Eiio?ieueiay ?aaioa
ii eo?no “OEEINIOEss”.
Oaia 2. “Oeeinioey Ae?aaiaai ie?a”
IEAI:
Aaaaeaiea.
O/aiea i einiina e /aeiaaea: i?iaeaia auoey. ?anniio?aiea i?e?iaeu e
iauanoaa a oeeinioee Ae?aaiaai ie?a.
Ieaoii, eae iniiaiiieiaeiee iauaeoeaiiai eaeaaeecia.
Noaiiaeaiea aioe/iie aeeaeaeoeee.
Caeeth/aiea.
AAAAeAIEA.
… Aeey oiai /oiau iiiyoue
nia?aiaiiia ninoiyiea iunee,
aa?iaeoee iooue aniiiieoue,
eae /aeiaa/anoai aeioei aei iaai…
A.E. Aa?oeai. Ienueia ia eco/aiee i?e?iaeu.
?acaeoea oai?aoe/aneiai iuoeaiey e noaiiaeaiea oeeinioee i?aaenoaaeytho
aeeeoaeueiue i?ioeann, i?aaeiinueee eioi?iai iiaeii iaeoe oaea ia ?aiieo
nooiaiyo /aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa. Ae?aaiaeoea oeeinioneea nenoaiu,
iuoaaoeany iaeoe ioaao ia aii?in i i?ienoiaeaeaiee, nooe ie?a e ianoa
/aeiaaea a i?i, eiaee aeeeoaeueioth i?aaeunoi?eth, iiyaeeenue aea iie ia
n?aaieoaeueii ?acaeoie noaaeee eeanniauo ioiioaiee.
Aicieeiiaaiea oeeinioee – yoi caeiiiia?iue ?acoeueoao noaiiaeaiey e
?acaeoey /aeiaaea. Ca/aoee oeeinioneeo eaeae ia/eiatho iiyaeyoueny au? a
iaae?ao ieoieiae/aneiai iniuneaiey aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, oaea a III-II
ouny/aeaoeyo aei i.y. a caienyo ieoieiae/aneeo oaenoia.
Oaea a oneiaeyo ?iaeiaie iaueiu, anaoeaei caaeneiie io i?e?iaeu, /aeiaae
noae aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia i?e?iaeiue i?ioeann, i?eia?aoay iiuo e ciaiea,
ieacuaathuea aeeyiea ia aai aeeciue. Ie?oaeathuee ie? iinoaiaiii
noaiiaeony i?aaeiaoii aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea. Nai? ioiioaiea e ie?o ii
ia iniciaaae e, anoanoaaiii, ia iia au?aceoue a oai?aoe/aneeo oi?iao.
Auaeaeaiea /aeiaaea ec ie?oaeathuaai ie?a nii?iaiaeaeaeinue ?acee/iuie
iaae/aneeie ia?yaeaie, neiaieece?iaaaoeie aai no?aieaiea e niaaeeiaieth
n i?e?iaeie.
?acaeoea i?aeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea i?aaeiieaaaao
niaa?oainoaiaaiea aai niiniaiinoe i?aaeaeaeaiey, iniiaaiioth ia
ii?aaeae?iiie iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe niauoee e, oaeei ia?acii, iinoeaeaiee
iaeioi?uo caeiiiia?iinoae i?e?iaeiuo yaeaiee. Aaaeiaeoei iiiaioii,
aeeythuei ia oiae yoiai i?ioeanna, ioiineony iaiaoiaeeiinoue iauynieoue
e aini?iecaiaeeoue ?acoeueoaou iiciaiey. ?acaeoea ycuea, e i?aaeaea
anaai iiyaeaiea aano?aeoiuo iiiyoee, yaeyaony aaaeiui naeaeaoaeuenoaii
oi?ie?iaaiey oai?aoe/aneiai iuoeaiey e neeaaeuaaiey i?aaeiinueie aeey
aicieeiiaaiey iaueo oiicaeeth/aiee, a oai naiui e aeey oeeinioee.
Iia?aaaiey oia?oeo, inoaoee aea?oaii?eiioaiee, ?acee/iua i?aaeiaou
eoeueoiaiai oa?aeoa?a naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii, /oi ethaee n
iacaiaiyoiuo a?ai?i no?aieeenue iaeoe ioaaou ia aii?inu, /oi oaeia
aeeciue, eiaaea iia aicieeaao e ii/aio eii/aaony.
Aaaeiaeoae aaoie a ?acaeoee /aeiaa/aneiai iuoeaiey auei ecia?aoaiea
ienueiaiiinoe. Iia ia oieueei i?eianea iiaua aiciiaeiinoe ia?aaea/e
ciaiey, ii e iaiaaoeea i?aaeiinueee aeey ?acaeoey nianoaaiiiai ciaiey.
Ia?aua aeieacaoaeuenoaa nouanoaiaaiey ienueiaiiinoe ia eceiia 4-ai e
3-ai ouny/aeaoee aei i.y. auee iieo/aiu ia oa??eoi?ee Ianiiioaiee e
Aaeioa.
Oeeinioey aia?aua a enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa aicieeea a ae?aaiinoe a ia?auo
eeanniauo iauanoaao ae?aaiaai Ainoiea – a Aaeioa, Aaaeeiiee, Eiaeee,
Eeoaa e iniaiai ?anoeaaoa aeinoeaea ia ia?aii yoaia a aioe/iii ie?a –
ae?aaiae A?aoeee e ae?aaiai ?eia. E ae?aaiae oeeinioee iu ioiinei
aioe/ioth oeeinioeth Ainoiea (Eeoay e Eiaeee), A?aoeee e ?eia,
oeeinioeth N?aaeiaaaeiauey e Aic?iaeaeaiey. A ae?aaiai Eeoaa, a Eiaeee,
a Ae?aaiae A?aoeee e ae?oaeo ?aaeiiao /aeiaa/aneie oeeaeeecaoeee, ia?aua
oeeinioneea aicc?aiey ca?iaeaeathony a oaniie nayce n ieoieiae/aneeie
aicc?aieyie ethaeae. Yoi iaoei nai? au?aaeaiea iniaaiii a oii, /oi
/aeiaae au? neaai i?aaenoaaeye naaa ?acee/ea iaaeaeo niaie e i?e?iaeie,
iaaeaeo eiaeeaeaeii e eieeaeoeaii.
Oeeinioneea acaeyaeu ae?aaieo ia?aiia/aeueii iineee oa?aeoa?
noeoeeii-iaoa?eaeenoe/aneeo oaiaeaioeee, aaaeoueo nai? ia/aei io
“iaeaiiai ?aaeecia” ia?aiauoiuo ethaeae. A yiioo ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneiai
no?iy, a i?ioeanna aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey iauanoaaiiie aeecie,
iaino?aiey ai?ueau eeannia e nioeeaeueiuo a?oii, iiyaeaiea ?inoeia
iao/iuo ciaiee, a no?aiao ae?aaiaai Ainoiea i?ienoiaeeei oi?ie?iaaiea
iaoa?eaeenoe/aneeo oeeinioneeo o/aiee e nenoai, neeaaeuaathueony a
ai?ueaa n eaeaaeeciii.
Ae?aaiaeoea ienueiaiiua iaiyoieee aeeaeiaainoi/iuo iaeanoae ia
i?aaenoaaeytho, oeaeinoiuo oeeinioneeo nenoai n oi/iui iiiyoeeiui
aiia?aoii. A ieo ia io?aaeaia i?iaeaiaoeea auoey e nouanoaiaaiey ie?a
(iioieiaey), iao /?oeinoe a aii?ina i aiciiaeiinoyo /aeiaaea iiciaoue
ie? (aiinaieiaey). Ia yoo nooiaiue ?acaeoey auoee eeoue aioe/iua
iuneeoaee, eioi?ua noiyo o ia/aea o?aaeeoeee aa?iiaeneiai oeeinioneiai
iuoeaiey. Oae a ae?aaiaeiaeeeneie oeeinioee oaea aue iinoaaeai aii?in ia
iauai iniiaaiee ie?a. Oaeei iniiaaieai n/eoaeny aacee/iinoiue ie?iaie
aeoo “a?aoiai”. A niioaaonoaee n o/aieai aaaeaiou, aeooa eaaeaeiai
ioaeaeueiiai /aeiaaea, eioi?ay n/eoaaony aannia?oiie, onooiaao ie?iaiio
aeooo ii naiaio niaa?oainoao. Iioiaeay ea?oeia noaiiaeaiey oeeinioneeo
aicc?aiee neeaaeuaaeanue e a Ae?aaiai Eeoaa. An? aieueoa aieiaiey
ia/eiaei oaeaeyoueny i?iaeaiai /aeiaaea, aai aeecie. E VI-V aa. aei i.y.
oeeinioneea aicc?aiey aeinoeaee aunieiai o?iaiy ?acaeoey, /oi iaoei nai?
au?aaeaiea iniaaiii a eiioooeeainoaa, o/aiee iniiaaiiii aeaeiui
iuneeoaeai Eiioooeeai (551-479 aa. aei i.y.). Oa?aeoa?iie iniaaiiinoueth
oeeinioneeo aicc?aiee ae?aaiaai Ainoiea auea yaiethoeey inaiaiey
/aeiaaeii aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, yaiethoeey a eioi?ie i?ienoiaeee ia?aoiae
io ieoe/aneie oaioacee e ?aoeeiiaeueiiio iuoeaieth, e io aacee/iinoiuo
ea?oei ie?a, aaea /aeiaae aue oieueei /anoe/eie ie?oaeathuae i?e?iaeiie
n?aaeu e ea?oeia ie?a, aaea /aeiaae ia/eiae iniciaaaoue naith
niaoeeoeeo, nai? ianoi a ie?a, ioiioaiea e iaio, oae e niciaieth niunea
naiaai auoey.
?acaeoea ae?aaiaa?a/aneie oeeinioee e anae aeaeueiaeoae, naycaiiie n iae
o?aaeeoeee ia auei au iiiyoi a iieiie ia?a e iauynieii aac ciaiey
ianeaaeey iunee ae?aaiaeoeo oeeaeeecaoeee Aeeaeiaai Ainoiea, ieacaaoeo
cia/eoaeueiia aeeyiea ia a?a/aneoth eoeueoo?o a naiuo ae?aaieo a? neiyo.
A?a/aneay aioe/iay oeeinioey – yoi oeeinioey ae?aaieo a?aeia e ae?aaieo
?eieyi. Iia noi?ie?iaaeanue a 6 – 7 aaeao aei.i.y. ieiei 1200 eao.
Ae?aaiaeoea aioe/iua oeeiniou aeeee a a?a/aneeo eieiieyo Iaeie Acee, a
oi?aiauo e yeiiiie/aneeo oeaio?ao, aaea iie ia oieueei auee ie?oaeaiu
ainoi/iie iaoa?eaeueiie eoeueoo?ie, ia oieueei iuouaee iieeoe/aneoth
iiuue ainoaea?noa aeeaeiaainoi/iiai ?aaeiia, ii e ciaeiieeenue n
?acee/iuie niaoeeaeueiuie ciaieyie, ?aeeaeiciuie i?aaenoaaeaieyie e
o.ae. Yoio aeeaie e ananoi?iiiee eiioaeo n ?aciuie eoeueoo?iuie neiyie
aeieaeai aue aeeyoue ia a?a/aneeo iuneeoaeae, eioi?ua no?aieeenue
oai?aoe/anee ioi?ieoue nai? ie?iaicc?aiea.
Naiei oa?aeoa?ii e iai?aaeaiiinoueth niaea?aeaiey, iniaaiii iaoiaeii
oeeinionoaiaaiey iia ioee/aaony io ae?aaiaainoi/iuo oeeinioneeo nenoai e
yaeyaony, nianoaaiii, ia?aie a enoi?ee iiiuoeie ?aoeeiiaeueiiai
iinoeaeaiey ie?oaeathuaai ie?a. Aeey aioe/iie oeeinioee oa?aeoa?iu auee
einieci e i?aaeiaoiiaauanoaaiiay eioa?i?aoaoeey ?aaeueiinoe. Ie?
aunooiae eae iae?ieini, a /aeiaae iee?ieini. Aioe/iay oeeinioey –
eneeth/eoaeueiue aeeaae a ?acaeoea ie?iaie oeeaeeecaoeee, a? ?ieue
/?acau/aeia auniea. Eiaiii caeanue ca?iaeeeanue Aa?iiaeneay eoeueoo?a e
oeeaeeecaoeey, caeanue ia/aei caiaaeiie oeeinioee, ii/oe anao a?
iineaaeothueo oeie eaeae e i?aaenoaaeaiee, eaoaai?ee i?iaeai. Ai ana
a?aiaia, aieioue aei naaiaeiyoieo aeiae, aa?iiaeneay iaoea, eoeueoo?a,
oeeinioey aica?auathony e aioe/iie oeeinioee eae naiaio enoi/ieeo e
eieuaaee, ia?acoeo iuoeaiey. Nai oa?iei “oeeinioey“ aicieeaao oiaea
caeanue. Yoio oa?iei ano?a/aaony o ae?aaia-a?a/aneiai oeeinioa Ieoaai?a
(580 –500 aei i.y.). Ii a ea/anoaa iacaaiey iniaie io?anee ciaiey i
auoee, /aeiaaea, niunea aai aeecie, iiciaiey ii aue aaaae?i Ieaoiiii
(428/27aei i.y.) a i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue “nioino” – ioae?aoeo – i?i?ieo,
iaeaaeaaoaio “Nioeae” – aiaeanoaaiiie ioae?inoueth, “oeeinio“ /aeiaae,
ia iaeaaeathuee aiaeanoaaiiie enoeiie, iieiie e caaa?oaiiie. Oeeinio –
yoi /aeiaae, no?aiyueeny e ioae?inoe, euouee, ethayuee enoeio. Iiyoiio
oeaeue oeeinioa – iiiyoue “oeaeia eae oeaeia”, iiiyoue, a /?i
ia?aii?e/eia anaai nouaai, ia?aii?e/eia auoey. A?aee n/eoaee, /oi ia/aei
oeeinioee a oaeeaeaiee /aeiaaea ia?aae ie?ii e naiei niaie, a
oaeeaeyoueny a i?e?iaea /aeiaaea. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, oeeinionoaiaaiea
i?enoua /aeiaaeo e /aeiaa/anoao. Oeeinioey – yoi /enoay ethaiaue
/aeiaaea e enoeia e i?aaaea, yoi “ciaiea ?aaee naiiai ciaiey”
(A?enoioaeue, “Iaoaoeceea”). Yoi ciaiea ?aaee aeinoeaeaiey naiaiaeu
aeooa.
