e. I??? ???
IAIO ???????ue ???e e ?y ??, ??u ?????ny a ??i ???, ???e, ?? ? ??e
“????i ???e y????e”, ??e ???o ?? ?a????? ?????a, ??a ???u, ????e ??ae,
???? ??????, ??? ??u, ??????e ???e ??????e e ???.
E?? 1930 ?? IAIO ?a ??i a ???? ???oth ?? ???e. I??e a ?? ?? ??????? ???
N???, ?????e ?? ???u ? ????a A??i ??y, a E??? e a ??? A?????a. A? a 1922
?? ?????o? ????? AIO ???? ???e ??? a N???o, ? iy? ???? a A?? ??, ??????o
??? A?????a. Ia ???i ???a N?i?? ????y ?? ? ???o ?????? ?????. “A y?e
????e ?e ? ?o ??a. Y? i??? ?e ? ?a ? ?????ue ? a??” – ?e ??? N????a ???a
I???. I?? ???ey ??? ???a AIO ?????? ? y?i ????? ???y, i?????a ??????e
NEII (N????e E??ue I??? I????y). I??a ??th??? ???e nth? ? ???e a O????o
e I????? a ??? ethey 1924 ??. E ??o y?? ?? a y?i ??? ?? 4.000 ??th???, a
1927 ?? ? ?? 15.000, a e e?? 1928 ?? – 38.000.
I?? ? ?????? ???u N???a ?? ???????. E?? ????? e ?n???o ??? ??????o ???
?a ????a “????e” ???? ??th???. A ???yth?i ?????a, y? ?? ??? ????? AIO,
???i??? ? ????a ??u??y ???. I????y?? ??i ?????? ??????? ?? ??i ???i
?????, ???e ??ue ??i ???e ??? ???a????? ??th???, ??? ?e ???e ??? ????ue
??????. I????i ???y ?c?ey? ?? ????ny ?ae ??th???e e ?? ???ue ?.
I??? ????i ??a?a ???ath??y o N????? a “A????a A??a”. Ia ????a I??????
??? ??? A???, ????ay ?????ue a ??a ?????, ???e ?? ??th??? e ???e a ???ue
?e ?e ???thony. “?????atho, ?i a ???a 1928 ?? ??th???, ? ? ????? ??a,
???? ???? a ?no ? ??o, e 150 ???e ???? ????. Y? ???e ????? ??i, ?o ?
????ny. O??? ???? ???o ????: ?i ? E?ue-O???? ??oa a ???a 1929 ?? ??
??th??? ??i 100 ???e ? ?????? ??u ???e ? ???, e ?e ???e ???!!!” N????e
??? – y? ??i ? ????? ????i? ???? ??????? ??o, ?????, ???y n 1929 ??,
??ath?a ????. Aei 1925 ?? ??th???, ?e ???i, ?? ?iy? ???????? ???e ?y
??????? ??. E??ue N???, ???????? ?ae a?????? ONEII (O????a N????? E??y?
I??? I????y), ??? ? ??e?? e ??? ??i ? ????a A??i ??y. A 1926-1927 ??o
?y??? ???y a ??a I??u, a E?e e a ??? ??? y?? ????????, ? ???? ??? ????y.
C?eth??? ???y? ??i ?????e ?? ? ????a ??, ? ?i ??a e ?????. ??o ???
????n?a ?? ? ??? ????? ????ey ??a ??th???. Y? ??iy???? ???i a 1929 ?? e
??? ???a ????ey ??th???: a ???y ??e ???ey? e ?o, ?i ?e ????? e ?? ??i
oth???? ??th??y. I???a ?? ???n???e ?????o ???eth ???u ?????ue?o ???e.
Y???????ay ?????y ??????? ??o, “?????a ???y” N????? ????? ??e ????e ???
?y??ey e ????ey a ???? ??? ???e ???????e ???u – ????? AOEAA. A?? 40.000
??th??? y?? ???y ???e ??ao E?ue-O?a, e ?e ? ??? ???th ??ue ??????e,
????e ? ??a A?????. A ??? ???? ???e ??????ue 4.000 ??th???, ?????o ???a
a ??????? ?????????e ???? ??? i?? O?ue-N????i e I??? e ??? ??? a 290
????? ??o O?ue-N????i e O??. A?????ey AIO ???y? c?eth??? ? ?e ????e:
I??y ??iy? ? ??????, ? ?? ??th???? ? ??? ??? ??? ?????a, y??a, ?????; y?
??th??? ???? ???? ? Ae?????i ?????, ???a o? ?i e?e ?e ???i ???: ??i ?ny?
?o ? ??? a oth??o e ???o, ?a e ?????? ?i???ue ?????? iy?i, ?e ???? ???
???a, ????? “?????? ????”, ??e ??i ? ????a ??? ??, ??e ???? ??? e ???u.
Ia i???? ? ???y?? ?? ????, e i? ??????ue ? ??????? ??o. A? y? ????? ??
????? a ??a 20-o ??a.
A??y ????y ??th???, ??y ??????ay, ??iy? ? ?????th????, ??? ?????? ???
????????? ?e ???n??? ?????e, ??????? ?????a, ??? ???? ???e ??e, ???
??a??a, ???a, ????? E??????i e Oa????i ????e, a ??a ??? ?oe, ?????? ? 58
??? O????i ???a.
A ??ueth ????th ??th??? ???e ????? AIO ????? (???u e ????????e), a ??a
??? ???u, ????? ca ????a ?????ey ?e ????e ? ????e. E????eth???u, ?y???
????ue ????i n ??????, ???????? n?e ???, ?????? ??? ?????o i???? ???
???y, ????, ???e ??e, ??i ? ???a ??a (?? ? ??? ??e ??th??? a ?i, ?i
?a??a ???i ??y??? e ??? a ?? e ???y? ?i ? ???? ??a, ??? ?? e ??????? ?
y?o ????, ?ay?? ???e, ????).
