No?aieoaeueiia ?acaeoea anao io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, yia?aaoeee,
o?ainii?oa, oaaee/aiea /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey e o?aaiecaoeey, oeiecaoeey
anao noa? aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea i?eaaee e ii?aaeaeaiiui eciaiaieyi
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, a oii /enea e iaaeaaii?eyoiui. Aicaeaenoaea
a?aaeiuo aauanoa aio?iiiaaiiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey ia i?e?iaeioth n?aaeo
noaiiaeony aeiaaeueiui.
N eaaeaeui aiaeii i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu ana eioaineaiaa eniieuecothony aeey
ioaeae /aeiaa/anoaa. Iniaaiii yoi eanaaony aiaeiuo ?ano?nia, oae eae ie
iaeia io?aneue oicyenoaa ia iiaeao ?acaeaaoueny aac aiaeu. A iineaaeiaa
a?aiy i?iaeaiu aiaeiiaania/aiey iaino?ythony, iiae aeeyieai
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe eciaiyaony aeae?ieiae/aneee ?aaeei
anoanoaaiiuo aiaeiuo iauaeoia, ea/anoaaiiue ninoaa aiaeu a ieo.
I?iaeaia ?aoeeiiaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey e io?aiu i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia io
caa?yciaiey e enoiuaiey o?aaoao i?iaaaeaiey eiiieaena i?e?iaeiio?aiiuo
ia?ii?eyoee e i?aaeaea anaai iaaethaeaiee, ioeaiee e i?iaiice?iaaiey eo
ninoiyiey. Iioeiaeueiia ?aoaiea aii?inia eniieueciaaiey e io?aiu
i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia aiciiaeii eeoue i?e iaee/ee iauaeoeaiie eioi?iaoeee
i ninoiyiee ea/anoaa aiaeu aiaeiuo iauaeoia, iao/iiai iainiiaaiey
aio?iiiaaiiiai aicaeaenoaey ia aiaeiua iauaeou.
Ia Naoaeeia iaaethaeaiey ca ninoiyieai ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu i?iaiaeeo
aaeeinoaaiiay neoaeaa – Naoaeeineia oa??eoi?eaeueiia oi?aaeaiea ii
aeae?iiaoai?ieiaee e iiieoi?eiao ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. Eiio?ieue ca
ninoiyieai ie?oaeathuae i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu inouanoaeytho
Ainoaea?noaaiiue eiieoao ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu ii Naoaeeineie iaeanoe e
Naoaeeineee eiieoao i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia.
Iiaa?oiinoiua aiaeu aiaeioieia Naoaeeineie iaeanoe caa?yciythony
noi/iuie aiaeaie iaooaaaciaeiauaathuae, oeaeetheicii-aoiaaeiie,
oaieueiie, ieuaaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, aeeeeuii-eiiioiaeueiiai, naeueneiai
oicyenoa, aaoiiiaeeueiiai o?ainii?oa, aeeeeuii-a?aaeaeaineiai
no?ieoaeuenoaa e ae?.
Oa?aeoa?iuie iieacaoaeyie caa?yciaiey aiaeiuo iauaeoia yaeythony
iaooai?iaeoeou, oaiieu, niaaeeiaiey iaaee, acaaoaiiua e i?aaie/aneea
aauanoaa.
Iniiaiuie i?e/eiaie caa?yciaiey aiaeiaiia yaeyaony ionoonoaea
iaiaoiaeeiuo i/enoiuo nii?oaeaiee, iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiay ?aaioa
eiathueony, a oae aea ioe?uoay nenoaia iaooanai?a , iioa?e iaooe i?e aa
o?ainii?oe?iaea.
A aiaeiaiu Naoaeeineie iaeanoe i?aaei?eyoey na?anuaatho 42267,4 oun.
eoa. i./aiae noi/iuo aiae, ec ieo iaaeinoaoi/ii i/euaiiuo – 22749,4
oun. eoa. i./aiae, aeieiae/anee i/euaiiuo – 17152 oun. eoa. i/aiae,
ii?iaoeaii /enouo – 2366 oun. eoa. i./aiae. Ia ?aeueao na?anuaaaony
4361, 6 oun. eoa. i./aiae noi/iuo aiae.
A iineaaeiaa a?aiy iaaethaeaaony oeo/oaiea yeieiae/aneie ianoaiiaee a
iaoae iaeanoe, ii ia niio?y ia yoi iia inoaaony aeinoaoi/ii ia
aeaaiiieo/iie. Oeo/oaiea yeieiae/aneie neooaoeee naycaii ia ni
no?ieoaeuenoaii iiauo i/enoiuo nii?oaeaiee, ia ni noaaeeueiinoueth
eiathueony, a i?ienoiaeeo ca n/ao eiina?aaoeee, inoaiiaee e cae?uoee
i?aaei?eyoee.