Eiaiii oae iiieiay oeeinioeth, ?eineee iuneeoaeue Oeeoea?ii neaaeao, /oi
ia ethaeoue oeeinioeth – an? ?aaii, /oi ia ethaeoue nianoaaiioth iaoue.
Oi anoue oeeinioey ia i?inoi iiene enoeiu, a au? e niinia aeecie,
i?enouee naiaiaeiiio /aeiaaeo.
O?aaeeoeeiiii, a ?acaeoee aioe/iie oeeinioee auaeaeytho /aou?a iniiaiuo
yoaia:
?aiithth eeanneeo (iaoo?aeenou, aeinie?aoeee), aeaaiua i?iaeaiu –
“Oecen” e “Einiin”, aai no?iaiea – V – IV aa. aei i.y.),
N?aaeithth eeanneeo(Nie?ao e aai oeieu, nioeno), aeaaiay i?iaeaia –
nouiinoue /aeiaaea – n iieiaeiu V a. e nouanoaaiiay /anoue IV a. aei
i.y. e ii?aaeaeyaony eae eeanne/aneee,
Aunieoth eeanneeo (Ieaoii, A?enoioaeue e eo oeieu), aeaaiay i?iaeaia –
neioac oeeinioneiai ciaiey, aai i?iaeai e iaoiaeia – eiiaoe IV – II a.
aei i.y.,
Yeeeieci(Yieeo?, Ie??ii, noieee, Naiaea, Yieeoao, Aa?aeee e ae?.),
aeaaiay i?iaeaia – ii?aeue e naiaiaea /aeiaaea, iiciaiea e o.ae.
No?oeoo?a einiina, noaeueaa einiina e /aeiaaea, ioiioaiea aiaa e
/aeiaaea (Ieioei, Ii?oe?ee, I?iee, Oeeii Aeaenaiae?eeneee)- (I a. aei
i.y. – V – VI aa.i.y.).
O/aiea i einiina e /aeiaaea:
i?iaeaia auoey. ?anniio?aiea i?e?iaeu e iauanoaa a oeeinioee Ae?aaiaai
ie?a.
I?iaeaia auoey e o/aiey i auoea (iioieiaey) ia/aea ianoaeaeaoueny n
ae?aaiinoe. Ae?aaiea iuneeoaee n/eoaee yoo i?iaeaio enoiaeiie aeey
nenoaiaoe/aneeo oeeinioneeo ?aciuoeaiee. Naiay ia?aay e oieaa?naeueiay
i?aaeiinueea aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe – yoi anoanoaaiiia oaaaeaeaiea
/aeiaaea a oii, /oi ie? nouanoaoao, iaee/anoaoao, eiaaony. I?iaeaiu
auoey oi en/acaao ec oeeinioneiai ?anniio?aiey, oi aiiaue iiyaeyaony,
yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i i?enouae ethaeyi “iioieiae/aneie iio?aaiinoe”
no?aieoueny e aaconeiaiiio, o.a. i?eciaoue ia/oi, i?aainoiaeyuaa e
i?aauoathuaa /aeiaa/aneia nouanoaiaaiea.
Yiie?e/aneee iiuo oaeaea oaaaeaeaao /aeiaaea, /oi i?e anao eciaiaieyo,
i?ienoiaeyueo a i?e?iaea, iauanoaa, ie? inoa?ony, nio?aiyaony eae
ioiineoaeueii noaaeeueiia oeaeia. Ii iaeiie eiinoaoaoeee oiai, /oi ie?,
auoea nouanoaotho “nae/an”, “caeanue”, “oaia?ue” au? iaaeinoaoi/ii. Anee
ie?, auoea nouanoaotho nae/an, oi anoanoaaiii aicieeaao aii?in i aai
i?ioeii e aoaeouai. Oeeiniou aeieacuaaee, /oi ie? aaneiia/ai e
iai?aoiaeyu, anaaaea aue, anoue e aoaeao, /oi o Anaeaiiie iao ie eiioea
, ie ?acia?ia (Aiaeneiai, Yieeo?, Eoe?aoeee Ea?(1 a.aei i.y.). N ae?oaie
noi?iiu, anee ie? a oeaeii aaneiia/ai, aani?aaeaeai, oi eaeiai
niioiioaiea yoiai iai?aoiaeyuaai ie?a n caaaaeiii i?aoiaeyueie,
eiia/iuie aauaie, yaeaieyie, i?ioeannaie, i?aaieciaie? Oaeei ia?acii,
aicieeaao oeaeay oeaii/ea aii?inia e eaeae, eanathueony auoey. Aicieeaao
eiaiii i?iaeaia auoey, eioi?ay, a naith i/a?aaeue, ?an/eaiyaony ia oanii
acaeiinaycaiiua i?iaeaiu (aniaeou).
Iiiyoea “auoea” eiaao ianeieueei cia/aiee. Ai-ia?auo iii oiio?aaeyaony
eae neiiiei nouanoaothuaai. Auoea yaeyaony oeeinioneie eaoaai?eae,
iaicia/athuae ?aaeueiinoue, nouanoaothuoth iauaeoeaii, iacaaeneii io
niciaiey, aiee e yiioeee /aeiaaea. I?iaeaia o?aeoiaee auoey e
niioiioaiey aai n niciaieai noieo a oeaio?a oeeinioneiai ie?iaicc?aiey.
Aii?in iiieiaiey auoey e niioiioaiea n niciaieai ii?aaeaeyao ?aoaiea
iniiaiiai aii?ina oeeinioee. Aeey ?anniio?aiey yoiai aii?ina ia?aoeiny
e enoi?ee ?acaeoey oeeinioee. Ethaee ia i?ioyaeaiee anae enoi?ee noiyee,
e noiyo ia?aae aeeciaiii aaaeiie i?iaeaiie: eeai i?eciaoue iaee/ea
auoey, o.a. oiai, /oi anoue enoeiii nouaa, /oi ia aicieeaei, a iioiio
aa/ii, ianeii/aaii ai a?aiaie, iaoie/oiaeeii, e aeeoue “n iaeyaeeie “ ia
iaai, eeai iauyaeoue nai? nianoaaiiia nouanoaiaaiea naiiaeinoaoi/iui,
aaoiiiiiui, ia ioaeaeathuaainy a iiiiue e iie?iaeoaeuenoaa Aaniethoa.
Oeeinioey, i?eieiay e ii?aaaeuaay oio eee eiie auai?, yaeyea naay a
enoi?ee oi eae oeeinioey auoey, oi eae oeeinioey naiaiaeu.
Nouanoaothuee ie? aaneiia/ii iiiaiia?acai. Onoaiaaeeaay ii?aaeae?iiia
noiaenoai oneiaee, niiniaia nouanoaiaaiey aaeeie/iuo aauae, yaeaiee,
i?ioeannia, oeeinioey iauaaeeiyao eo a ?acee/iua a?oiiu, eioi?ui i?enoua
iauiinoue oi?iu auoey. Iiaeii auaeaeeoue neaaeothuea ?acee/athueany, ii
a oi aea a?aiy acaeiinaycaiiua iniiaiua oi?iu auoey:
Auoea aauae (oae), iauaeoia, i?ioeannia, eioi?ua, a naith i/a?aaeue
aeaeyony ia: auoea aauae, i?ioeannia, ninoiyiee i?e?iaeu, auoea i?e?iaeu
eae oeaeiai; e ia auoea aauae, i?ioeannia, i?iecaaae?iiuo /aeiaaeii;
Auoea /aeiaaea, eioi?ia iiae?acaeaeyaony ia – auoea /aeiaaea a ie?a
aauae e auoea niaoeeoe/anee /aeiaa/aneia;
Auoea aeooiaiiai (eaeaaeueiiai), eioi?ia aeaeeony ia
eiaeeaeaeoaeece?iaaiiia aeooiaiia e iauaeoeae?iaaiiia
(aiaeiaeeaeaeoaeueiia) aeooiaiia;
Auoea nioeeaeueiiai, eioi?ia ?an/eaiyaony ia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia auoea
(auoea ioaeaeueiiai /aeiaaea a iauanoaa e a i?ioeanna enoi?ee) e auoea
iauanoaa.
Oaia auoey ia/eiaaony n aii?ina i “niunea aeecie”. Eiaaea oeeiniou
iniciatho, /oi niune aeecie en/acaao eee au?iaeaeaaony a iaeeoth e
ouaoioth noaoo ?aaee nethieiooiuo iio?aaiinoae, iie aniiieiatho i aunoeo
niuneao, i iai?aoiaeyuai e aa/iii auoee.
I?iaeaia auoey aaaaeaia a oeeinioeth Ia?iaieaeii (5-4 a.aei.i.y.) eae
ioaao ia ii?aaeae?iiue nioeeaeueiue e yecenoaioeeaeueiue cai?in. Ethaee
noaee oa?youe aa?o a o?aaeeoeeiiiuo aiaia Ieeiia. Oai naiui ?ooeeenue
iniiau e ii?io nioeeaeueiie aeecie. N aeaaeueth aiaia oaea ieeoi ia iia
ii?o/eoueny, /oi ?eoi e ii?yaeie i?e?iaeiuo e nioeeaeueiuo i?ioeannia
inoaiaony noaaeeueiui. A aeoaeiao /aeiaa/aneiai niciaiey ca?iaeeeinue
io/ayiea, iaiaoiaeei aue iiene iiauo aa?aioia /aeiaa/aneiai
nouanoaiaaiey, ethaeyi ioaeia auea iii?a a eo aeecie. Oeeinioey a eeoea
Ia?iaieaea iiiuoaeanue oniieieoue niyoaiioth aeooo aioe/iiai /aeiaaea,
iiiaanoea ethaeae ia ioe?uoee Aaniethoiie iunee, eioi?ay oaea?aeeaaao
ie? io ii?ieeaeuaaiey a oain, iaania/eaaao aio noaaeeueiinoue e
iaae?aeiinoue. Ethaee niiaa ia?aee oaa?aiiinoue a oii, /oi an?
iiae/eiyaony ii?yaeeo n iaiaoiaeeiinoueth. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue Ia?iaieae
iacaae aiaeanoaii, I?aaaeie, I?iaeaeaieai, Noaeueaie, /oi ii
ii?aaeaeaieth aa/ii e iaoie/oiaeeii. Aaniethoiay iuneue e anoue auoea, a
auoea anoue iuneue, ii ia noauaeoeaiay iuneue /aeiaa/aneay, a Eiain –
Einie/aneee ?acoi. *aeiaa/aneee oi niiniaai /oi-oi ciaoue a oie ia?a, a
eaeie ii noiaao anooieoue a iaiin?aaenoaaiiue eiioaeo n ?acoiii, eioi?ue
e anoue auoea. Oaeay neooaoeey aeaeaea iaoianoiie ai?aeuith
/aeiaa/aneiai oia, iioaaeythuaainy naiei oiaieai iuneeoue e iinoeaaoue
enoeio, eai ia /aeiaae iinoeaaao enoeio, a enoeia ioe?uaaaony aio /a?ac
eiioaeo n auoeai. Auoea aaeeii e iaeciaiii, a i?i caeeth/aia any iieiioa
niaa?oainoa, n?aaee eioi?uo aeaaiuie n/eoaeenue Enoeia, Aeia?i, Aeaai.
Auoea ia aicieeaao e ia oie/oiaeaaony. Iii naao, ii iniaue, “oaeaeaoue
eioi?ue iiaeii oieueei i/aie ?acoia”. Auoea anoue iuneue e iinoeaeeii
oieueei a iunee. Iii a iiieiaiee aioe/iuo oeeinioia, ia aunooiaao
oai?oeii ie?a, iioiio /oi ie? nouanoaiaae anaaaea.
Aoaeo/e aeey /aeiaaea /ai-oi aiaoiei, i?aaeiaeaeaiiui, auoea iaeaaaao
ii?aaeaeaiiua ia?aie/aiey ia aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea, canoaaeyao
niecia?youe n iei naie aeaenoaey. Aianoa n oai auoea yaeyaony enoi/ieeii
e oneiaeai anao oi?i aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea. Auoea i?aaenoaaeyao
ia oieueei ?aiee, a?aieoeu aeayoaeueiinoe, ii e iauaeo oai?/anoaa
/aeiaaea, iinoiyiii eciaiythuaai auoea, noa?o aiciiaeiinoae, eioi?oth
/aeiaae a naiae aeayoaeueiinoe i?aa?auaao a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue.
Enoieeiaaiea auoey i?aoa?iaei neiaeiia ?acaeoea. Aai iauae /a?oie
yaeyaony i?ioeaiai?noai iaoa?eaeenoe/aneiai e eaeaaeenoe/aneiai
iiaeoiaeia. Ia?aue ec ieo oieeoao iniiaaiey auoey eae iaoa?eaeueiua,
aoi?ie – eae eaeaaeueiua.
A enoi?ee oeeinioee ia?aoth eiioeaioeeth auoey aeaee ae?aaiaa?a/aneea
oeeiniou 6 – 4 aaeia aei iaoae y?u – aeinie?aoeee. Aeey ieo auoea
niaiaaeaao n iaoa?eaeueiui, ia?ac?ooeiui e niaa?oaiiui einiinii.
Einiin – iiiyoea, aia?aua aaaae?iiia Ieoaai?ii aeey iaicia/aiey
oii?yaei/aiiiai aaeeinoaa ie?a, a i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue oaino. Noi?iiieee
ieoaai?aecia – noi?iiieee o/aiey i /eneiaie iniiaa ie?iaicc?aiey. Eiaiii
ieoaai?aeoeu noaee iacuaaoue ie? einiinii, eiay a aeaeo aai aa?iiieth e
niaa?oainoai, o.e. aeaaiui naienoaii Einiina n/eoaeanue Aa?iiiey noa?.
Niaa?oainoai einiina aeieacaee ieoaai?aeoeu, iniiaaii ia ii?aaeae?iiuo
/eneiauo niioiioaieyo, eioi?ua eaaeao a iniiaa aeaeaeaiey iaaaniuo
naaoee, a iniiaa iocueaeueiie aa?iiiee e aeaaea caeeth/aiu a i?iii?oeeyo
/aeiaa/aneiai oaea. “Einiy” a ia?aaiaea n a?a/aneiai icia/aao
“E?anioa”. A enoi?ee oeeinioneie ianee eniieueciaaiea iiiyoey “Einiin”
aaei eeai e i?eciaieth ?iee Oai?oea (aeaieo?aa), eeai einiioaecia.
Ieoaai? e Ieaoii o/eee i /enea eae iniiaa Einiina e ia yeaeina eae
naiaia?aciii aeooiaiii aeai?eoia, ia iniiaa eioi?iai no?ieony oece/aneay
?aaeueiinoue. *aeiaae aeaenoaeoaeueii naiaia?aciue iee?ieiniin,
ano?iaiiue a no?oeoo?o iae?ieiniina e eiathuee aea? naiaiaeu auai?a
naiaai iiaaaeaiey.