Ca ???a ??, ?e?????i n ??a 1928 ?? e ? ?oa 1930 ?? ??th??? ??? ??? ?ny/
n?? ?i ??e ?ny/. O??e ? ??????th ????? ???e ?? ????? ??? ? ??a, ?a ??a
?????a ???u. A eth? 1930 ?? ??????i ??? ???i?ue ??e, ?y??th?e A?? ?? n
A????i ??? a 240 ?????, ???? a??oth ?i ??ue a ???? ???. A? ?????o ???a e
??o ? ? ? ?? ??i y?o ??? ????? 120.000 ??th??? n ????, ???? e ???e. Ii
??i 1930 ??, ??a ??????? ?? a ??? ???a, ???y ?? ??th??uo ????a ?? ?????
???i. E ??o 1930 ?? ???ay ??a ??????o ?? ??a 700.000 ???e e ??a
1.800.000 – e ??o 1931 ??.
A???? ???y? ??ey? n????? a ???, ?y ????ey ? ?????a?? – ????, ????????
??eyo, ????. ???a ??? ????? ? ??a, ??a?a ?? ?????. I????i, ???i ??a? ?
1.803.392, ????? ????o ? ??a “???????” a 1930-1931 ??o, ???i ? ??? e ???
??? ?ny?a “??e ??e”. I?? ???? 1930 ?? e ???? 1931 ?? ?? ??????i ?? ??a
1.800.000 ???e. E?? 1 y??y 1932 ?? ??? ??a??? ??oth ???o ?????e ??th???,
? eo ????ue 1.317.02221. E?? ???e, i??e ????e ?????a, ? ?? ??i 30% ? ???
??a. N????ue ?? ??ue a??a. Ec ???o ?ny/ ???????o ? O?? ??? 8% ?? a ???
???? ??e ? ??? ? ??a ?? e ?????ue ?o?a ?????i-?????a ???, ?o??? “????
????” ???e ??a ?y ??o ?ay e ???? ?i-? ????y?, ??u ???”. Eo ??ue ???y??
???i ????. I?ay??? e ??o ?????, ?????u ????ey?? ??????? ? ???????a
???ey?y.
I??ay n 1932 ?? ???????y ????i? ???e ?? ? ??????e a ?????? ???o ???o
???a e ???i ????, ??? e ?????? ???ey?yi. Ia ????o ???? ??ue ??? ???????,
????? ? ???ey?yo ?e n???o ?y?i ? ????? ?????e, ?? a ???o ?y?i n ???
????ey ? ??a. Ia ??? E???a a ??a 1933 ?? ??i 4100 ??????? ???ey? 47% ?
?? ????. A I?????? 42462 ???????o ?? ???????? a ??y?a 1932 ??, ?i ???ey?
?a ??e ???? ????y. I????i ???????? ????ue n ???i ?????.
A?? 3. A??? ??ae
“I????, ?e ???i ??ae ?????y a ??a e ?????, – ???”. AE?-AE? ???.
A??? ??ae 1932-1933 ??a, ???e ?? 6 ????a ???, ? ?e ????? ???-?? ?????
?????ie. A?? ??, n ??e ??ey ????o ???e 1932 a. ????y a ??oth ???o a
????e n 1931.E ??e ???e ?? ??a a ??? a 1932a. ?e ????i ?? ?i a ????? ?oy
??? ??ay ?e ??? ?-???? ????? ????. Y? ????? ? ?? ???e ?? a ?y? ??? ?oy??
???? ?o ?e ??i?a, ???a ??a ????e ???th. Y?o ??ae ?e ?y?i n????i ??e ???u
?cy????ey ? ??, “???-?????i ???a ????y”, ?e ????y I. A??? o. e. ? ??? a
??? ???n???e ???????e.
A ???a ? ??? 1921-1922 ??a, ??????i ????e ???th, ? ??y ???ai ??????i
????? ca ???th e ??? ??????, ??ae 1932-1933 ??a ????y ????i ?ae??, ??a
??, ? ????y.
I??y ?iy? ??? 1932-1933 ??a ?a ????a ??o “y?????? ????e” ??o ?????? e
???y???, ???o ????? ??????? ???????e ???e. E??e ??ueth ???ey ? ???????e
????e?ue a ??iy?a ????a ????e ??o ?????? e ???y???, ???a ??e ?????
????ue ??? ??ue ??? o??y. *? ??a ?????i ?e ???, ?i ???e ??e ???????? ?
?? ??e. A 1930 ?? ?????i ???i 30% ????e ????e ? O???, 38% a ???o ????
E??e e N???? E???, 33% a E?a???. A 1931 ?? ?e ????e ?a ??a ???i, ?i a
????? ??, ??ay y? ???? ??y?? ??????? ? 41,5%, 47% e 39,5%. O?? ?uy?a
?????y????e ????e o ???y??a ?????? ???????? ??. I????, ?e IYIa ???y?
????e ??? 15-20% ??e ????e, ???yy 12-15% ??i ????? ??a ? ???, 25-30% ?
e?i ??o, a ????a ?y ?????o ?aeae. E??uey?, ???a ???? ????ue ?oy ? ??ue
??? ??ay, e ???a ?a?e ????i ???? a ????.
E???y ? ????? 1932 ?? ???????? ?????. E? ??? ????? ??y ??a, ????? ??e
????y ??yo?ue, “????ue” ??? ?oy ? ??th ??ue ??? ??ay.
A ???e ????e ??e e ????? ??i ? 7 ???a 1932 ??, ???a??th?e ????a ? 10 e?
???e ?e ???oth ??ue ? “??o e ????? ????e ??????e”. Y?o ??i ??ae i???