Iaaethaeaiey ca ea/anoaii iiaa?oiinoiuo aiae i?iaiaeyo niaoeeaeenou
eaai?aoi?ee iiieoi?eiaa caa?yciaiey ii?neeo e iiaa?oiinoiuo aiae Oeaio?a
Iiieoi?eiaa Caa?yciaiey Ie?oaeathuae N?aaeu Naoaeeineiai OAIN. Ioai?
i?ia aiaeu ia aeae?ioeie/aneee aiaeec aaaeaony ia 41 ?aea e iaeiii ica?a
ia 61 noai?a a 47 ioieoao iaaethaeaiee.
Noai? – yoi oneiaiia iiia?a/iia na/aiea aiaeioiea eee aiaeiaia, a
eioi?ii i?iecaiaeeony eiiieaen ?aaio aeey iieo/aiey aeae?ioeie/aneeo
aeaiiuo i aiaeiii iauaeoa.
Ioieo iaaethaeaiey – ianoi ia aiaeioiea eee aiaeiaia, a eioi?ii
i?iecaiaeeony eiiieaen ?aaio aeey iieo/aiey aeae?ioeie/aneeo aeaiiuo i
ea/anoaa aiaeu. Ioieou iaaethaeaiee ca ea/anoaii aiaeu aiaeioiea iau/ii
i?aaiecotho a ?aeiiao ?aniieiaeaiey ai?iaeia, iinaeeia, a ianoao na?ina
noi/iuo aiae, a onoueaauo o/anoeao ?ae, a ianoao ia?anoeeeu e ceiiauey
oeaiiuo e iniai oeaiiuo ii?iae ?ua. Ioieou iaaethaeaiee
iiae?acaeaeythony ia /aou?a eaoaai?ee. Ia?eiaee/iinoue iaaethaeaiee ca
aeae?ioeie/aneeie iieacaoaeyie caaeneo io eaoaai?ee ioieoa iaaethaeaiey.
?aee Naoaeeineie iaeanoe ioiinyony ei aoi?ie-/aoaa?oie eaoaai?eyi. Ei
aoi?ie eaoaai?ee ioiinyony oieueei aeaa ?aee – yoi ?.Ii?iiae e ?.Nonoy,
ia ieo iaaethaeaiey i?iaiaeyony aaeaaeaeaaeii, aaeaiany/ii e a iniiaiua
aeae?ieiae/aneea oacu (ceiie i?e naiii ieceii o?iaia aiaeu, a aanaiiaa
iieiaiaeuea, a ia?eiae aeiaeaeaauo iaaiaeeia e a eaoia-inaiithth
iaaeaiue). Ia ?aeao o?aoueae eaoaai?ee, e eioi?ui ioiineony aieueoay
iieiaeia ?ae, iaaethaeaiey i?iaiaeyony aaeaiany/ii e a iniiaiua
aeae?ieiae/aneea oacu, /aoaa?oie eaoaai?ee – oieueei a iniiaiua
aeae?ieiae/aneea oacu.
A iaoae iaeanoe 7% ?ae, ec /enea oao, ia eioi?uo aaaeoony iaaethaeaiey,
ioiinyony e eeanno /enouo aiae. Yoi ?.?iaaoea, ?.Eiienna?iaea e
?.A?eiai. Ii a 1993 aiaeo ia ?.?iaaoea ioia/aeenue neo/ae aunieiai
caa?yciaiey (AC) iaooai?iaeoeoaie, n?aaeiaaiaeiaia niaea?aeaiea
iineaaeieo i?aauoaei i?aaeaeueii aeiionoeioth eiioeaio?aoeeth (IAeE) a
40 ?ac. A yoi a?aiy eae ?ac aaeenue eanicaaioiaee e no?ieoaeuenoai
ainoeieoeu «Naioa». E ia niio?y ia oi, /oi e /enoay aiaea ?aee a iaeei
iea iiaeao noaoue i/aiue a?yciie ec-ca oaeaoiinoe /aeiaaea, a 1996 aiaeo
ec-ca ionoonoaey oeiaine?iaaiey iaaethaeaiey ca ea/anoaii aiaeu
?.?iaaoea auee i?ae?auaiu.