A ae?aaiae Eiaeee enoi/ieeii oeeinioneie iunee (ioae?inoe) auea oae
iacuaaaiay aaaee/aneay eeoa?aoo?a (“aaaeu” – ciaiea) – iaoe?iue iaai?
oaenoia, eioi?ua ninoaaeyeenue a oa/aiee aeanyoe noieaoee (1500 – 600
eao aei i.y.). A iaeiii ec aaaee/aneeo aeiiia aiai?eony, /oi a ia/aea
auei “ia/oi iaeii”, ia?an/eai?iiia. Ia/aei oai?aieth iieiaeeei
aea?oaii?eiioaiea. Einie/aneee aaeeeai Io?ooa aue ?acaeae?i ia /anoe e
noae e noae enoi/ieeii aeecie anao aeeauo nouanoa. Eoae, “o anaai nouaai
e o anao aiaia iaeii ia/aei – aea?oaii?eiioaiea”. Aeaenoaeoaeueii
nieioea aea?eo nai? oaiei e naao, /oiau iiaee aeeoue ana nouanoaa ia
Caiea, iaoue aea?oaoao neeu e caei?iauea aeey ainieoaiey naieo aeaoae.
An? nouanoaothuaa (e ethaee, e aeeaioiua, e ?o/uee, e aaoa? e o.ae.)
eiatho aeeaoth, aannia?oioth aeooo, iiyoiio iiaeii oiieyoue ai?o,
i?ineoue i?iuaiey o aea?aaa, i?eeacuaaoue iaeaeai e o.ae. Oaeei ia?acii,
aeey ae?aaieo eiaeeeoeaa caaeneiinoue e acaeiinaycaiiinoue aeecie
*aeiaaea, Caiee e Einiina auee i/aaeaeiu.
A ae?aaiaeeoaeneie oeeinioee – /aeiaae oiaea /anoue Einiina,
niaaeeiythuay a naaa aeaa ia/aea: o?iiia e naaoeia, ioaeneia e aeaineia,
aeoeaiia e ianneaiia. *aeiaae caieiaao eae au n?aaeeiiia iieiaeaiea a
ie?a e i?ecaai i?aiaeieaaaoue ?aneieioinoue ie?a ia 2 ia/aea: Eiue
(naao) e ssiue (oueio).Oaeia iieiaeaiea ii?aaeaeyao “n?aaeeiiue iooue”
/aeiaaea, aai ?ieue iin?aaeieea: “Ia?aaeath, ii ia oai?th”. *a?ac
/aeiaaea, nuia Iaaa, iaaaniay aeaaiaeaoue ienoiaeeo ia Caieth e
?ani?ino?aiyaony iianthaeo. *aeiaae – ia oea?ue Anaeaiiie, ia
iiei?eoaeue i?e?iaeu. Ia?yaeo n oeeinioneeie aicc?aieyie, i?iiiaaaeaaoeo
nica?oeaoaeueioth ianneaiinoue /aeiaaea, a ae?. Eeoaa iiyaeeenue o/aiey,
a oeaio?a eioi?uo auea ee/iinoue “ia aeey naay”, a aeey iauanoaa. Yoi
ioiineony i?aaeaea anaai e oeeinioneie oeiea Eiioooeey e aai
iineaaeiaaoaeae. Niaeanii yoiai o/aiey aoiaiiinoue e ieeina?aeea
aeieaeiu i?iiecuaaoue ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ethaeueie (eaeaae aeaai?iaeiiai
ioaea). A naiae iianaaeiaaiie aeecie ethaee aeieaeiu ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny
ii?aaeae?iiuie i?aaeeaie: iiiiaaoue ae?oaei aeinoe/ue oiai, e /aio
no?aieoueny nai, ia aeaeaoue oiai, /aai ia aeaeaaoue naaa. A oeaeii
iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi a ae?aaiaainoi/iie oeeinioee au? ia auei
i?aaenoaaeaiey i /aeiaaea eae ee/iinoe, ioaeae?iiie io Einiina. Aunoae
oeaiiinoueth n/eoaaony ia eiaeeaeae, a iaeee aacee/iue Aanietho (aeoo
Anaeaiiie, Iaai e o.ae.) *aeiaae aeieaeai iiae/eiyoueny onoaiiaeaiiiio
ii?yaeeo. A oi aea a?aiy ca?iaeaeathony iiaua i?eioeeiu ioiioaiee
iaaeaeo ethaeueie: aoiaieci, aeia?i, ieeina?aeea.
A aioe/iie oeeinioee, oeeiniou aini?eieiaee i?e?iaeo, eae iieiioo auoey
(Ieaoii). Ii naiae iiue i?e?iaea iaecia?eii i?aainoiaeeo /aeiaaea,
aunooiaao eaeaaeii niaa?oainoaa. N?aaeiaaaeiaay oeeinioey ?acaeaaao
eiioeaioeeth oua?aiinoe i?e?iaeu, eae ?acoeueoaoa a?aoiiaaeaiey
/aeiaaea. *aeiaae ?acaeaae naie aeooiaiua neeu, no?aieony e aicauoaieth
iaae i?e?iaeie. Oeeiniou AIC?IAEAeAIEss naeeaeatho aiaa e ie?. Oeeinioey
AIC?IAEAeAIEss oaeoe/anee ?aaeeciaaea eicoia “Iacaae e i?e?iaea”. A
aioe/iie oeeinioee /aeiaae ?anniao?eaaeny, n iaeiie noi?iiu, eae
i?aaie/aneay /anoue i?e?iaeu, einiina, a n ae?oaie – eeai eae nouanoai,
i?iecaiaeiia io iauaeoeaiiai auoey aa/iuo eaeae e nouiinoae, eeai eae
ia/oi naiioeaiiia e ia?aiiniiaiia. Caeanue ?aiueoa ?acaeeanue
?aaioi?aiaey e au?inoay ia eo iniiaa eoeueoo?a. (naycaia n eoeueoo?aie
Aaaeeiia, Oeieeee e Aaeioa – aieaa ae?aaiea oeeaeeecaoeee, i?eoaaeoay
ioooaea iaoaiaoeea, ano?iiiiey, ia?aaioea ieoieiaee a iiycee e
eneonnoaa). I?iecioei inaiaiaeaeaiea ie?iaicc?ai/aneeo i?aaenoaaeaiee i
i?e?iaea e /aeiaaea ec ieaia ieoieiae/aneeo noai. A i?iecioei yoi i?e
?acaeoee eeanniaiai iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaa. Aicieeee oeeinioneea e a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue einiieiae/aneea nenoaiu. I?e ionoonoaee n?aaenoa
yenia?eiaioaeueiie i?iaa?ee aeiioac /enei nenoai auei aaeeei, /oi
icia/aei iiiaiia?acea oeeinioneeo oeiia iauyniaiey ie?a. Yoi naeaeaei
aioe/ioth oeeinioeth oeieie oeeinioneiai iuoeaiey aeey iineaaeothueo
iieieaiee.
Iaeiaei a ?aiiae a?a/aneie oeeinioee (ieeaoneay e aeaaea ieoaai?aeneay
oeieu) au? iao i?ioeai?a/ey e oai aieaa ?ac?uaa iaaeaeo i?e?iaeiui e
/aeiaa/aneei. Aa?aeeeo, iai?eia?, n/eoae, /oi /aeiaae iaoiaeeony a
aaeeinoaa n i?ioeai?a/eaui ie?ii, iieiui ai?ueau e aa?iiiee. Oaea a
aioe/iie oeeinioee auee iinoaaeaiu aii?inu i nouiinoe e nouanoaiaaiee
/aeiaaea a iaoa?eaeueiii, aeooiaiii, i?aanoaaiiii aniaeoao, aai ?acaeoey
e i?aaeiacia/aiey, aai aoaeouaai.
Ia?iaieae
Iaeie ec ieo ?anniao?eaaee auoea eae iaeciaiiia, aaeeiia, iaiiaeaeaeiia,
oiaeaeanoaaiiia naaa. Oaeiauie auee acaeyaeu ae?aaiaa?a/aneiai oeeinioa
Ia?iaieaea. Nouanoai aai oeeinioneie iiceoeee caeeth/aaony a i?iaaaeaiee
i?eioeeieaeueiiai ?acee/ey iaaeaeo iuoeaieai e /oanoaaiiinoueth, a
niioaaonoaaiii e iaaeaeo iuneeiui ie?ii e ie?ii /oanoaaiii iiciaaaaiui.
Yoi auei iiaeeeiiui oeeinioneei ioe?uoeai. Iuoeaiea e niioaaonoaothuee
aio iuneeiue, oiiiinoeaaaiue ie? anoue i?aaeaea anaai “aaeeiia”, eioi?ia
Ia?iaieae oa?aeoa?eciaae eae auoea, aa/iinoue e iaiiaeaeaeiinoue,
iaeii?iaeiinoue, iaaeaeeiinoue e caeii/aiiinoue, i?ioeaiiinoaaeyy aai
noaiiaeaieth e eaaeouaeny oaeo/anoe. Aeey aiaia iao ie i?ioeiai, ie
aoaeouaai, a nouanoaoao oieueei ianoiyuaa.
Ii aeaao iaeio ec ia?auo oi?ioee?iaie eaeae oiaeaeanoaa auoey e
iuoeaiey: “iuneeoue e auoue anoue iaeii e oi aea”, “iaeii e oi aea
iuneue e oi, ia /oi iuneue ono?aieyaony”. Oaeia auoea, ii Ia?iaieaeo,
ieeiaaea ia iiaeao auoue iaauoeai, iineieueeo iineaaeiaa – yoi ia/oi
neaiia e iaiiciaaaaiia; auoea ia iiaeao ie i?ienoiaeeoue ec iaauoey, ie
eaeei-eeai ia?acii niaea?aeaoue aai a naaa.
Aii?aee neiaeeaoaiony aua a ae?aaiinoe iiaieth, Ia?iaieae aiana ia
io?eoeae /oanoaaiiiai ie?a, a oieueei aeieacuaae, /oi aeey aai
oeeinioneiai e iao/iiai iniciaiey iaei iaeiie /oanoaaiiinoe. N/eoay
e?eoa?eai enoeiu ?acoi, ii ioaa?aae iuouaiey ec-ca eo iaoi/iinoe.
Aa?aeeeo
Ae?oaea oeeiniou ae?aaiinoe ?anniao?eaaee auoea eae iai?a?uaii
noaiiayuaany. Oae, Aa?aeeeo noi?ioee?iaae ?yae aeeaeaeoe/aneeo
i?eioeeiia auoey e iiciaiey. Aeeaeaeoeea o Aa?aeeeoa – eiioeaioeey
iai?a?uaiiai eciaiaiey, noaiiaeaiey, eioi?ia iuneeony a i?aaeaeao
iaoa?eaeueiiai einiina e a iniiaiii yaeyaony e?oaiai?ioii aauanoaaiiuo
noeoee – iaiy, aicaeooa, aiaeu e caiee. Caeanue aunooiaao o oeeinioa
ciaiaieoue ia?ac ?aee, a eioi?oth iaeuecy aieoe aeaaaeaeu, iineieueeo a
eaaeaeue iiiaio iia ana iiaay.
Noaiiaeaiea aiciiaeii oieueei a aeaea iai?a?uaiiai ia?aoiaea ec iaeiie
i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoe a ae?oaoth, a aeaea aaeeinoaa oaea noi?ie?iaaaoeony
i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoae. Oae, o Aa?aeeeoa aaeeiu aeeciue e nia?oue, aeaiue e
ii/ue, aeia?i e cei. I?ioeaiiieiaeiinoe i?aauaatho a aa/iie ai?ueaa, oae
/oi “?acaei? anoue ioaoe anaai, oea?ue anaai”. A iiieiaiea aeeaeaeoeee
aoiaeeo e iiiaio ioiineoaeueiinoe (ioiineoaeueiinoue e?aniou aiaeanoaa,
/aeiaaea e iaacueyiu, /aeiaa/aneeo nee e iinooieia e o. i.), oioy ii e
ia oioneae ec aeaeo oiai aaeeiiai e oeaeueiiai, a i?aaeaeao eioi?iai
i?ienoiaeeo ai?ueaa i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoae.
Noeoeeii-aeeaeaeoe/aneia o/aiea Aa?aeeeoa i eiaina, i “iooe” aaa?o e
aiec ?iaenoaaiii o/aieth ae?aaieo eeoaeneeo iaoa?eaeenoia i aeai- iooe
?acaeoey ie?a /a?ac i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoe. N/eoay i?aaeiaoii ciaiey einiin,
iaoa?eaeueiue ie?, i?e?iaeo, Aa?aeeeo aiai?ee, /oi i?e?iaea iicia?ony
iin?aaenoaii /oanoa; aaaeiia cia/aiea a iiciaaaaiinoe aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe
ii i?eaeaaae iuoeaieth.
Ieaoii
Auoea oeene?oaony a ioiioaiee e iaauoeth, i?e/ai i?ioeaiiinoaaeythony
auoea ii enoeia, ioe?uaaaiia a oeeinioneii ?aciuoeaiee, e auoea ii
iiaieth, i?aaenoaaeythuaa niaie eeoue eiaeioth, i?aa?aoioth iiaa?oiinoue
aauae.
Iaeaieaa ?acei au?acee yoi Ieaoii, eioi?ue i?ioeaiiinoaaeyao /oanoaaiiua
aaue /enoui eaeayi eae “ie? enoeiiiai auoey”. Aeooa eiaaea-oi auea
aeecea aiao e “iiaeiyaoenue, caaeyaeuaaea a iiaeeeiiia auoea”. Oaia?ue
aea, ioyaiuaiiay caaioaie, “n o?oaeii nica?oeaao nouaa”.
Aaaeiaeoae /anoueth oeeinioneie nenoaiu Ieaoiia yaeyaony o/aiea i o?ao
iniiaiuo iioieiae/aneeo noanoaioeeyo (o?eaaea): “aaeeiii”, “oia” e
“aeooa”. Iniiaie anyeiai auoey yaeyaony “aaeeiia”, eioi?ia naii ii naaa
eeoaii eaeeo-eeai i?eciaeia, ia eiaao /anoae, oi anoue ie ia/aea, ie
eiioea, ia caieiaao eaeiai-eeai i?ino?ainoaa, ia iiaeao aeaeaaoueny,
iineieueeo aeey aeaeaeaiey iaiaoiaeeii eciaiaiea, oi anoue
iiiaeanoaaiiinoue. E auoeth ia i?eiaieiu i?eciaee oiaeaeanoaa, ?acee/ey,
iiaeiaey e o. ae. I iai aiiaua ie/aai iaeuecy neacaoue, iii auoa anyeiai
auoey, iuouaiey, iuoeaiey. A yoii enoi/ieea ne?uaathony ia oieueei
“eaeae”, eee “yeaeinu”, aauae, oi anoue eo noanoaioeeaeueiua aeooiaiua
ia?aiia?acu e i?eioeeiu, eioi?ui Ieaoii i?eienuaaao aiaa?aiaiioth
?aaeueiinoue, ii e naie aaue, eo noaiiaeaiea.