???i “????”, ?e ?e ???? y?? ??? ??e ?? ???? e ?, ?i ???? ? ????o ?eyo
????ny ??a ??? ???e ?e ?e ?ai?u. C?? ???? ???ue a ??? n ???a 1932 ?
???ue 1933 ?? ??a 125.000 ???e, ? ???o 5.400 ?? ?????i e ???? ??e.
Ii, ????y ? ??y?a ??, ??i ??e ? ????? a ??? ?????o. A ???? ?oy?y 1932 ??
??e ?? ???o ???? ???a ??? ?e ???? ??? ? 15-20%. O?? ??????i ?? ia ???a
?????a ?? ? ????th e ??????y ???? e ????. A ??eth?e 1933 ?? ????: “A ?y?
n ????i ???? ??a ????e c???o, ????ue ???a ???????e ???ue ???ae, ???????
????e ?????th???? y????e, ???? ??????a ???? ?i???? e ??????e ????,
????yth?o y?o ???ae. A ???, ?? ???ae a?? ?????ny, ????a ?????ue ????
?????”. A ???a ??? ?i?i ?ny? “??? ??? ????” – ?y?y 1932 ?? – 5.000 ????
?????a, ????? a “????? ?????” “???o” ???? ??????? ?? ?????. A ???a
???nue ???ay ????ey ? ??? ????o ???a, ? e ??o ????, ???? n??oe, ?a
??????ny a 1920 ?? ???? ?????i ??i. *?? ??????e ??i ??? ??e. A?e a 1932
?? ? ??? ??????e AOEAAa ???i 71236 ??ea??, ? a 1933 ?? ?e ???????i ??? a
261.091 ???????. Y?????? ?????? ?? ?a ????? ???. Oth?? a?e ?????u. Ia
100 oth??? ?? ?????ue 149 ???e.
I?? ? y? ?????? ?? ??? ?????o a ??a ??? ???y??a? I?? “?o” ????. O??
???i, ??u ???? ??a, ???ny ?? ?? ???a: ???? ?i ????.
I??a ????y i ????e ?????e ???? a ????e ????? ??e 1932-1933 ??a ??? a
I??o ??i 1932 ??.Ii ??? I???a : “????? ???ay ??? ??? a ???o, ?a ??? ?e??
?????? ???”.
Ii ?a ? a ??o ????? ??ae?e ???n I??ath? ???ey? ???i ??oyi ???y?,
?????th?e ?????a ???a ????, ? ?i?iyth?o ?? ?? ????e, “??i ??a, ?eth?y
???? ???!”. A????? ?ae ???e ??e ???ue ?a ?? ???a ???, ? e?y ? ???a, ?
?????? ????, ?i ? ? ? ??, ???? ???yi ? ??o ???o a N???? Nith?
?????y????o ???? ???? ????e, ? ?ay ?e y?i ???e ?????e ???ue ??-??? a
??ae.
Ai ?? ???yo, ???a ???e ??ae, ???a ???????o ???a ?? ??ae??i ?????; ??
????? ?????a ???u IAIO, ??u ???? ???y?i ???? ?? ??a. A ??? ??a 1933 ?? a
????e IAIO ??iy??, ?i ??? ? ?? ?nyoe 219.416 ???e ?? ????u ?e ???a ??? a
?? ????, ?e???o ????? ???? ???i ???yi a ???. 186.588 ???e ?? ????? ? ??a
????ey, ??? ????? e ????.
A ???yo ????? ???? ????? ??e ??? 1933 ??. E ??? ????y ?a ?o; a ??o n
????? a ?n??? ?ny/ ???e ??????ue ? ??a ????? ?ny?? ????. A?e ???? ???
??????.
N??i ???e ?ith ???th: ???y? ?????i ???? ? ?, ?i ??otho e ????tho, ?e,
?????y, “??o ??th ??oth ??o ??? ????e ??? ? ia ??ue, a ? ???” O??i a
1933 ?aeo ???? ???yi ??? ? ???, a ????a ??????i ????? ???ey? ??i ? ???o;
?????? ????a ??i?? ???u a?e ???? ?? “i?ae ????????”. I?? ??? ????a ???e
????? ? ??? e ???e. O?a??? ???y??i ?? ???e ???e ???1932-1933 ??a-80%
???? ???e ?????ue ? O??? e N???e E??c (????a ?????). A ???? ????? ??ae?
???o, a ???? ????e ??? Oa???, ????? a y??a e eth? 1933 ?? ?????ue a ?ny?
?c ? ??i?eth ? ???e ?????th: 100.000 ????? a eth? 1933 ?? a ??? O???a ?e
?i ?i “??i” 9.000 a eth? 1932 ??. N???a ??? ??? ?????, ?i ???, ? e ???
?? ??ae ? ???e. O??? ? ?ae ???ye 120.000 ??o ???e, E????? – 40.000,
N????ue – 20.000.
A?? 1932-1933 ??a ?? ??th?i y???i a ???? ?????y ?????? ???u, ???ath?e ?
??? ??e, ? ??? ?o?e ??? ????y. I??ey, ??e, ???? ????u ??i ??ey?yi i??? e
??ath?i ?????yi.
Iiy??? ??i ???o ???? e ???a, ???o ? ?a, ??u ???ue o ???yi ? ????a ??nu,
e ????? ?????. E????i ???o??ue a ?????oth ????, ? ???ueth ???y?y ????a
??, ?????i, y???e e ??????i, ?e-? ?? ??e i???oth?y “??? ?????”, ???y?
??atho ??th ??o ???a, e ?a y? ? ??? ?????a!
O???, E??? E?e, ????a ??? *????y – ??a ???a e ??a ??????a ?????y????a
???, ? ??? y? ??? ??? ??i ???y? ?e ?uy?e o ?o ?????y????e ?i??? ? ??y
???????, ????e ?o? ??????? ????????, ??? y? ??? ?????i ???e ??ae
1932-1933 ??a.