E?anioa aeecie e ?aaeueiiai auoey aeey Ieaoiia auoa e?aniou eneonnoaa.
Auoea e aeeciue anoue iiae?aaeaiea aa/iui eaeayi, a eneonnoai anoue
iiae?aaeaiea auoeth e aeecie, oi anoue iiae?aaeaiea iiae?aaeaieth.
A?enoioaeue
A?enoioaeue auyaeyao oeiu auoey a niioaaonoaee n oeiaie noaeaeaiee: “iii
anoue”. Ii auoea ei iiieiaaony eae anaiauee i?aaeeeao, eioi?ue ioiineony
ei anai eaoaai?eyi, ii ia yaeyaony ?iaeiaui iiiyoeai. Iie?aynue ia
i?iaiaeeiue ei i?eioeei acaeiinayce oi?iu e iaoa?ee, A?enoioaeue
i?aiaeieaaaao i?enouaa i?aaeiae oeeinioee i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiea noa? auoey,
iineieueeo oi?ia aeey iaai anoue iaiouaieaiay oa?aeoa?enoeea auoey.
Iaeiaei A?enoioaeue i?eciaao oaeaea iaiaoa?eaeueioth oi?io anao oi?i
(aiaa).
A?enoioaeue iiaeaa?a e?eoeea o/aiea Ieaoiia ia eaeayo e aeae ?aoaiea
aii?ina ia ioiioaiee a auoee iauaai e aaeeie/iiai. Aaeeie/iia – oi, /oi
nouanoaoao oieueei “aaea-eeai” e “oaia?ue”, iii /oanoaaiii
aini?eieiaaii. Iauaa – oi, /oi nouanoaoao a ethaii ianoa e a ethaia
a?aiy (“iianthaeo” e “anaaaea”), i?iyaeyynue i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo
a aaeeie/iii, /a?ac eioi?ia iii iiciaaony. Iauaa ninoaaeyao i?aaeiao
iaoee e iinoeaaaony oiii.
Aeey iauyniaiey oiai, /oi nouanoaoao, A?enoioaeue i?eieiae 4 i?e/eiu:
nouiinoue e nooue auoey, a neeo eioi?ie anyeay aauue oaeiaa, eaeiaa iia
anoue (oi?iaeueiay i?e/eia);
iaoa?ey e iiaeeaaeauaa (noano?ao) – oi, ec /aai /oi-eeai aicieeaao
(iaoa?eaeueiay i?e/eia);
aeaeaeouay i?e/eia, ia/aei aeaeaeaiey;
oeaeaaay i?e/eia – oi, ?aaee /aai /oi-eeai inouanoaeyaony
Oioy A?enoioaeue i?eciaaae iaoa?eth iaeiie ec ia?auo i?e/ei e n/eoae aa
iaeioi?ie nouiinoueth, ii aeaeae a iae oieueei ianneaiia ia/aei
(aiciiaeiinoue noaoue /ai-eeai), anth aea aeoeaiinoue i?eienuaae
inoaeueiui o?ai i?e/eiai, i?e/ai nooe auoey – oi?ia – i?eienae aa/iinoue
e iaeciaiiinoue, a enoi/ieeii anyeiai aeaeaeaiey n/eoae iaiiaeaeaeiia,
ii aeaeaeouaa ia/aei – aiaa. Aia A?enoioaey – “ia?aiaeaeaaoaeue” ie?a,
aunoay oeaeue anao ?acaeaathueony ii nianoaaiiui caeiiai oi?i e
ia?aciaaiee.
O?enoeainoai
O?enoeainoai i?iaiaeeo ?acee/ea iaaeaeo aiaeanoaaiiui e nioai?aiiui
auoeai, iaaeaeo aiaii e ie?ii, eioi?ue nioai?ai ei ec ie/aai e
iiaeaea?aeeaaaony aiaeanoaaiiie aieae. *aeiaaeo i?aaeinoaaeaia
aiciiaeiinoue naiaiaeiiai aeaeaeaiey e niaa?oaiiiio, aiaeanoaaiiiio
auoeth. O?enoeainoai ?acaeaaao aioe/iia i?aaenoaaeaiea i oiaeaeanoaa
aiaa e niaa?oainoaa (aeaaa, enoeiu e e?aniou). N?aaeiaaaeiaay
o?enoeaineay oeeinioey a o?aaeeoeeyo a?enoioaeecia ?acee/aao
aeaenoaeoaeueiia auoea (aeo) e aiciiaeiia auoea (iioaioeey), nouiinoue e
nouanoaiaaiea. Anaoeaei aeooaeueii oieueei auoea aiaa.
Yiioa Aic?iaeaeaiey
?aceee iooiae io yoie iiceoeee ia/eiaaony a yiioo Aic?iaeaeaiey, eiaaea
iieo/ee iauaa i?eciaiea eoeueo iaoa?eaeueiiai auoey, i?e?iaeu,
oaeaniiai. Yoa o?ainoi?iaoeey, eioi?ay au?aaeaao iiaue oei ioiioaiey
/aeiaaea e i?e?iaea, – ioiioaiey, iaoneiaeaiiiai ?acaeoeai iaoee,
oaoieee e iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, iiaeaioiaeea eiioeaioeee auoey
XVII – XVIII aaeia. A ieo auoea ?anniao?eaaaony eae ?aaeueiinoue,
i?ioeainoiyuay /aeiaaeo, eae nouaa, inaaeaaaiia /aeiaaeii a aai
aeayoaeueiinoe. Ionthaea aicieeaao o?aeoiaea auoey eae iauaeoa,
i?ioeainoiyuaai noauaeoo eae einiie ?aaeueiinoe, eioi?ay iiae/eiaia
neaiui, aaoiiaoe/anee aeaenoaothuei caeiiai (iai?eia?, i?eioeeio
eia?oeee) e ia aeiioneaao aiaoaoaeuenoaa eaeeo-eeai aiaoieo nee.
Enoiaeiui a o?aeoiaea auoey aeey anae oeeinioee e iaoee yoie yiioe
yaeyaony iiiyoea oaea. Yoi naycaii n ?acaeoeai iaoaieee – aeaaiie iaoee
XVII – XVIII aaeia. A naith i/a?aaeue, oaeia iiieiaiea auoey iineoaeeei
iniiaie anoanoaaiiiiao/iiai i?aaenoaaeaiey i ie?a a oi a?aiy. Ia?eiae
eeanne/aneie iaoee e oeeinioee iiaeii ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue eae ia?eiae
iaoo?aeenoe/anee-iauaeoeaenoneeo eiioeaioeee auoey, aaea i?e?iaea
?anniao?eaaaony aia ioiioaiey e iae /aeiaaea, eae iaeioi?ue iaoaieci,
aeaenoaothuee nai ii naaa.
Enoi?ey /aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa a ii?aaeaeaiiii niunea yaeyao niaie
ea?oeio aai eciaiythuaainy acaeiiaeaenoaey n i?e?iaeie.
I?e?iaea – yoi i?aaeaea anaai oieaa?noi, eioi?ue ioaaouaaao ana nouaa, a
oii /enea iaoe iiciaiey e i?aeoe/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, anth
Anaeaiioth, e a yoii niunea iia aeecea e iiiyoeth iaoa?ee, iiaeii
neacaoue, /oi i?e?iaea – yoi iaoa?ey, acyoay ai anai iiiaiia?acee aa
oi?i. A yoii ieaia iu eeoue /anoe/ea yoiai oieaa?noia, oioy e
oieeaeueiay ii naiei aiciiaeiinoyi.
A nenoaia aioe/iiai iuoeaiey i?e?iaea iiieiaeanue, eae iiaeaeaeiia,
eciaiythuaany oeaeia, e a yoii niunea /aeiaae ia noieueei
i?ioeaiiinoaaeyeny i?e?iaea, neieueei aini?eieiaeny eae iaeia ec aai
/anoae. O aioe/iuo oeeinioia, eae iu ciaai, iiiyoeai einiina ii nouanoao
ioaaouaaeanue any aeinooiiay /aeiaa/aneiio iiiyoeth i?e?iaea. I?e yoii
einiin i?ioeaiiinoaaeyeny oaino – ii o?aeoiaaeny eae ia/oi ia oieueei
anaiauaiethuaa, ii e i?aaieciaaiiia, caeiiiia?iia e niaa?oaiiia.
Eaeaaeii n/eoaeanue aeeciue a niaeanee n i?e?iaeie.
Niaa?oaiii ae?oaia iiieiaiea i?e?iaeu neiaeeeinue a n?aaeiaaaeiaie
o?enoeaineie eoeueoo?a. Caeanue, ie?oaeathuay /aeiaaea i?e?iaea
?anniao?eaaeanue eae ia/oi nioai?aiiia aiaii e aieaa ieceia, /ai nai
/aeiaae, iineieueeo oieueei ii a i?ioeanna oai?aiey aue iaaeaeai
Aiaeueei ia/aeii – aeooie. Aieaa oiai, i?e?iaea ia?aaeei iiieiaeanue eae
enoi/iee cea, eioi?ue ioaeii i?aiaeieaoue eee iiae/eieoue, a aeeciue
/aeiaaea i?e yoii aunooiaea eae oai?aiea Aiaeanoaaiiiai ia/aea – aeooe n
a?aoiaiui i?e?iaeiui ia/aeii – oaeii. E yoi neoaeeei ii?aaaeaieai aeey
iaaaoeaiiai ioiioaiey e i?e?iaea e aeaaea iainiiaaieai i?eiaiyaiiai e
iae ianeeey. Iiaeiaiay nenoaia acaeyaeia ia iiaea noeioee?iaaoue eioa?an
e iao/iiio iiciaieth i?e?iaeu.
A yiioo Aic?iaeaeaiey ioiioaiea e i?e?iaea iaiyaony. *aeiaae ioe?uaaao
aeey naay e?anioo e aaeeeieaiea ie?oaeathuae i?e?iaeu, ia/eiaao aeaeaoue
a iae enoi/iee ?aaeinoe, ianeaaeaeaiey, a i?ioeaiaan i?a/iiio aneaoecio
n?aaeiaaaeiauey. I?e?iaea ia/eiaao iiieiaoueny eae oaaaeeua,
i?ioeainoiyuaa ?aca?auaiiie e ii?i/iie /aeiaa/aneie oeeaeeecaoeee.
Caaeneiinoue /aeiaaea io i?e?iaeu, io anoanoaaiiie n?aaeu iaeoaiey,
nouanoaiaaea ia anao yoaiao /aeiaa/aneie enoi?ee. Iia, iaeiaei ia
inoaaaeanue iinoiyiiie, a eciaiyeanue aeeaeaeoe/anee i?ioeai?a/eaui
ia?acii. Ai acaeiiaeaenoaee n i?e?iaeie /aeiaae iinoaiaiii, a i?ioeanna
o?oaea e iauaiey oi?ie?iaaeny eae nioeeaeueiia nouanoai. Yoio i?ioeann
eiaao naiei enoiaeiui ioieoii auaeaeaiea /aeiaaea ec aeeaioiiai
oea?noaa. A neeo anooiaao e nioeeaeueiue ioai?: auaeeaaee e ieacuaaeenue
ia?niaeoeaiuie oa ae?aaiaeoea iauiinoe ethaeae, eioi?ua a naiae
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe iiae/eiyeenue ii?aaeaeaiiui nioeeaeueii-cia/eiui
o?aaiaaieyi niei/aiiinoe, acaeiiiiiiue, caaioa i noaeueaa iioiinoaa, /oi
oi?ie?iaaei ca/aoee i?aanoaaiiuo ii?i. Nioeeaeueii cia/eiia
cae?aieyeinue e anoanoaaiiui ioai?ii e ia?aaea/ae iiuoa. Ia?acii aiai?y,
/aeiaae a naiai ?acaeoee iinoaiaiii noaiiaeeny ia ?aeuenu nioeeaeueiuo
caeiiia, noiaey n eieae aeieiae/aneeo caeiiiia?iinoae. A i?aia?aciaaiee
a /aeiaa/aneia iauanoai aieueooth ?ieue ea?aee nioeeaeueiua
caeiiiia?iinoe ia oiia aeoeaiiai aeaenoaey aeieiae/aneeo. Yoi
inouanoaeyeinue a i?ioeanna o?oaea, iaauee e eioi?iio iinoiyiii
niaa?oainoaiaaeenue, ia?aaeaaaynue io iieieaiey e iieieaieth, e ia?acoy,
oai naiui, aauanoaaiii oeene?iaaiioth “eoeueoo?ioth” o?aaeeoeeth.
I?ioeann o?oaea ia/eiaaony n ecaioiaeaiey i?oaeee, a eo ecaioiaeaiea e
oiio?aaeaiea iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue oieueei a eieeaeoeaa. Eeoue eieeaeoea
i?eaeaao aeeciaiiue niune e iiao/oth neeo i?oaeeyi. Eiaiii a eieeaeoeaa
i?aaeo?oaeiaay aeayoaeueiinoue iaoeo i?aaeeia iiaea i?aa?aoeoueny a
o?oae, yaeythueeny au?aaeaieai nioeeaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe e
oi?ie?iaaieai ca/aoeia i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
O?oae anoue “… i?ioeann, niaa?oathueeny iaaeaeo /aeiaaeii e i?e?iaeie,
i?ioeann, a eioi?ii /aeiaae naiae aeayoaeueiinoueth iiin?aaenoaoao,
?aaoee?oao e eiio?iee?oao iaiai aauanoa iaaeaeo niaie e i?e?iaeie.”
(Ia?en E., Yiaaeuen O., Ni/., oii 23, no?.188).
sscue – aaaeiaeoaa n?aaenoai inouanoaeaiey o?oaeiaiai i?ioeanna,
iaoneiaeaoee iiao/ee i?ia?ann a ?acaeoee /aeiaa/aneiai iuoeaiey.
Iaaeaeo i?e?iaeiui e iauanoaaiiui iao i?iianoe – iauanoai inoaaony
/anoueth aieaa iaoe?iiai oeaeiai – i?e?iaeu. Ii eaaeaeia i?e yoii
iaeaaeaao naiae niaoeeoeeie. *aeiaae aeeaao ia Caiea a i?aaeaeao oiieie
aa iaiei/ee – aaia?aoe/aneie n?aaeu. Iia anoue ciia iaeoaiey /aeiaaea e
noa?a i?eeiaeaiey aai nee. N naiiai naiaai aicieeiiaaiey /aeiaa/aneia
iauanoai ecia?yei ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo, eniieuecoy aeinoeaeaiey
i?aaeuaeoueo yiio, e, a naith i/a?aaeue, eae au ia?aaeaao aa a
ianeaaenoai aoaeouei iieieaieyi, i?aa?auay aiaaonoai ?ano?nia i?e?iaeu a
n?aaenoaa eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneie aeecie. *aeiaae ia oieueei ia?aianoee
a ae?oaea eeeiaoe/aneea oneiaey ?acee/iua aeaeu ?anoaiee e aeeaioiuo, ii
e eciaiee eo. Aicaeaenoaea iauanoaa ia i?e?iaeo iaoneaaeeaaaony
?acaeoeai iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, iaoee e oaoieee, iauanoaaiiuo
iio?aaiinoae, a oaeaea oa?aeoa?ii iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. I?e yoii, a
neeo ia?anoaiey noaiaie aicaeaenoaey iauanoaa ia i?e?iaeo i?ienoiaeeo
?anoe?aiea ?aiie aaia?aoe/aneie n?aaeu e onei?aiea iaeioi?uo i?e?iaeiuo
?aiie aaia?aoe/aneie n?aaeu. Anee eeoeoue nia?aiaiioth aaia?aoe/aneoth
n?aaeo aa naienoa, nicaeaiiuo o?oaeii iiiaeo iieieaiee e iinoaaeoue
nia?aiaiiia iauanoai a enoiaeiua i?e?iaeiua oneiaey, oi iii ia niiaeao
nouanoaiaaoue, eai /aeiaae aaioeie/anee ia?aaeaeae ie? e i?ioeann yoio
oaea iaia?aoei.
N aicieeiiaaieai /aeiaa/anoaa inouanoaeyaony ia?aoiae e iiaiio
ea/anoaaiiiio ninoiyieth aeinoa?u – iiinoa?a (io a?a/aneiai noos – oi,
?acoi) i?aaenoaaeythuee niaie noa?o aeeaiai e ?acoiiiai. Iiinoa?a – ia
ioaea/aiiia oea?noai ?acoia, a enoi?e/anee caeiiiia?iay nooiaiue
?acaeoey aeinoa?u. Iiinoa?a – iiaay iniaay ?aaeueiinoue, naycaiiay n
aieaa aeoaieeie e ananoi?iiieie oi?iaie i?aia?acothuaai aicaeaenoaey
iauanoaa ia i?e?iaeo. Iia i?aaeiieaaaao ia oieueei eniieueciaaiea
aeinoeaeaiee iaoe, ii e ?acoiiia nio?oaeie/anoai ainoaea?noa,
/aeiaa/anoaa e aunieea aoiaienoe/aneea i?eioeeiu ioiioaiey e i?e?iaea –
?iaeiiio aeiio /aeiaa/anoaa.
A i?ioeii eniieueciaaiea /aeiaaeii nee i?e?iaeu iineei noeoeeiue
oa?aeoa?, /aeiaae a?ae io i?e?iaeu noieueei, neieueei iicaieyee aai
nianoaaiiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua neeu. Ii acaeiiioiioaiey /aeiaaea n
anoanoaaiiie n?aaeie iaeoaiey ana aieaa iiin?aaeiaaeenue nicaeaieai ei
“aoi?ie i?e?iaeu”, /aeiaae iiauoaao naith caueuaiiinoue io noeoeeiiai
aoenoaa i?e?iaeu.
Ecia?aoay niiniau iieo/aiey e eniieueciaaiey aeaeaca e aai nieaaia,
/aeiaae ?acei oaaee/eaaao naia iiaouanoai ai acaeiiioiioaieyo n
i?e?iaeie. Aianoa n oai, n oa/aieai a?aiaie naii ?acaeoea oeeaeeecaoeee
ieacuaaaony caaeneiui io eiathueony ia caiea caiania aeaeaciuo ?oae, io
eo oicyenoaaiiiai eniieueciaaiey. A iaoe aeie yoa caaeneiinoue ia?aaeei
iaia?oaeeaaaony e?aeia aeeiaie/aneei ia?acii, iineieueeo ianooaau
i?eiaiaiey iiiaeo aeaeia ?ano?nia i?eaiaeyo e en/a?iuaaieth eiathueony
ia ieaiaoa caiania yoeo ?ano?nia.
Oaeei ia?acii, ia oieueei /aeiaae caaeneo io i?e?iaeu, ii e i?e?iaea
caaeneo io iaai.
Any aeeciue e ?acaeoea /aeiaaea i?ioaeatho ai acaeiiaeaenoaothuae n iei
/anoe i?e?iaeu. *aeiaae – /anoue e ii?iaeaeaiea aaeeeie “Iaoa?e-
i?e?iaeu”. “*aeiaae, – ienae Ia?en – aeeaao i?e?iaeie. Yoi cia/eo, /oi
i?e?iaea anoue aai oaei, n eioi?ui /aeiaae aeieaeai inoaaaoueny a
i?ioeanna iinoiyiiiai iauaiey, /oiau ia oia?aoue. Iauanoai anoue
caeii/aiiia nouiinoiia aaeeinoai /aeiaaea n i?e?iaeie, iiaeeeiiia
aine?anaiea i?e?iaeu, inouanoaeaiiue iaoo?aeeci /aeiaaea e
inouanoaeaiiue aoiaieci i?e?iaeu.” (Ia?en E., Yiaaeuen O., Ni/., o.42,
no?. 92).
I?e?iaea a oeeinioneie ?aoeaenee iiieiaaony eae an? nouaa, aanue ie?,
iiaeeaaeauee eco/aieth iaoiaeaie anoanoaiciaiey. Iauanoai – yoi iniaay
/anoue i?e?iaeu, auaeaeeaoayny eae oi?ia e i?iaeoeo aeayoaeueiinoe
/aeiaaea.
Acaeiiioiioaiey i?e?iaeu e iauanoaa – aa/iay e anaaaea aeooaeueiay
i?iaeaia oeeinioee e anaai aoiaieoa?iiai ciaiey. A oe?ieii niunea neiaa
iiae i?e?iaeie iiieiaaony an? nouaa, o.a. Anaeaiiay. A oceii niunea
neiaa i?e?iaea ?anniao?eaaaony eae-oi, /oi ii?iaeeei e ie?oaeaao
/aeiaaea, neoaeeo aeey iaai iauaeoii iiciaiey. I?e?iaea – yoi iauaeo
anoanoaiciaiey, e aai ?aiee ii?aaeaeythony oaoiieiae/aneeie
aiciiaeiinoyie /aeiaa/anoaa aeey iiciaiey caeiiiia?iinoae ie?a e aai
eciaiaiey a niioaaonoaee n iio?aaiinoyie /aeiaaea. A oeeinioneii ieaia
i?e?iaea i?aaeaea anaai niioiineony n iauanoaii, iineieueeo iia yaeyaony
anoanoaaiiui oneiaeai nouanoaiaaiey ethaeae. Iauanoai, a naith
i/a?aaeue, i?aaenoa?o eae iainiaeaoayny /anoue i?e?iaeu, oneiaea e
i?iaeoeo /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
2. Ieaoii, eae iniiaiiieiaeiee iauaeoeaiiai eaeaaeecia.
Oeeinioneia ianeaaeea aaieaeueiiai iuneeoaey aanueia iaoe?ii, a aeeyiea
aai ia?iiii e i?ineaaeeaaaony ai anao iaeanoyo aeooiaiie e iao/iie
aeecie a oa/aiea iiiaeo eao. Nicaeaiiia ei oeeinioneay nenoaia iaoee
iiiai iineaaeiaaoaeae, aieioue aei nia?aiaiiinoe, a auneacaiiua ei eaeae
iaoee naia io?aaeaiea a o?oaeao iiiaeo iicaeiaeoeo oeeinioia (a oii
/enea oeeinioia Iiaiai a?aiaie). Aeaaea anee i?eciaoue iaeioi?ui
i?aoaaee/aieai auneacuaaiea, /oi, ”niiinoaaeyy iiaaeoea eaeaaeenoe/aneea
nenoaiu n o/aieai Ieaoiia, nia?aiaiiua oeeiniou ia?aaeei i?eoiaeyo e
auaiaeo, /oi ie eeanneee eaeaaeecia, ie eo i?iaeieaeaoaee ia auaeaeioee
i?eioeeieaeueii iiauo i?iaeai, ia i?aiaeieaee caaeoaeaeaiee yoiai
aaeeeiai iuneeoaey”, ana ?aaii i/aaeaeai aai ia?iiiue aeeaae a
noaiiaeaiea e ?acaeoea oeeinioee eae iaoee, iiyoiio ia?auaiea e aai
oai?/anoao, ianiio?y ia ia?iiioth aeenoaioeeth ai a?aiaie e iaiaeue
i?ia?ann oeeinioneie iunee n oao a?aiai, i?aaenoaaeyaony aiieia
iainiiaaiiui.
Ieaoii (427-347 a. aei i.y.) ?iaeeeny a ciaoiie a?enoie?aoe/aneie naiuea
(ii eeiee iooea ii aue iioiieii iineaaeiaai aooe/aneiai oea?y Eiae?a, ia
iaiaa ciaoiui aue e ?iae aai iaoa?e). Noieue aunieia i?ienoiaeaeaiea
i?aaenoaaeyei oe?i/aeoea aiciiaeiinoe aeey oece/aneiai e aeooiaiiai
niaa?oainoaiaaiey. Ecaanoii, /oi Ieaoii oaeaeye iiiai aieiaiey
ooaeiaeanoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe (e iaaaconiaoii), a oaeaea iieo/ae i?ecu
a aanueia i?anoeaeiuo nii?oeaiuo ninoycaieyo. Ii a enoi?eth aioe/iie
eoeueoo?u Ieaoii aioae a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ia eae oaeaioeeaue iiyo,
iocueaio eee auaeathueeny nii?oniai, a i?aaeaea anaai (a, iiaeaeoe,
aeaaea e a iniiaiii) eae oeeinio, o eioi?iai “aieueoa, /ai o
eiai-ieaoaeue, oeeinioey auea aeeciueth” e eioi?ue “naie oai?aoe/aneea
iino?iaiey auno?aaeae anae naia aeaai?iaeiie yeeeineie aeooie”.Ieaoii
neua?o iaeaieaa auaeathueiny oeeinioii eeanne/aneiai yoaia oeeinioee
Ae?aaiae A?aoeee (427-347 aa. aei i.y.) Ii i?aaenoaaeoaeue aoeineie
?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneie a?enoie?aoee. A aic?anoa 20 eao neo/aeiinoue
ia?anaeaao aei?iae aeeciae Ieaoiia e Nie?aoa. Oaeei ia?acii
Nie?ao noaiiaeony o/eoaeai A?enoioaey. Iinea oiai eae Nie?ao
aue inoaeaeai, Ieaoii iieeaeaao Aoeiu e ia iaaeieai ia?anaeyaony a
Iaaa?o, iinea /aai niiaa aica?auaaony a ?iaeiie ai?iae e aeoeaii
i?eieiaao o/anoea a aai iieeoe/aneie aeecie. Ieaoii aia?aua nicaeaao
aeaaeaieth.
Ii yaeyaony iniiaaoaeai iauaeoeaiiai eaeaaeecia. Niaeanii o/aieth
Ieaoiia eeoue ie? eaeae i?aaenoaaeyao niaie enoeiiia auoea, a
eiie?aoiua aaue – yoi ia/oi n?aaeiaa iaaeaeo auoeai e iaauoeai, iie
oieueei oaie eaeae. Ieaoii iauyaee ie? eaeae aiaeanoaaiiui
oea?noaii, a eioi?ii aei ?iaeaeaiey /aeiaaea i?aauaaao aai aannia?oiay
aeooa. Ca oai iia iiiaaeaao ia a?aoioth caieth, aaea a?aiaiii iaoiaeynue
a /ae. oaea, eae ociee a oaiieoea iia aniiieiaao i ie?a eaeae.
Iiciaiea ii Ieaoiio anoue ainiiieiaiea aeooie naiaai aeicaiiiai
nouanoaiaaiey. N/eoae, /oi /oanoaa iaiaiuaatho /aeiaaea, e iiyoiio
niaaoiaae aeey iiciaiey enoeiu “cae?uoue aeaca e caoeiooue ooe” e
aeiaa?eoueny naiae aniiieiathuae i naiai aiaeanoaaiiii i?ioeii aeooa
A?enoioaeue – nicaeaoaeue eiaeee, aue o/aieeii Ieaoiia, ii
ioaa?a aai eaeaaeenoe/aneoth oai?eth eaeae. Ii iiaieth A?enoioaey,
Ieaoii nicaeae eaeaaeueiue naa?o/oanoaaiiue ie? ia?yaeo n ie?ii
?aaeueiui. In his humble opinion eaeay (“oi?ia”) ia?ac?uaia n
aauueth, eaaeaeay aauue ninoieo ec aeaoo ia/ae – iaoa?ee e oi?iu. A
iniiaa ie?icaeaiey iaoiaeeony iaii?aaeaeaiiue ianneaiue noano?ao –
“ia?aay iaoa?ey”. Iaeiaei, a oaeii aeaea iaoa?ey nouanoaoao oieueei a
aano?aeoeee. A aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe iia ii?aaeaeyaony aeoeaiinoueth
naieo ii naaa iaiaoa?eaeueiuo oi?i. Iaoa?ey yoi aiciiaeiinoue,
niiniaiinoue aaue, oi?ia- aa aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue. Aiciiaeiinoue
ia?aoiaeeo a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue aeaaiaea?y aeaeaeaieth.
Oi?ia iaoa?eaeecoaony, iaoa?ey oi?ie?oaony. Aia ea?aao ?ieue
iaiiaeaeaeiiai aeaeaaoaey ie?a, eioi?ue aaeei e aa/ai.
Aei iaoaai a?aiaie aeioea eioi?iaoeey i 35 oeeinioneeo o?oaeao
Ieaoiia, aieueoeinoai ec eioi?uo auee eceiaeaiu a oi?ia aeeaeiaa.
Aa?oeiie e iniiaie anaai ii n/eoae eaeae. Iaoa?eaeueiue ie?- eeoue
i?iecaiaeiay, oaiue ie?a eaeae. Eeoue eaeae iiaoo auoue aa/iuie.
Eaeae – anoue enoeiiia auoea, a ?aaeueiua aaue- yoi auoea eaaeoueany.