A?? 4. «N????-??? y???u» e ??u ????e
A?e ???y??i ??a?? ??th oy??th ?? ?????o ??o ?????? ????y ????, ? ???
????? ???, ????? “????i ???e”, ?? ?ae ???e ????? ????u ? ???o ??? ????,
??? ?????o ??, ???u n ???, ??? ??y, ???u ?? ? ???? ????? ????, ???u ?
???u ???o ?? ???ey. Ae?????, eth? ????o ????e, ??? ???????e, ???? e
?????? ?? ???? ???? “??????????e ??eth?e”, ???e a ????a ??. N ??a 1926
??, ??a ??? Ae?????i, IAIO ??a ?????? N???, ?????o ?????? ?????a ???
O???i e A?a??. A y??a 1927 ?? IAIO ???? ??? ???ue ??? ? ??o “????i ???o
e ??????o y????” ? ??. Ca ?ae ??i ???? ?????ue n 30.000 ? ???? 72.000. A
??y?a 1927 ?? IAIO ??? ??????? ???? ? ??? ???a e ??? “????i ???o e
??????o y????” ? ??? ???yo ??o.
A 1926-1927 ??o IAIO ?iy?? ???th ????? a ??????e ???????, i?e ? ???o ??
“??????”, ??? “?????e”.I?????? ? ??? ?? ?eeth/?u ? ???; ??e ? ?o ?? ???u
a ???a ??? ???, ?a ?e ????? ?c ???a e ??????th A? ????u ?? ?y? ? ??, ??e
???? ????? ?? ????? e ???u. A ???a 1927 ?? ?a ???? ??a???e ????e, a y?
O???, C???a, E???, ???, ?????, ?? ??th?? ? ???, a ??i ?????. A 1929 ??
O??? ?e ??? ? NNN?. N ???a ?????y ??? ? ???o ??????e ???????i ???a a
?????th???a, ???y ??e yoai ??e ??? ?ae ?????? ???i ???? ???? – N???.
A 1928 ?? ??? ??? ????ue n ????? e ?y ??? ????? ????e – ?e ????? “???”,
?o “????? n?????a”, ???? ? ??????e ??????e, ???? a ??a 20-o ??a ??i?e
???th ??ue ????? ? ???ey?yo e a ??????yo. Ia ???a Oe????i? E???a a ???
1928 ?? ?????ue “o????a ??”: ? ??i ? ???ey?e a??a O?? ??? Ae???ue, ???e
?????e “??oa?? ??????” e ?????e ????y n ????e ?????e ?o??, ?e ????i ?e
????? “?????? ???ae”. N??y ????i ?ny?a iy??nyo ?e ??iy??, a ?????a ??i
????, ????e ? ??? ????i ????n?i ?c??????. N? ????ny iy?th ????e ?????e,
????a ?? ?????u e ????i ??i ????y. Yo? ??????e ???n, i ???i ??? ?a ???,
??? ?e ?????ue ?? ? ???o ??? ???: ?????a “??o???a ? ei????a ???” ? ??o
???ey?yo; y? ??iy???? ????i ??ue ?????? ?? IAIO, “?uy??ue” ????e y??????
??a, “??????ue” ?a?a ??u, ?????? “?????a ??? IAIO ? ???? e ???ey?yo”.
O?y? ?ae??ia e ????, ??????a ? ???ae, “?????e ?ith ??” ??????? ??? ?
???? e ???ey?yo ??? iy???e. A ?ny?, ???a ?????e ??a ???i ???? a O??o,
y?????ee ??e IAIO ????? ?ny?e ???? ?e, ??a?i ? O???. O??i ? ??i ??????
????a. TH???ue a Ae??????? 112 ?????a a?e ????? a ?a 1928 ?aea O?e ????
a O??o ?? y?i: ?????, ???????ue, ????? a ????e ???e, ???????o ???e, ??e
???? ??? e ????. N????ny – y? ?a ????ue.
E???y ? ??? ????o ????? ?????ue ??i 1931 ??, ??a N??i, ??y ????ue ???? n
“???e” ??e ?i???????ue ? ?y? ? “??????e-?a?????”. 25 ??y?y 1930 ?? 48
?????? ?? ???u. A ???oth?a ?ny? ??iy?? ????i ?????o ????a. Y? ???? ?????
???o i ???? e ????o, ???a ?? ??ue ??u ?y ????ey ????? ????e.
Ca ??? ??, n 1928 ? 1931 ?ae, ??? ?????u ??????? e ???????i ???? ????ue
??th???e ? ??e ????, 23.000 ? ?o ?? ???u ? ??? ????e (“??e ????e ???”) e
??? ?????o ??. O??y ?????? ??y? ???? ??a? ? ???ey?yo, ???a ???ey?
??????i ?????ue ??? ????e, ??? ??i ??i i????o ???a, ??a, ???e ??i. Y?
??ey ??????, ????? ??e, ???a ???? ? ??o ?? ?????, ????y e ?????eth i??a,
???? ???th ????????? ??a e ???e ?????, e ???o ??????th y?????? ???a,
?????ue ?i, ?i ???i ?????e ??? ???ey?e. E??n ??ye a????? ????, ?????i
???e ????? ??y? ?e??? “?????th?a ??”. 10 ethey 1931 ?? I??ath? ??? ?????
?? ?ae ???e, A?e ??y? ?????a ??: ????? ?????i ????i ?ny/ ????a e ????,
????? ??????y a ???a e ???o ?????th ?o? ???e???, IAIO ????e ??????
?????? ?c ???ey ?????oth?? I????.