Auoa anao ae?oaeo eaeae Ieaoii noaaee eaeath e?aniou e
aeia?a. Ieaoii i?eciaao aeaeaeaiea, aeeaeaeoeeo, eioi?ay yaeyaony
?acoeueoaoii eiioeeeoa auoey e iaauoey, o.a. eaeae e iaoa?ee.
*oanoaaiiia iiciaiea, i?aaeiaoii eioi?iai yaeyaony iaoa?eaeueiue ie?,
aunooiaao o Ieaoiia eae aoi?e/iia, ianouanoaaiiia. Enoeiiia
iiciaiea- yoi iiciaiea, i?iieeathuaa a ie? eaeae- iiciaiea ?acoiiia.
Aeooa aniiieiaao eaeae, n eioi?uie iia ano?a/aeanue e eioi?ua iia
iiciaea a oi a?aiy, eiaaea aua ia niaaeeieeanue n oaeii, aeooa
aannia?oia. Ia aucuaaao niiiaiey, /oi o/aiea Ieaoiia ia eaeayo yaeyaony
iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo ninoaaiuo /anoae aai oai?/anoaa. Iiiaea
enneaaeiaaoaee neeiiythony e iunee, /oi iii yaeyaony naiaia?aciui
“yae?ii” anae aai oeeinioneie nenoaiu (iiaeaeoe, o/aiea ia eaeayo iiaeii
aac eaeiai-eeai i?aoaaee/aiey iacaaoue oeaio?ii anaai, nicaeaiiiai ei a
iaeanoe iaoee, iiyoiio eceiaeaiea oeeinioee Ieaoiia, inoaaeythuaa aac
aieiaiey aeaiiia o/aiea, ii-aeaeeiiio, i?inoi iaiuneeii). Oai ia iaiaa
neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi ieaoiiianeia o/aiea ia eaeayo ia anoue ia/oi
eciee?iaaiiia e ioi?aaiiia io anaai inoaeueiiai ei nicaeaiiiai:
iai?ioea, Ieaoii, aoaeo/e iineaaeiaaoaeueiui o/aieeii Nie?aoa, eiae/anee
?acaee e aeiiieiee oeeinioeth naiaai o/eoaey, oaeaeea iniaia aieiaiea
ciaieth e iieneo aai iniiaaiee, a naii o/aiea ia eaeayo yaeeinue
anoanoaaiiui caaa?oaieai yoiai iienea. Iiyoiio iu, aiai?y neiaaie A.O.
Einaaa, “ia eiaai i?aaa enoiaeeoue ec aiaeeca oieueei oiai, /oi
iaiin?aaenoaaiii ioiineony e oaia”, e iiyoiio aoaeai caeanue
?anniao?eaaoue eioa?anothuoth ian oaio a iaiaoiaeeiie acaeiinayce n
inoaeueiuie noi?iiaie o/aiey aaeeeiai oeeinioa.
A aeinie?aoianeie oeeinioee aii?in i iiciaaaaiinoe ie?a eee aiiaua ia
oiiieiaeny, eee iiciaaaaiinoue ie?a iai?yioth naycuaaeanue n
aiciiaeiinoyie /oanoaaiiiai aini?eyoey. Caneoaa Ieaoiia a oii, /oi ii a
ioee/ea io naieo i?aaeoanoaaiieeia ia?aoee iniaia aieiaiea ia
iaaeinoaoee /oanoaaiiiai aini?eyoey (e niioaaonoaaiii iniiaaiiiai ia iai
iauaeaiiiai niciaiey). Ii Ieaoiio, aini?eyoea i?aaenoaaeyao iai aaue ia
oaeeie, eaeeie iie anoue “ia naiii aeaea”, a oaeeie, eaeeie iie eaaeoony
iai (eee iaoei i?aaiai /oanoa): “…iaoo i?e?iaeo, ni noi?iiu
ia?aciaaiey e iaia?aciaaiiinoe, oiiaeiaue aio eaeiio ninoiyieth.
Aiia?ace naaa ethaeae eae au a iiaecaiiii iaua?iii aeeeeua, eioi?ia
eiaao ioe?uoue naa?oo e aeeeiiue ai anth iaua?o aoiae aeey naaoa. Ionoue
ethaee aeeaoo a iae n aeaonoaa, neiaaiiua ii iiaai e ii oaa oae, /oiau,
i?aauaay caeanue, iiaee aeaeaoue oieueei oi, /oi iaoiaeeony ia?aae ieie,
a iiai?a/eaaoue aieiao io oc aie?oa ia iiaee. Ionoue naao aeioiaeeo aei
ieo io iaiy, ai?yuaai aeaeaei aaa?oo e iicaaee ieo, a iaaeaeo iaiai e
ocieeaie ia aunioa anoue aei?iaa, i?ioea eioi?ie aiia?ace noaio,
iino?iaiioth iaiiaeiaea oe?i, eaeea noaayo oieonieee ia?aae c?eoaeyie,
eiaaea ec-ca ieo iieacuaatho naie oieonu. … Niio?e aea: ieii yoie
noaiu ethaee ianoo aunoaaeythueany iaae noaiith ?aciua ninoaeu, noaooe e
oeao?u, oi /aeiaa/aneea, oi aeeaioiua, oi eaiaiiua, oi aea?aayiiua,
naeaeaiiua ?acee/iui ia?acii, e /oi aoaeoi au iaeie ec i?ioiaeeo
ecaeatho caoee, a ae?oaea iie/ao. … ?acaa ou aeoiaaoue, /oi yoe ocieee
ia ia?aue ?ac, eae a naaa, oae e iaeei a ae?oaii aeaeaee /oi-ieaoaeue
eiia, a ia oaie, iaaeaaoea io iaiy ia iaoiaeyuothny ia?aae iei iaua?o? –
Eae aea eia/a, – neacae ii… A i?aaeiaou i?iiineiua – ia oi aea naiia?
– *oi aea eiia? – Eoae, anee iie a ninoiyiee aoaeoo ?acaiaa?eaaoue ae?oa
n ae?oaii, ia aeoiaaoue ee ou, /oi ei aoaeao i?aaenoaaeyoueny, aoaeoi
iacuaay aeaeeiia eie, iie iacuaatho i?iiineiia? – Iaiaoiaeeii. Ii /oi,
anee a yoie oaiieoea i?yii i?ioea ieo ioeeeeaeinue au e yoi, eae nei?i
eoi ec i?ioiaeyueo ecaeaaae au caoee, e eiiio ee /aio, aeoiaaoue,
ioiineee au iie yoe caoee, a ia e i?ioiaeyuae oaie? – …Ia e /aio
eiiio, neacae ii. – Aea e enoeiith-oi, i?eiieaee y, yoe ethaee aoaeoo
ii/eoaoue, aac niiiaiey, ia /oi eiia, eae oaie. – Iaiaoiaeeii, neacae
ii. – Iaaethaeae aea, i?iaeieaeae y: ionoue au, i?e oaeie eo i?e?iaea,
i?eoiaeeeinue ei auoue ?ac?aoaiiuie io oc e iieo/eoue enoeaeaiea io
aanniuneaiiinoe, eaeiau au iia ie auea; ionoue au eiai-ieaoaeue ec ieo
?acaycaee, aae?oa i?eioaeeee anoaoue, iiai?a/eaaoue oath, oiaeeoue e
niio?aoue aaa?o ia naao: aeaeay ana yoi, ia ii/oanoaiaae ee au ii aiee e
io aeanea ia iuooee au aanneeey ace?aoue ia oi, /aai i?aaeaea aeaeae
oaie? E /oi, aeoiaaoue, neacae au ii, anee au eoi noae aio aiai?eoue,
/oi oiaaea ii aeaeae ionoyee, a oaia?ue, iiaa?ioaoenue aeeaea e nouaio e
aieaa aeaenoaeoaeueiiio, nica?oeaao i?aaeeueiaa, e, anee au aeaaea,
oeacuaay ia eaaeaeue i?ioiaeyuee i?aaeiao, i?eioaeeee aai ioaa/aoue ia
aii?in, /oi oaeia ii, i?eoae au ii a cao?oaeiaiea e ia iiaeoiae au ii,
/oi aeaeaiiia ei oiaaea enoeiiaa, /ai oeacuaaaiia oaia?ue? – Eiia/ii,
neacae au ii.”.
A auoai?eaaaeaiiii io?uaea Ieaoii ia ia?aciii i?eia?a iieacuaaao
?acee/ea iaaeaeo naiei i?aaeiaoii e iaoei /oanoaaiiui i?aaenoaaeaieai i
iai. Ii, auyaea iaaeinoaoi/iinoue /oanoaaiiiai aini?eyoey, Ieaoii iioae
ia ii iooe onoaiiaeaiey aeeaeaeoe/aneie nayce iuouaiee (/oanoa) e
oai?aoe/aneiai iuoeaiey (?acoia), a ii iooe eo i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiey,
ooaa?aeaeay, /oi /oanoaa ia iiaoo auoue enoi/ieeii enoeiiiai ciaiey, ii
eeoue iiaoaeeoaeai, niinianoaothuei oiio, /oi ?acoi ia?auaaony e
iiciaieth enoeiu: “anee i?eoii iieiaeeoue, /oi ainoiaeaeaiea aaa?o e
nica?oeaiea ai?iaai anoue ainoi?aeaiea aeooe a ianoi iuneeiia, oi ia
iaiaiaoue iiae iaaeaaeaeu, i eioi?ie aeaeaaoue neuoaoue. Aia ciaao,
aa?ii ee yoi; ii i?aaenoaaeythuaany iia i?aaenoaaeyaony oae: ia
i?aaeaeao aaaeaiey eaeay aeaaa aaeaa nica?oeaaony; ii, aoaeo/e
i?aaeiaoii nica?oeaiey, aeaao i?aai oiicaeeth/aoue, /oi iia ai anai
anoue i?e/eia anaai i?aaiai e i?ae?aniiai, a aeaeeiii ?iaeeaoay naao e
aai ainiiaeeia, a a iuneeiii naia ainiiaea, aeathuay enoeio e oi… ”.
I?e yoii aia?aua (e yoi oiaea caneoaa Ieaoiia) auei iiae/a?eiooi ia
oieueei ianiaiaaeaiea ciaiey i ie?a n naiei ie?ii, ii e ianiaiaaeaiea
iiiyoey i i?aaeiaoa n naiei i?aaeiaoii: aaaeue iaeii iiiyoea iiaeao
iaicia/aoue iiiaea i?aaeiaou, ii ie iaeei ec ieo ia au?aaeaao
iieiinoueth nooe yoiai iiiyoey. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, aeaeaao auaiae Ieaoii,
iniiaaiea iiiyoey ia a i?aaeiaoa, a a /ai-oi ae?oaii, /oi ia yaeyaony ie
i?aaeiaoii, ie iiiyoeai. E yoei “ae?oaei”, niaeanii Ieaoiio, yaeyaony
eaeay, oi anoue “aeey naay nouaa eee “a naaa” aauae”. Niioaaonoaaiii
naia eaeay anoue ia?aii?e/eia anaai nouaai. Aio /oi ia yoii aiai?eo nai
Ieaoii: “Yooiaeanoue caieiaao aanoeaaoiay, eeoaiiay i/a?oaiee,
iainycaaiay nouiinoue, iiaeeeiii nouay, c?eiay iaeiiio eeoue ei?i/aio
aeooe – ?acoio; ia iaa-oi e iai?aaeaii enoeiiia ciaiea. Iineieueeo
?acoiii e /enoui ciaieai ieoaaony iuoeaiea aiaa aea e anyeie aeooe,
eaeay no?aieony aini?eiyoue iaaeeaaeauaa, – iia, aeaey a?aiy io a?aiaie
iiaeeeiii nouaa, oeaieo aai, ieoaaony nica?oeaieai enoeiu e
aeaaeainoaoao, iiea iaaaniue naiae ia ia?aianao aa ii e?oao iiyoue ia oi
aea naiia ianoi. I?e yoii e?oaiiai?ioa iia nica?oeaao naiia
ni?aaaaeeeainoue, nica?oeaao ?annoaeeoaeueiinoue, nica?oeaao ciaiea – ia
oi ciaiea, eioi?iio naienoaaiii aicieeiiaaiea, e ia oi, eioi?ia
iaiyaony, niaea?aeanue a oii eciai/eaii, /oi iu iacuaaai auoeai, ii oi
ianoiyuaa ciaiea, eioi?ia niaea?aeeony a iiaeeeiiii auoee”. Eaeae aa/iu,
iaiiaeaeaeiu e iaeciaiiu, /oi Ieaoii iieacuaaao ia i?eia?a eaeae
i?ae?aniiai neaaeothuei ia?acii: “ia/oi, ai-ia?auo, aa/iia, oi anoue ia
ciathuaa ie ?iaeaeaiey, ie aeaaee, ie ?inoa, ie ineoaeaiey, ai-aoi?uo,
ia a /ai-oi i?ae?aniia, a a /ai-oi aacia?aciia, ia eiaaea-oi, aaea-oi
aeey eiai-oi e n?aaieoaeueii n /ai-oi i?ae?aniia, a a ae?oaia a?aiy, a
ae?oaii ianoa, aeey ae?oaiai e n?aaieoaeueii n ae?oaei aacia?aciia.
I?ae?aniia yoi i?aaenoaiao aio ia a aeaea eaeiai-oi eeoea, ?oe eee eiie
/anoe oaea, ia a aeaea eaeie-oi ?a/e eee ciaiey, ia a /ai-oi ae?oaii,
aoaeue oi aeeaioiia, Caiey, iaai eee aua /oi-ieaoaeue, a naii ii naaa,
anaaaea a naiii naaa aaeeiiia?aciia; ana aea ae?oaea ?aciiaeaeiinoe
i?ae?aniiai i?e/anoiu e iaio oaeei ia?acii, /oi iie aicieeatho e aeaioo,
a aai ia noaiiaeony ie aieueoa, ie iaiueoa, e ieeaeeo aicaeaenoaee iii
ia eniuouaaao”.
I?eciaa eaeath ia?aii?e/eiie anaai nouaai, Ieaoii oai naiui ii?aaeaeee e
iniiaioth caaea/o oeeinioee, e i?aaeiao iaoee eae iiciaiea ie?a eaeae,
eioi?ia aiciiaeii eeoue iin?aaenoaii aeeaeaeoe/aneiai i?ioeanna iuoeaiey
eae i?ioeanna ia?aciaaiey e ?acaeaeaiey iiiyoee, e auyaeaiea eo
niaianoeiinoe (eee ianiaianoeiinoe) n i?aaeiaoiui ie?ii. Oaeei ia?acii,
Ieaoii i?eciaao aeaa iaoiaea iiciaiey: /oanoaaiiue (iaiiaeeeiiue) e
iiiyoeeii-iuneaiiue (iiaeeeiiue). Ii iineieueeo anyeia iiciaiea anaaaea
iai?aaeaii ie eaeie-eeai iauaeo, oi ii aeieaeai i?enoonoaiaaoue e
caeanue. O Ieaoiia yoio iauaeo ?aniaaeaaony ia aeaa: ie? eciai/eauo e
eiia/iuo ai a?aiaie i?aaeiaoia e ie? aa/iuo eaeaaeueiuo iaeciaiiuo
nouiinoae – eaeae. I?ienoiaeeo eae au oaeaiaiea ie?a.