A 1929-1930 ??o ????ny ?????a N????i ?????a ? ?o????, ??oth?a ??a
???????o ???n? 1918-1922 ??a. A ??a ????o ??a, ????y ? ????a ????? ???e
????e ?????a “??????????” ? ????th e ????e ??? ?y??ey ??i??? N??y, ????a
????a O??a, ?ey?a ?????? ??? a ???? ???ny ????? ???i. Ec 54.692
?en?othu? a 1914 ?? ???e a 1929 ?? ???? 39.0007. O??i ??i ?ny? ????a
???e ? ?a ???? ????a ??th?o “???e n ????”.
A??????? ?????a 1929-1930 ??a ????e??? a ?a y??. 8 ??ey 1929 ?? ?? ???
I??????, ???ath?a ???????ue ???o ???e ? ???oth ??ue ?e??i e ???yth?a ??a
?????y a aeay????e ?????o ?????e. I??a ?y?y ?y????ue, ??aey?y ? ??e
“??????ey ?????o ??????”, ???ea ?ae ???? 10 ????a 58 ??? O????i ???a,
??????ath?? ????a ? ?? ?o oth???i ??th??y e ? ???? ??e ? “??????a ?????o
?????e? ?y ????ey ?????a”. 26 ???a 1929 ?? ??????i ???ae? iy????th ???th
??eth – iy? ?? ??? e ?? ?? ???, ????; ??i ???i, ?? ???ye ?????a ?e ??
??? aeey ?? ??i ????y. Y? ?? ?e ? ??? ?? ??? “?????th ???e”. A ?oy?a
1929 ?? ?? ????i niy? ????a ????: “E????? ?? ???? ??i ???o ??????o ??
???a e ???? ? ?????e ??o”. N???? ??? ?? ????? e ???i: ?????a ???? (??? a
1928-1930 ??o a???e a ?ny? ?c), ???? ?? ?????o ?? ?e ??e ??a ??a???y
???i, ???a ?e ?????. A?? ????? ?ny/ ????? ??? ?? “?????u” a 1930 ??. A
?????a ???? e ???a ???????y ???? n ??i????i ???ey ???, ?????aiey ?y????.
A??????ay ???ey ???ea ??? ??ay ??e 1929-1930 ??a. 1 ??a 1930 ?? 6.715
???e ?? ???u, ??ue ? ?o ????a.A ???oth?a ?? ???? ???? ?????a ??? ???
????ue ??i ???????? ??????? ?????a e ??th?o. N???i ???y ????yo ?n?ue ???
I?????ey ? 8 ??ey 1929 ??, ???ay ?? ????ey ?e ???? ???e, ???a ??? ?????
??e ??? ?ae ????? “??????” ?????. E??i? ??ae??? ??, ??i ????i ?ey?y,
?????e ?????? ? ??ue, ?????a ?ae ????th “??????? ye???, ???a ??? ????”,
????a ?n? ????? ??? ????? ?????? a “??y?o ??a”, ???o ????oth ??ue aia
????. E?? ??, ??? ??e ??? ??? ???; ?e, ? ????a n ?????????e ????e ?????a
N??y, ??ue ??th?o ?????? ? ?????e ???. I????, ????a A??ay Aoy, ???? ?
A???a, ??????i a 1929 ?? ? ???a ?i ??e???? ????y e ?? eth?? ?????a ??? n
??????, ?????? ?ith ?????th, “E??? ?????oth ???ue” n n????? ??????, ??i
“??y?i”, ?????i ? ???, ????e ?????o N??th. Aae?? “???????e ???”, o ???o
? ?? ?????o ????o ???, ????? ? ???a a ??o ????o ???: a ???o ??o, a ????o
???, a ???o 10. Y? “???i ?????? ????a”, ?e ?e ?ay ????, ????e?ue ????i
????yi; ?ny? ? ?o ?? ????? e ????? ? ???n??? ?e a ???y. *? ???ny I???a??
??? a ??i, ??i ?? ????ey ??a e ????? ??? ?????ue ?ae ??iy?? ????i ???e,
?? ?? ???? ????y 1937 ?? ???? ???a 70% ??th?o a ???. 1 ??ey 1936 ?? a
NNN? ????? ??? 15.835 ???oth?o ???e??o ???e (28% ? ??a ??????o ? ??eth?e
???e), 4.830 ???e (32% ? ??a ???eth???o) e ????i ?ny?? ?oi???? e ???????
???. I? ???????e ?y???? ? ??i ????ue ??? 17.857 ??? 116.629 a 1914 ?? e
??i 70.000 a 1928 ??. Ae????? ??i, ???? ?????e ???a, “???? ??ath?o
???a”.
A y??a 1930 ?? ??? ??? e???th ? ?????th “???? ?????????a”. Y? ???ey ??
????? ??? ????a, ??????a, a ??a ??? ??n????e ????o ????e. Ai ???a IYIa
?e ??? ??i ????ue a “???i ???a”. Y? ????e??? ?? ??? ??? ?????e ?????
?ith ?y????ue ?-? ????ey a 10 ?c ? ???????y, ?????e ????a e ??? ??
?????o ??. I?????? ? 12 ???y 1930 ?? ??????i ??a 30 ????e ????: ???
c???????, ??? o????, ??? ???a, ??? “????? ???o ???ey?e”,?????a, ???a,
????, ??? ??? ??????o ?????? ??? e o.ae. Ae???????? ??, ???? ???o ??e
???u, ???ey?? ??? n eo ??y? 7 ????a ???e, ? ??????? ???? ??????o ??. A
1929-1930 ?ae? ? ??? ??a ? ??a, ? ?????a ?????? e ? ?????a ????. A
1933-1934 ??o ?? ??y? ?a ??a ???a ??, ????a a ?? ???ee ? ??????e.