Oaeie iiaeoiae aiieia anoanoaaiii ii?iaeaeaao aeaa aaaeiuo aii?ina: eae
niioiinyony yoe aeaa i?ioeaiiieiaeiuo ie?a e eae /aeiaae – nouanoai
eiia/iia, i?aoiaeyuaa, e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, iaeiicia/ii i?eiaaeeaaeauaa e
/oanoaaiiiio ie?o, iiaeao iiciaaaoue iaaeinooiiue aeey iaai ii naiie
naiae i?e?iaea ie? eaeae. Ieaoii auoiaeeo ec iieiaeaiey, i?aaeiieiaeea,
/oi:
1) i?aaeiaoiue ie? anoue ie? oaiae, io?aaeaiea iiaeeeiiiai,
eaeaaeueiiai;
2) aeooa /aeiaaea aa/ia e aannia?oia. Ieaoii ia yoio n/ao ieoao oae:
“Anyeay aeooa aannia?oia. Aaaeue aa/iiaeaeaeouaany aannia?oii. A o oiai,
/oi niiauaao aeaeaeaiea ae?oaiio e i?eaiaeeony a aeaeaeaiea ae?oaei,
aeaeaeaiea i?a?uaaaony, a cia/eo, i?a?uaaaony e aeeciue. Oieueei oi, /oi
aeaeaeao naii naay, iineieueeo iii ia iieeaeaao naii naay, ieeiaaea ia
ia?anoaao aeaeaaoueny; aieaa oiai, e aeey anaai inoaeueiiai, /oi
aeaeaeaony, iii neoaeeo enoi/ieeii e ia/aeii aeaeaeaiey. Ia/aei ia eiaao
aicieeiiaaiey: anaio aicieeathuaio iaiaoiaeeii aicieeaoue ec ia/aea, a
naii iii ie ec /aai ia aicieeaao, iioiio /oi anee au ia/aei aicieeaei ec
/aai-eeai, oi aicieeathuaa aicieeaei au oaea ia ec ia/aea. Ii oae eae
iii ia eiaao aicieeiiaaiey, aio iaiaoiaeeii auoue e iaoie/oiaeeiui,
iioiio /oi anee au iiaeaei ia/aei, ie naii iii ieeiaaea ia iiaei au
aicieeiooue ec /aai-eeai, ie ae?oaia ec iaai, oae eae ana aeieaeii
aicieeaoue ec ia/aea. Cia/eo, ia/aei aeaeaeaiey – yoi oi, /oi aeaeaeao
naii naay. Iii ia iiaeao ie iiaeaiooue, ie aicieeiooue, eia/a au ana
iaai e ana aicieeathuaa, ia?ooeaoenue, inoaiiaeeenue, e oaea iaioeoaea
auei au acyoueny oiio, /oi au i?eaaei eo niiaa a aeaeaeaiea, /oiau iie
aicieeee. Eoae, auynieeinue, /oi aannia?oii aeaeaeeiia naii niaie; ii
anyeee aac eieaaaiey neaaeao, /oi eiaiii a yoii caeeth/aaony nouiinoue e
ii?aaeaeaiea aeooe”. Aei anaeaiey a iaai iia i?aauaaao a ie?a eaeae,
aaea e iiciaao ie? enoei. Anaeeaoenue aea a /aeiaaea, iia i?eaiineo a
iaai ana iaee/iia ciaiea. Oaeei ia?acii, i?ioeann iiciaiey ii Ieaoiio
anoue i?ioeann i?eiiieiaiey, eiaaea iu iin?aaenoaii aiaeeca iiiyoee
canoaaeyai aeooo /aeiaaea i?eiiieiaoue eiathueany a iae ciaiey: “?ac
aeooa aannia?oia, /anoi ?iaeaeaaony e aeaeaea ana e caeanue, e a Aeaea,
oi iao ie/aai oaeiai, /oiau iia ia iiciaea. Iiyoiio ie/aai
oaeeaeoaeueiiai iao a oii, /oi e ian/ao aeia?iaeaoaee, e ian/ao anaai
i?i/aai iia niiniaia aniiiieoue ana, /oi ae auei ecaanoii. E ?ac a
i?e?iaea ana ae?oa ae?oao ?iaenoaaiii, a aeooa ana iiciaea, ie/oi ia
iaoaao oiio, eoi aniiiiee /oi-ieaoaeue iaeii, – ethaee iacuaatho yoi
iiciaieai, – naiiio iaeoe e ana inoaeueiia…”. A iiiaio aeoa iiciaiey o
/aeiaaea aicieeaao ainiiieiaiea ia eaeaa. Aiai?y neiaaie naiiai Ieaoiia,
“/aeiaae aeieaeai iiieiaoue aeaeiaia iaicia/aiea, neeaaeuaathuaany ec
iiiaeo /oanoaaiiuo aini?eyoee, ii naiaeeiia ?acoiii aiaaeeii. A yoi
anoue i?eiiieiaiea oiai, /oi iaeiaaea aeaeaea iaoa aeooa, eiaaea iia
niioonoaiaaea aiao, nauniea aeyaeaea ia oi, /oi iu iacuaaai auoeai, e
au?aaeanue a iiaeeeiiia auoea. Iiyoiio ii ni?aaaaeeeainoe ie?ueyaony
oieueei iuneue /aeiaaea, ethayuaai ioae?inoue: o iaai anaaaea ii ia?a
aai nee iaiyoue ia?auaia ia oi, a /ai aia i?iyaeyai naith
aiaeanoaaiiinoue. *aeiaae, i?aaeeueii i?eiaiythuee iiaeiaiua
ainiiieiaiey, anaaaea iinayuaaiue a niaa?oaiiua oaeinoaa, – oieueei ii
iaeei noaiiaeony iiaeeeiii niaa?oaiiui. Oae eae ii noieo aia
/aeiaa/aneie noaou e ia?aoeeny e aiaeanoaaiiiio, oieia, eiia/ii, noaiao
oaauaaaoue aai, eae /aeiaaea, o eioi?iai ia ana a ii?yaeea, – ii aai
ainoi?aeaiiay iaea?aeeiinoue oieia iacaiaoia”. Ii, iineieueeo eaeay ia
iiaeao iieiinoueth i?enoonoaiaaoue a i?aaeiaoa (ni. auoa), oi iaaeaeo
eaeaae e aa /oanoaaiiui ia?acii onoaiaaeeaaaony ia ioiioaiea oiaeaeanoaa
(noiaenoaa), a ioiioaiea iiae?aaeaiey: /oanoaaiiue ia?ac iiae?aaeaao
eaeaa (i?iia?aco), yaeyynue eae au eiieae aa (o.a. i?iia?aca), ii eiieae
iaiieiie e ianiaa?oaiiie.
Oaeei ia?acii, i?aaenoaaeyaony aiieia iainiiaaiiui eeanneoeoee?iaaoue
ieaoiiianeoth oeeinioeth eae iauaeoeaiue eaeaaeeci, oae eae iaoa?ey
?anniao?eaaaony eae i?iecaiaeiia io iaiaoa?eaeueiuo i?aaeoanoaothueo
iaoa?ee eaeae, nouanoaothueo aia e iacaaeneii io niciaiey ethaeae.
Aiinaieiaey aea aai anoue “naiia ?aoeoaeueiia io?eoeaiea /oanoaaiiiai
iiuoa aeey iiciaiey o?ainoeaiaeaioiie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe – e?aeiaa
au?aaeaiea ?aoeeiiaeenoe/aneiai i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiey ?acoia
/oanoaaiiinoe”.
4. Noaiiaeaiea aioe/iie aeeaeaeoeee.
Auaeathueiny iaoa?eaeenoii e aeeaeaeoeeii aue e?oiiaeoee oeeinio
Aa?aeeeo Yoanneee (ie. 530-470 aa. aei i.y.). Aai n/eoatho “Iooeii”
aioe/iie aeeaeaeoeee. Aeeaeaeoeea (io a?a/. Dialektike [techne] –
aoeaaeueii icia/aao eneonnoai aeeaeiaa eee nii?a, eneonnoai aanoe
aanaaeo) – eneonnoai a?aoiaioaoeee, iaoea eiaeee. Ii oaea ?aiaa
a?a/aneea oeeiniou naycuaaee aeeaeaeoeeo n auyaeaieai i?ioeai?a/ee a
auneacuaaieyo iiiiiaioa. A caoai aeeaeaeoeea noaea niiniaii auyaeaiey
i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoae ia oieueei a ?a/e, ii e a naiii ie?oaeathuai ie?a. A
o?oaeao Aa?aeeeoa iaoee caaa?oaiey eneaiey Oaeana, Aiaeneiaiae?a e
Aiaeneiaia. Aa?aeeeo i?eiaaeeaaeae e a?enoie?aoe/aneiio ?iaeo
Eiae?eaeia, i?aaenoaaeoaee eioi?iai yaeyeenue aaneeaanaie (i?aaeoaeyie)
Yoana. Ii iieeoe/aneei oaaaeaeaieyi Aa?aeeeo aue noi?iiieeii
a?enoie?aoee. Ii ?acei ia?ooeaaeny ia “/a?iue”. N iiaaaeie
?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneie aeaiie?aoee ia aai ?iaeeia naycaii
ianneienoe/aneia ioiioaiea Aa?aeeeoa e ie?oaeathuae aai
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. Aunooiay i?ioea iiaaaeeaoae aeaiie?aoee, ii oioae
iieacaoue aa i?aoiaeyuee oa?aeoa?. Iaeiaei a naieo oeeinioneeo
iino?iaieyo ii auoae aeaeaei ca ?aiee yoie oeaee. Ec ni/eiaiey
Aa?aeeeoa “I i?e?iaea” nio?aieeinue ieiei 130 o?aaiaioia, ia iniiaaiee
eioi?uo iiaeii ninoaaeoue i?aaenoaaeaiea i aai oeeinioneeo,
anoanoaaiiiiao/iuo e iieeoe/aneeo acaeyaeao. Niaeanii Aa?aeeeoo aunoei
caeiiii i?e?iaeu yaeyaony aa/iue i?ioeann aeaeaeaiey e eciaiaiey.
Aaeeiie e anaiauae iniiaie anao yaeaiee i?e?iaeu, eo iaoa?eaeueiui
ia?aiia/aeii, noeoeae, ec eioi?ie ana aicieeaao, Aa?aeeeo n/eoae
iaiiue, i?aaenoaaeythuee oi caeiiiia?ii caai?athueeny, oi caeiiiia?ii
iioooathuee i?ioeann ai?aiey. Eciaiaieyie iaiy ii iauyniye anaiauee
e?oaiai?io i?e?iaeiuo yaeaiee: “Ia iaiiue iaiaieaaaony an?, e iaiiue –
ia an?, eae ia cieioi – oiaa?u e ia oiaa?u – cieioi”.
Eciaiaiey i?e?iaeu a iai?aaeaiee: caiey – aiaea – aicaeoo – iaiiue
Aa?aeeeo iacuaae “ioo?i aaa?o”, a ia?aoiii iai?aaeaiee – “ioo?i aiec”.
Aa?aeeeo iacaaiiue A.E.Eaieiui iaeiei ec iniiaiiieiaeieeia aeeaeaeoeee,
o/ee, /oi an? oa/?o, an? eciaiyaony, iao ie/aai iaiiaeaeaeiiai: “Ia
aoiaeyuaai a iaeio e oo aea ?aeo oaeoo an? iiaua e iiaua aiaeu”, a
iioiio “a iaeio e oo aea ?aeo iaeuecy aieoe aeaaaeaeu…”. Noeoeeiay
aeeaeaeoeea aunooiaao e a aeiaaaeeao Aa?aeeeoa i ?iee
i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoae ai anaiauai eciaiaiee i?e?iaeu, ia “iaiaia
i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoae”, ia eo ai?ueaa.
Iniaaiii iiae/??eeaaao Aa?aeeeo iuneue i ia?aoiaea yaeaiee i?e?iaeu a eo
i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue. Ana a i?e?iaea ninoieo ec i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoae a
ai?ueaa ?iaeaeathueony ec iaiy ia?aoiaeyueo ae?oa a ae?oaa e
aica?auaaony a iaiiue. Oae, ii aiai?ee: “Iaeii e oi aea a ian –
aeeaia e i??oaia, aiae?noaothuaa e niyuaa, iieiaeia e noa?ia, Aaaeue
yoi, eciaieaoenue, anoue oi, e ia?aoii, oi, eciaieaoenue, anoue yoi”.
“Oieiaeiia oaieaao, oaieia oieiaeaao, aeaaeiia aunuoaao, nooia
oaeaaeiyaony”. “Nayce: oeaeia e iaoeaeia, ec anaai – iaeii, ec iaeiiai
–an?”.”A?aaeaeothuaa niaaeeiyaony, ec ?anoiaeyueony – i?ae?aniaeoay
aa?iiiey, e an? i?ienoiaeeo /a?ac ai?ueao”.A yoeo Aa?aeeeoianeeo
o?aaiaioao caeeth/aia caia/aoaeueiay aeiaaaeea i ?acaeaiaiee aaeeiiai
oeaeiai ia acaeiieneeth/athuea, ii ia?acaeaeueii naycaiiua
i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoe, ia eo ai?ueaa e aaeeinoaa. “A iaeio e oo aea ?aeo iu
aoiaeei e ia aoiaeei, nouanoaoai e ia nouanoaoai” – ooaa?aeaeae ii.