I??????y ??a????ey ???? ????oth ???eth ???yi a ???. E??uey??y ???y
?????? a ??? ??ya. A??a ?? ????u e??uey??, ??i ???o ????ue e 12 ???i?,
y? ?? ?, ?i ??e ? ???????e e ??????ey. A ??o ??? ???o I??u e E????a
?y??? ?e ???? ????a. A 1931 ?? ????? ???e ????e y? ??? ??????th ???th
??. *?? ????? ????y ?????ue n ???? ??e ????a a ?/?a 1930 ?? ? ??e ??? e
??o 1932 ??. I???y ????? ??? a ???? ????a ?????. A ?y?a 1932 ?? ??y?
?????? ?? e ????eyi ???????? ????? ? ??? e ?i n?? ????ny ???? ??? ?
“???ue? ??? y????”. Ii ?? ? ? ??i ???i ??i ???? 27 ???y 1932 ??
??????????? ????. A? ???? ????a ???, ? ?? ??, ????a ?????e ?o, ? ????
?????o ??, ???? ????, ???? ???e??e ????. I???e ? ??????e ????y, ??????ny
?? 1933 ?ae, ??a ?? ??? 27 ????a ????a, ?a?e ?????ue ??oyi ???? ??? ?
??????o ????e ????y. I??y ??ey ??????e ???a “?y??” 3.450 ??? ???????,
??? ???a e ?o?o “??? e ????? y????”.I?? 385.000 ???e ? ???? ????a e ??
????u ???? ??a ????ey. A I???a??a, ????, ??ae ???? 35.000 ???e. A I??a a
?? ?? ???ieo ?ny?a ????a ?????ue ? 60.000 ???e. A E????a ? ?? ?nyoe ?
??? ???i 54.000 ???e. I????? ???? e ???? ??? ? eth?e ?c ????? ???n???e
???eth ??i ?ny/ ???e. N?? ?o ?? ???? ?c ?? e ne???y, a ??i ???u ? ??a
“???n????a y???u” 65.661, 3.596 ????e ??ae ??i e 175.627 ???u ? ????
???????.
*??a ???a a 1933 ?? ??????? ???e ???ey? a ?i ? ??. Ia ae??????? ?????,
???e ?????n? ???, 8% ???i ???a, ? ?? ??i 20.000 ???e ?? ???? ??? 1933
??.
A??e 1934 ?? ??????i ??????o ?????? ?? a ????e ????? ??????? e ????a,
??i ???o a ???o a ??? a??a, ??????ey e ????ey ????? ????e ?????i ????. 7
??ey 1935 ?? I??ath? ??? ??, a ???i ??????? “???? e n?o e ????ue ?????a
? ??? ?i?? e ?????, ?n??? 12 ?o, ????i a ??????a, ???e, ????e ???uo
?????e, ????????? e ????o”. N??y ????i ?? ??????i ???i ??oth ????eth a
?????o, ?a ??iy?? ????a ??, ???a ???o ????ue a ????e ?????, e, a ????e,
o? ?? ???i, ?i ???o i??iy? ?y?a ??, “?eth?y ??oth ?? ????? ???”, ??a
???y – ???oth ?c?. O?? ???i, ???a ????u O????i ???a, a ???o ?????ue
????? e ???? ??e ?????????, ?? i?a??20. I?????i IEAAe ????? ?? ???ue
“?eth? e ?? ????y” ?y ????????? e ????ue ?? ???? ???e ?y ?????. I??i ???
???e ?????? e ????????a ?e ???i ??e, e y? ?? ? ?? ???? ??e??a. I???? ??
???o ?????ue ??? y?? y??ey. A ???a ??? ??? 1936 ?? ??a 125.000 ?????
??ya ??? ??c IEAAe; n 1935 ii 1939 ?ae ??a 155.000 ????? ?? ??y?? a ???e
IEAAe. 92.000 ??e a ???? ? ae??ae?? ? ?????e ?o ??ee ??c ???? ??? ??? ?
1936-1939 ??. E 1 ??ey 1939 ?? ??a 10.000 ????? ?? ???u a ???o ???e
AOEAAa. A ??? ???? ????o ??a ??? ?????, ???a ????ey?? ?????? e ???? ???
????, ? ???e ??, ? ???i ????e, ??e ???????? ??a e ??? n ???oth?i ???ai
???y? ???y? ?????? ?????.
A?? 1933 ?? ??a ???????e ??? a ?? ???i ??a ???????? ????, ????ny a 1929
?? n ????e??y. A??e ??a ??????i ?????ue n ???????e ?????. I?i ?? ???, ?i
??? n ?ny?? ?????o ???i, ???a ????e oth?? e ???o ????? ?? ?????? ?
??o-?? ?a??.
A??n i ?i, ?e ???? a ?????? ???i e ???????i ???o ???a ??? e ????? ???e
???, ??? ???, ?????a ????a ????a; ??? ?e n ???? ??a ???e ??, ???y ?????
a ???th. I???e i??a ????o ???e a ???? ???? ? ??i ? ???ue ?i ??????i
??y??y. O? ? ??a, ????y ??th???? ????y?? ????????i ???yi, ?????y ????e
???e ?? e ??e?o ???? ??y??? e ???a ??thu? ??? eth?e ???eye ? ????ue ?
??a, ??u ? ???ue n a??o. O?, ??? ????e a 1932-1933 ??o ?e?u, ?? ??ueth
1933 ?? ??? ?????e ???.
A??n i ?i, ?i ??? n ???i ??th???, ???yth?o oth??, ??? ??ee, i????y ?ny?e
?ny/ ???e. N????? ???y? ? Oe?????i E???a ????? “???ue ??a ??i ??th??? n
800.000 ? 400.000”, ? ??th??? ??th??? ???e. I??????i 320.000 ?????? ??
?????u.
1934 ?ae n ??e ?a?y ????ey ????e ?e ?????? ????i. Ia yo? ???????o ???a
????? ??a i?????? ???????o IAIO, ???a ??i ? 79.000 ??? 240.000 a 1933
??. N??? ?? ?i??? ??ey?e, a ?a ??? ??????o e ?a?e ??? ?? ?? ???ae?u
I??ath?. Ii ???a ???ue ???i.
1 ???y 1934 ?? ????i ???? N??y E??a, ??a I??ath? e ???i ????y E??????
????e ?????e. O??a – ???e ????o E??ae I???a, ???? ??i? n ???i ????? a
N?e??. N??i ?????? ???i ??e ???a?? I???? ?e ?????a, ???e ??ia ????ny
?????e ???e ????? ????e. E?y ???? ???y? ?????? ????o ???a e ??y??y a
???. Ia???i ??a ??oy ??a ???? ?e ??i ??i, ????? “?????”, ??y??th??y ?
????i ?ny?a, ???? ????u, e ???e ????i ?????? a ??y???e A???i O???. A??a
???a ??i ??? ????? ???oe???a ??? ??? ?? ???? a ???????? ?y????e. A ??i,
? ae? ?ny? – n ???y 1934 ?? ? ???ue 1935 ?? – a ?????? n ??e ?????,
???????e ???i i ????? ? 1 ???y, ?? ???? 6.500 ???e. I? ???ai? ???? ?a ?,
?i ??a ? ? ? ?? ?????ny ??? ????? ??e. I?? ? ??? ??????ia ????ue. Ec ???
?? ??th?? 9% ??? ???, ?i ???ey? 250.000 ???e. A?? ???a, ??y?ayny ?
??oth?e ?? ??a ???? E??a, ???? ? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??e ???e ???. I?
????i ???? n “???????? ????????e y????e, ?????e ???oth ???o NNN?”, ??
??????i ?a ?ny? “??????o ??e” ? ???ie?? ???a O???. I??y??? ????y ??o
???i e ????i ????? e ? ?? ???ey ??????i ??oy? ??????i ???ey, ?????y ?
?????i “???a”, ??????? A???i N????i, ???e a ?????? ?c ???? ??? ?ey,
????y ??????e ?????e ??? ???u, e ?i ??i ????e ??? ??? ????????? o??. A
?y?a 1935 ??, ?a ?ny? ??oy ??a ?????i ??????i ???a, N??i ????? “???i
??eth???e ???a? ???ey, ??????? ? ??????a ????a, ???? e ??????e ???ey?y”.
A ?? ???i ???? 1936 ?? ??a ?????? ?ny/ ?????? ??? ?? ????? ? ??????i.
N??i ?????e “?????? ????” ?y ?an???y ?????? ????e e ?y ??, ??u ??y? ??th
??o ???a, ???e ??? a ???th ?e “A??? O???”.
CAEETH*AIEA
Oy??i ????i ??e?i y??? ???? ????e, ???ie e ?????, ???a ?????ue ?????
?????? ? ??e ???, ??ethoe? ???. I??? n ???? 20-o ??a ???????i ?ae ??ueth
e ??e ??ueth ??o ????????a ?????? n ?????e ?????????th ????i ?nyo???.
O?y? eth?e ?? ?????u ????i e ????? ?oy??yi, ??? ? ?o – ?????. AE?? ? ??e
e ? ???o ?? ????? a ???n??oth ??? ???? e ????e. N??i e ?i ????a ????e ??
????n? ??????ith ???, e?? ????e ??ae ?o ???, ???a ?o ?ee ???? ??eth??.
I???a ????e ????ey?? ???e ??ueth ?o? ?????? ???????a ??c ?e ?c???a “???”
– ??? ????, ???iey. I??i e a ??o ????? y?????a ??? ??? e ?? ????.
A??????a ???????, ???a 20-i nua?? EINN, ??? ????????i e ? ???? ?????? a
???? 60-o ??a. Aei ?o ?? ? ??y?? ??th?y o?y? ???? ?e, ??? ????a eth?e
??yth?y a ???a ???e e ????e. Ae?n?ey N??? ??a ?e ????i ??o??i ??? ?
????. Ii ????i y??????? ????? ????? E.A.E???? ? 1917 ? 1959 ?? ?c ????
??i? ??? ??? ? ????????i ???ae?ey ????ey ??? ????? ????? a ???yo e
?eth?y ???o ? ??ae??e ?????e – ???e 66.7???? ???e. A??y ?iy? ???? ???i
????? ????e…
NIENIE EEOA?AOO?U
1. Ae???? N????i “A???? AOEAA”(7 ??? a 3-?o ??o).
2. A???? N????i “I?i ?? E?? Ae????a”.
3. A???? N????i “A ??a ???”.
4. A??i O??? “E???? ????”. (N??? ???? e ????a).
5. A??i O??? “A??”. 6. A???e AE??? “*??? ??e”. (N??? ???? e ???c?).
7. E??ey ????? ?????a e i??. O? 2.
8. Io. Ae???i (I????) ” I???e, ?????e e ????? ?????y ???? I??n??? Oe??e
20 ?e”. O? 1, O? 2.
9. A. I???, A. N??a e ?. I??e?u e ????-???????o ??? N???a.
10. I.A. E???e ” E????e??y e ???????”.
12. “A??? ???e EINN”,1988, ? 11.
13. A.I. I??, A??????? ??? a N???? ???e, 1923-1953, “I?????? ???”,
1992,?2.
14. A. Ae???, A. A???? “Ae???? IAIO-IEAAe-OeE”.
15. A.I. C??? ” E???y ??ea a 30-a ?? “, “N??????? ?????ey”, 1991a.
16. A.I. Ae???, N.A. E?????a” N????a??u a C???e N??e” O? 1-3.
17. I. A???oe “I??e ????y a 30-a ??”, “I?????ay ???y”, 1995a.
18. N. I?? “A?? 1932-1933 – ???ae ????a ?y ??????y ???? ?????e?”
“I?????ay ???y”, 1995a., ? 1.