Iaeio ec noi?ii noeoeeiie aeeaeaeoeee Aa?aeeeoa ninoaaeyei i?eciaiea
eiie?aoiinoe enoeiu, a? caaeneiinoe io ii?aaeae?iiuo oneiaee. Oae,
iai?eia?, ii ooaa?aeaeae: “Ii?neay aiaea- /enoaeoay e a?yciaeoay. ?uaai
iia i?eaiaeia aeey ieouey e oeaeeoaeueia, ethaeyi aea – aeey ieouey
iai?eaiaeia e a?aaeia”. Caeiiiia?iinoue ?anoiaeaeaiey, ai?ueau e
niaaeeiaiey i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoae Aa?aeeeo iacuaae “anaiauei eiainii”,
au?acea a?a/aneei neiaii ” eiain “, a oeeinioneii niunea iaicia/athuai
“caeii”. Ecaanoii i?eienuaaaiia Aa?aeeeoo ec?a/aiea: “Iaioa ?ae”-
ana oa/ao, ana eciaiyaony, eioi?ui e?aoei noi?ioee?iaaia
nouiinoue aai oeeinioee. Aa?aeeeo ia?aui i?eoae e iunee i
aeeaeaeoe/aneii ?acaeoee iaoa?eaeueiiai ie?a eae i
iaiaoiaeeiie i?enouae iaoa?ee caeiiiia?iinoe. Aeeaeaeoe/aneia
aaeeinoai i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoae oi?ioee?oaony eae iinoiyiii aicieeathuay
aa?iiiey acaeiii aeiiieiythueo ae?oa ae?oaa e ai?thueony
i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoae. Iiiyoea i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoe aaaee a iaoeo e
oeeinioeth ieoaai?aeoeu. I?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue iie ii?aaeaeyee eae-oi,
aicieeiiaaiea /aai icia/aao aeaaeue ae?oaiai. I?ioeaiiieiaeiinoe,
n/eoaee Ieoaai?aeoeu, aeieaeiu eneeth/aoue ae?oa ae?oaa. Ii iie ia
aeioee aei iiieiaiey oiai, /oi eneeth/ay ae?oa ae?oaa,
i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoe ae?oa ae?oaa i?aaeiieaaatho. Oioy iuouaiea, /oi
iaaeaeo i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoyie anoue ia/oi iauaa, o ieo auei. Ieoaai?aeoeu
ninoaaeee oaaeeoeo aeanyoe ia? i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoae: i?aaeae e
aani?aaeaeueiia, /?o e ia/?o, aaeeinoai e iiiaeanoai, i?aaia e eaaia,
ioaeneia e aeaineia, iieiyuaany e aeaeaeouaany, i?yiia e e?eaia, naao e
oueia, aeia?ia e ceia, eaaae?ao e ia?aeeaeia?aii. Ec yoie oaaeeoeu
aeaeii, /oi i?aaenoaaeaiea i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoae o ieoaai?aeoeaa au? ia
/?oei. Anee n?aaieoue ia?u “ioaeneia e aeaineia”, “eaaae?ao e
ia?aeeaeia?aii”, oi iiaeii caiaoeoue, /oi ai aoi?ii neo/aa iaiiiyoii,
ii/aio eaaae?ao e ia?aeeaeia?aii – i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoe. Ieoaai?aeoeu
io?uaaee /enea io aauae, i?aa?auaee eo a naiinoiyoaeueiua nouanoaa,
aaniethoece?iaaee e iaiaeanoaeyee eo. Nayuaiiay iiiaaea (aaeeieoea) –
yoi iaoue aiaia, anaiauaa ia?aiia/aei e iniiaa anao i?e?iaeiuo yaeaiee.
Aeaieea – yoi i?eioeei i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoe, io?eoeaoaeueiinoe a i?e?iaea.
I?e?iaea ia?acoao oaei (o?ieea), yaeyynue o?eaaeeinoaii ia?aiia/aea e
aai i?ioeai?. noi?ii. *aoaa?ea – ia?ac /aou?ao yeaiaioia i?e?iaeu e
o.ae. Iuneue i oii, /oi ana a i?e?iaea iiae/eiaii ii?aaeae?iiui /eneiaui
niioiioaieyi, aeaaiaea?y aaniethoo /enae i?eaiaeeea Ieoaai?aeoeaa e
eaeaaeenoe/aneiio ooaa?aeaeaieth, /oi eiaiii /enei, a ia iaoa?ey
yaeyaony ia?aiiniiaie anaai. Ana aaue ninoiyo ec i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoae –
/ao ia/ao, i?aaeae aani?aaeaeueiia, aaeeinoai iiiaeanoai, i?aaia eaaia,
ioaeneia aeaineia. Iaeiaei eo i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoe ia ia?aoiaeyo ae?oa a
ae?oaa (a ioee/ea io Aa?aeeeoa). Iniaia cia/aiea – i?aaeae e
aani?aaeaeueiia. I?aaeae – iaiiue, aani?aaeaeueiia – aicaeoo.(ionoioa).
Ie? aeuoeo ionoioie, ninoieo ec acaeiiaeaenoaey iaiy e aicaeooa. Eaeae
aannia?oey aeooe e ia?anaeaiey aeoo.
I?ioeainoiyiea i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoae – yoi eeoue e?aeiyy oi?ia
?anoiaeaeaiey aioo?e iaeioi?iai oeaeiai. E oi, /oi i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoe
eiatho aioo?aiithth, /aua anaai ne?uooth iauoth iniiao, ynii
aieueoeinoao cae?aaiiuneyueo ethaeae. A ioee/ea io i?inoi
cae?aaiiuneyuaai /aeiaaea, oeeinio iuoaaony ?acia?aoueny a oii, ioeoaea
aa?oony i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoe? Yoei iinea Aa?aeeeoa e ieoaai?aeoeaa
caiyeenue aaeeeea iuneeoaee Ieaoii e A?enoioaeue.
A oeeinioee Ieaoiia aianoa n ?ac?aaioeie i?iaeaiu eaeaaeueiiai
iaoiaeeony aeinoaoi/ii c?aeay Aeeaeaeoeea io?eoeaoaeueiinoe e aiiaua
aeeaeaeoeea eae iaoiae. Naii neiai “Aeeaeaeoeea” a oii cia/aiee, a eaeii
iii noaei oiio?aaeyoueny iicaea, iiyaeeinue aia?aua eiaiii o Ieaoiia.
Eae auoa oeacuaaeinue, neiai “aeeaeaeoeea” ia?aiia/aeueii o a?aeia
icia/aei aeeaeia e eneonnoai nii?a. Ieaoii aea enoiaeeo ec oiai, /oi
iuneyuee /aeiaae a i?ioeanna aeinoeaeaiey enoeiu eae au aaae?o ?acaiai?
n naiei niaie, ?ac?aoay aicieeathuea i?ioeai?a/ey. Ii iieacae, /oi aac
aioo?aiiaai aeeaeiaa n naiei niaie /aeiaae ia iiaeao i?eaeeceoueny e
enoeia. E oieueei ?ac?aoay i?ioeai?a/ey, iauaeoeaii aicieeathuea a iaoai
iuoeaiee, iu iinoeaaai enoeio a a? iieiioa e oeaeueiinoe. A ioee/ea io
naieo i?aaeoanoaaiieeia, Aa?aeeeoa e ieoaai?aeoeaa, Ieaoii ioe?ue
Aeeaeaeoeeo a naiii /aeiaa/aneii iuoeaiee, iniciaa a? eae niinia
iinoeaeaiey nooe aauae. Eaeaaeenoe/aneay aeeaeaeoeea Ieaoiia ieacaeanue
aa?oeiie aioe/iie aeeaeaeoe/aneie iunee. Iinea Ieaoiia iia ia
iiaeiyeanue auoa aeaaea o A?enoioaey. E e oie oi?ia aeeaeaeoeee, eioi?ay
?acaeaaeanue Ieaoiiii, ana?ue?c aa?i?ony a ia/aea OIO aaea oieueei
Aaaaeue.
Aeeaeaeoeea anoue, i?aaeaea anaai, eiaeea e iaoiaeieiaey niceaeaoaeueiie
oai?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, anoue iao/iue eino?oiaioa?ee aeaeueiaeoaai
iiciaiey, niaa?oainoaiaaiey iuoeaiey e anae oai?/anee-niceaeaoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. An? ?acee/ea iaaeaeo noa?ui e iiaui iiieiaieai
aeeaeaeoeee ninoieo a oii, /oi noa?ay aeeaeaeoeea ieacuaaaony eeoue
iaoiaeii e oai?eae iauyniaiey ?acaeaathuaainy ie?a, a iiaay – aeieaeia
noaoue oai?eae e iaoiaeieiaeae i?aia?acothuae aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea.
CAEETH*AIEA.
Oeeiniou ae?aaiaai ie?a auee iaeiia?aiaiii anoanoaieniuoaoaeyie. Yoa
iniaaiiinoue ?acaeoey oeeinioee e anoanoaiciaiey ii?aaeaeeea oi?io
iaoa?eaeecia ae?aaieo, naiue aai iiaeoiae e iauyniaieth i?e?iaeiuo
yaeaiee.
Aeaoa?ieieci ae?aaieo ainoi/iuo, a?a/aneeo e ?eineee
oeeinioia-iaoa?eaeenoia aue i?aaie/aneie ninoaaiie /anoueth eo
iaoa?eaeenoe/aneiai ie?iaicc?aiey, niinianoaiaae ?acaeoeth oiaaea au? ia
?an/eai?iiie iaoee. Ia?aiia/aeueiua iao/iua i?aaenoaaeaiey i
anoanoaaiiie, iauaeoeaiie nayce i?e/ei e neaaenoaee, oaeoaeyy iiciaiey
ethaeueie i?e?iaeiuo yaeaiee, ninoaaeyee iaeii ec aaaeiaeoeo
aeinoeaeaiee ae?aaiaai iaoa?eaeecia a aai ai?ueaa i?ioea ?aeeaee e
eaeaaeecia.
Iauae /a?oie ?yaea iai?aaeaiee iaeaiiai iaoa?eaeecia ae?aaieo auei oi,
/oi iie aeeth/aee a naay noeoeeii-aeeaeaeoe/aneee iiaeoiae e ie?o.
Ia?aiia/aeueiue iaoa?eaeenoe/aneee acaeyae ia ie?, eae ia iioie, eaaeae
a iniiaa noeoeeiie aeeaeaeoeee iaoa?eaeenoia ae?aaiinoe. Iiiai/eneaiiua
iiiuoee iaoa?eaeenoe/aneiai iiaeoiaea e i?e?iaeiui yaeaieyi, ninoaaeytho
iaeio ec aaaeiaeoeo enoi?e/aneeo caneoa ae?aaiaai iaoa?eaeecia. Iniiaiua
aeeaeaeoe/aneea caeiiu ?acaeoey i?e?iaeu, iauanoaa e iiciaiey au? ia
auee ?ane?uou ae?aaieie iuneeoaeyie, ii iie oaea auneacaee ?yae
ieiaeioai?iuo aeiaaaeie i aeaeaeaiee e ?acaeoey ie?a e aai yaeaiee, ia
eo anaiauae nayce, i ai?ueaa e aaeeinoaa i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoae.
N eiaiaie oeeinioia – iaoa?eaeenoia naycaiu aaaeiaeoea aeinoeaeaiey
ae?aaiaai anoanoaiciaiey, ninoaaeythuaai aianoa n iaoa?eaeenoe/aneie
oeeinioeae iaeii ia?an/eaiaiiia oeaeia.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u:
A?enoioaeue. Ni/eiaiey: A 4 o. I.: Iuneue, 1975. O. 1.
A?enoioaeue. Ni/eiaiey: A 4 o. I.: Iuneue, 1975. O. 2.
Anion A.O. e ae?. E?aoeee eo?n enoi?ee oeeinioee. I.: Iuneue, 1976.
Einaa A.O. “Auoea, eiy, einiin”. I.: Iuneue, 1993.
Iaea?ia I.A. ?acaeoea iiiyoee e i?aaeiaoa oeeinioee a enoi?ee aa o/aiee.
E.: Iaoea, 1982.
Ieca?iai O.E. Aeaaiua oeeinioneea iai?aaeaiey: oai?aoe/aneee aiaeec
enoi?eei-oeeinioneie iunee. I.: Iuneue, 1975.
Ieaoii “Oaae?”. I.: I?ia?ann, 1989.
Ieaoii. Nia?aiea ni/eiaiee: A 4 o. I.: Iuneue, 1990. O. 1.
“E?aoeay enoi?ey oeeinioee”. Iineaa ecae. Ieeii.1997 a.
“Oeeinioneee yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue”. Iineaa Eio?a-I 1998 a.
Aeaenaaa I., Iaiei A. Oeeinioey. – I., 1996 a.
Ie? oeeinioee. – I, 1991,-/.II
Ie? oeeinioee. – I, 1991,-/.I
Aaaaeaiea a oeeinioeth: O/aaiee aeey aunoeo o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee. –I.,
1990 a.
Niaea?aeaiea:
Ieai …………………………………………………………………………I
Aaaaeaiea. ………………………..…………………………………………II
O/aiea i einiina e /aeiaaea: i?iaeaia auoey.
?anniio?aiea i?e?iaeu e iauanoaa a oeeinioee
Ae?aaiaai ie?a ……………………………………………………………VII
Ieaoii, eae iniiaiiieiaeiee iauaeoeaiiai eaeaaeecia…….………XXIII
Noaiiaeaiea aioe/iie aeeaeaeoeee.………………………..………XXXIII
Caeeth/aiea. …………………………………………………..……XXXVII
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u……………………..……..…XXXIX
___________ ______________ Aeoaeeia Aaeeia C.
Aeaoa iiaeienue
Naei Ianyaooiai.
Ieca?iai O.E. “Aeaaiua oeeinioneea iai?aaeaiey: oai?aoe/aneee aiaeec
enoi?eei-oeeinioneiai i?ioeanna”, n. 249-250.
A.O. Einaa “Auoea, eiy, einiin”, n.36.
Oai aea, n.37.
Oai aea, n.37.
Ieaoii “Nia?aiea ni/eiaiee”, o.1, n. 374-375.
Oai aea, n. 377.
Aiai?y neiaaie Ieaoiia, caiaaanioth.
Caeanue iu aeaeei ea?a?oeth “oi-aeooa-oaei”, ?acaeaaaoothny e
aeiiieiyaoothny Ieaoiiii ia i?ioyaeaiee anae aai aeecie.
Ieaoii “Oaae?”, n.27-28.
I oa?ieia “i?e/anoiu” ni. ieaea.
Ieaoii “Nia?aiea ni/eiaiee”, o.1, n. 228.
Ieaoii “Oaae?”, n.25.
Oai aea, n.25.
O.a. oeeinioa; (oeeinioey – “ethaiaue e ioae?inoe”, n a?a/aneiai).
Oai aea, n.30
Ieca?iai O.E. “Aeaaiua oeeinioneea iai?aaeaiey: oai?aoe/aneee aiaeec
enoi?eei-oeeinioneiai i?ioeanna”, n. 149.
Plut. De E8 ?. 388 A. Oeeo. Ii ei: “Iaoa?eaeenou ae?aaiae A?aoeee”
no?.49.
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Eiio?ieueiay ?aaioa
ii eo?no “Oeeinioey” Oaia 2. “Oeeinioey Ae?aaiaai ie?a”
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