19. I. I??? ” AE??u ??? 1933, N??? ??”, “I?????ay ???y” 1995a., ?5.
20. A. Oe??i ” N????a ??a ?????”, “A??? ???e”, 1989a.
21. ?. E???o “A??? ???”.
22. E??? N????? ????y “I?oe A???”.
23. E.A. C??? “E????ey “A???i ??i?” a ???a; ???e ???? ????”, “I?????ay
???y” 2004a., ?1.
24. E.A. C??? “I????? ???? “??a????”1933-1934a.”, “I?????ay ???y” 1992a.
?6
25. A.I. Ae???, E.A. C??? “I??????e ??ae”, “I?????ay ???y” 2004a., ?5.
26. E.A. C??? “E??????ey e ?????e (1933-1935a.), “I?????ay ???y”
1933a.?3.
27. I. A?????, “Y?????y-20AAE”.
28. “O????ey ? ???e NNN?”, “I????? 1991a”.
29. N.O. E??a, A.I. A??? “E??ey ??n? a ???? e ???”.
30. I.A. E??? “Ae???? e ????u e ???? ? ??????e ???e”.
I?EEIAEAIEA
O??? 1 – *????? ???y??o ?cy?? a NNN? a 1933-1935 ?. (a ?n.)
Ae?aA?? ?cy??A ?i ??a????o?????o1 y??y 1933 a?a23 706,214 794,68 911,51
y??y 1934 ??22 570,215 554,81 015,41 y??y 1935
a?a21 310,516 503,94 806,61 ??ey 1935 a?a21 013,4516 914,14 099,5E???ey
ca ?? ??? (+, -)- 2 692,6+ 2 119,5- 4 812,0
Oaaeeoea 2 – Eiee/anoai iiaeeaaeaueo ?ai?annee
?
i/i?anioaeeeeIa?aay eaoaai?eyAoi?ay eaoaai?eyAnaai1.Aca?aaeaeaeaineay
NN?1500375052502.A?iyineay NN?500100015003.Aaei?onneay
NN?200010000120004.A?oceineay NN?2000300050005.Ee?aecneay
NN?2505007506.Oaaeaeeeneay NN?500130018007.Oo?eiaineay
NN?500150020008.Ocaaeneay NN?750400047509.Aaoee?neay
ANN?5001500200010.Ao?yo-Iiiaieueneay ANN?3501500185011.Aeaaanoaineay
ANN?5002500300012.Ea?aeueneay ANN?300700100013.Eaaa?aeeii-Aaeea?neay
ANN? 300700100014.E?uineay ANN?3001200150015.Eiie
ANN?10030040016.Eaeiuoeeay ANN?10030040017.Ia?eeneay
ANN?3001500180018.Ii?aeianeay ANN?3001500180019.Iaioeaa Iiaieaeuey
ANN?20070090020.Naaa?i-Inaoeineay ANN? 20050070021.Oaoa?neay
ANN?5001500200022.Oaeio?oneay ANN?20050070023.*a/aii-Eiaooneay
ANN?5001500200024.*oaaoneay ANN?3001500180025.Aciai-*a?iiii?neee
e?ae500080001300026.Aeaeueia-Ainoi/iue
e?ae20004000600027.Caiaaeii-Neae?neee e?ae5000120001700028.E?aniiy?neee
e?ae7502500325029.I?aeaeiieeeaecaaneee
e?ae10004000500030.Ainoi/ii-Neae?neee e?ae10004000500031.Ai?iiaaeneay
iaeanoue10003500450032.Ai?ueeianeay iaeanoue10003500450033.Caiaaeiay
iaeanoue10005000600034.Eaaiianeay iaeanoue7502000275035.Eaeeieineay
iaeanoue10003000400036.Eo?neay iaeanoue10003000400037.Eoeauoaaneay
iaeanoue10004000500038.Ee?ianeay iaeanoue5001500200039.Eaieia?aaeneay
iaeanoue4000100001400040.Iineay iaeanoue10002500350041.I?aiao?aneay
iaeanoue15003000450042.Na?aoianeay
iaeanoue10002000300043.Noaeeia?aaeneay
iaeanoue10003000400044.Naa?aeeianeay iaeanoue400060001000045.Naaa?iay
iaeanoue7502000275046.*aeyaeineay iaeanoue15004500600047.ss?ineaaneay
iaeanoue75012502000OE?AEINEAss NN?
1500
1000
1000
1000
300
4000
3000
3500
2000
1300
5500
4000
4500
3000
16001.
2.
3.
4.
5.Oa?ueeianeay iaeanoue
Aeiiaoeeay iaeanoue
Iaeanneay iaeanoue
Aeiai?iiao?ianeay iaeanoue
*a?ieaianeay iaeanoue6.Iieaeaaneay ANN?200500700EACAONEAss NN?
650
350
100
150
300
350
400
200
300
600
200
450
1050
1000
600
800
950
950
300
600
1350
1350
1000
10001.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.Naaa?i-Eacaonoaineay iaeanoue
THaeii-Eacaonoaineay iaeanoue
Caiaaeii-Eacaonoaineay iaeanoue
Eonoaiaeneay iaeanoue
Ainoi/ii-Eacaonoaineay iaeanoue
Aeothaeineay iaeanoue
Ea?aaaiaeeineay iaeanoue
Aeia-Aoeineay iaeanoueEAAA?ss IEAAe 10 000
O??? 3 – Ii ??? ???? O????i, ?? ???????
A?????????i5 ???? N????i Nithca32 ????o ????a 1-? ??a24 ????? 1-? ??a212
?????a 2-? ??a122 oeaaiaia oeioa 1-ai ?aiaa215 a?iaeneeo eiienna?ia 2-ai
?aiaa1567 eiiei?ia6028 ei?ioniuo eiienna?ia25199 eiiaeeaia136397
eiia?eaia22136 a?eaaaeiuo eiienna?ia34
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