E eeanno i/aiue a?yciuo ?ae ioiinyony Nonoy, Iaeaa, Aaaonoiaea.
A ?.Nonoy n?aaeiaaiaeiaua eiioeaio?aoeee iaooai?iaeoeoia ii/oe
aeinoeaatho aunieiai caa?yciaiey e iaoiaeyony ia o?iaia 8-9 IAeE, a
n?aaeiaa niaea?aeaiea niaaeeiaiee iaaee i?aauoaao i?aaeaeueii
aeiionoeioth eiioeaio?aoeeth a 17-18 ?ac. N?aaeiea aaee/eiu oaiieia auoa
ii?iu a 2-3 ?aca. Ai a?aiy i?ioiaeaeaiey aanaiiaai iieiaiaeuey, eiaaea
eaeao eioaineaiue niua n ii/a eiioeaio?aoeee acioa ieo?eoiiai
iiauoathony aei 10-15 IAeE, a yoi oaea n/eoaaony aunieei caa?yciaieai.
A ?.Iaeaa n?aaeiaa niaea?aeaiea iaooai?iaeoeoia i?aauoaao IAeE a 3-5
?ac, niaaeeiaiee iaaee aeinoeaaao o?iaiy AC – 10 IAeE. N?aaeiaaiaeiaua
eiioeaio?aoeee oaiieia oiaea auoa ii?iu a 1-2 ?aca.
A ?.Aaaonoiaea aaeaaiaeii ioia/athony neo/ae aunieiai caa?yciaiey
niaaeeiaieyie iaaee e oeeiea, /oi nei?aa anaai naycaii ni na?inii
noi/iuo oaooiuo aiae oaoou «Aioiyeiai».
70% ?ae iaoaai ino?iaa n/eoathony oia?aiii caa?yciaiiuie. Ii noaoenoeea
yoi oi?ioea iieacaoaee, ii ia naiii aeaea yoi ia icia/aao, /oi aiaeu
yoeo aiaeioieia ia caa?yciaiu. A ia?eiae i?ioiaeaeaiey aanaiiaai
iieiaiaeuey, eiaaea eaeao eioaineaiia oayiea niaaia e niua n ii/a, ai
a?aiy i?ioiaeaeaiey aeiaeaeaauo iaaiaeeia a ?aeao iaaethaeaaony
cia/eoaeueiia iiauoaiea niaea?aeaiey caa?yciythueo aauanoa. Neaaeoao
ioiaoeoue, /oi e a yoeo ?aeao n oia?aiii caa?yciaiiie aiaeie,
n?aaeiaaiaeiaua eiioeaio?aoeee iaooai?iaeoeoia, oaiieia, niaaeeiaiee
iaaee i?aauoatho IAeE a 1-2 ?aca.
A naiie caa?yciaiiie ?aeie i. Naoaeei a oa/aiea iiiaeo eao inoaaony
?.Ioeiea. Aiaea yoie ?aee ioiineony e eeanno /?acau/aeii a?yciuo aiae.
Caeanue aaeaaiaeii ioia/aaony yeno?aiaeueii aunieia caa?yciaiea (YAC)
iaooai?iaeoeoaie. N?aaeiaaiaeiaia niaea?aeaiea yoiai eia?aaeeaioa
i?aauoaao ii?io a 100-120 ?ac! Iniiaiuie enoi/ieeaie caa?yciaiey ?aee
iaooai?iaeoeoaie yaeythony iaooaaaciaeiauaathuea i?aaei?eyoey, eioi?ua
?aniieiaeaiu ii anae aeeeia ?aee. Ii ieii yoiai a ?.Ioeiea iinooiatho
ieanoiaua aiaeu, caa?yciaiiua iaooai?iaeoeoaie. Iinooiathuea noi/iua
aiaeu n iaooaia?a?aaaouaathueo i?aaei?eyoee yaeythony ?acoeueoaoii
iiauoaiiiai niaea?aeaiey oaiieia a aiaea ?aee, n?aaeiaaiaeiaua aaee/eiu
oaiieia i?aauoatho i?aaeaeueii aeiionoeioth eiioeaio?aoeeth a 5 ?ac. A
ceiiee ia?eiae a ?aea ioia/aaony aeaoeoeeo ?anoai?aiiiai eenei?iaea.
Aaee/eia ?anoai?aiiiai eenei?iaea nieaeaaony aei e?eoe/aneiai o?iaiy –
2-3 ia/e.
I?aeoe/anee a aiaeao anao ?ae, ia eioi?uo i?iaiaeyony iaaethaeaiey ca
ea/anoaii aiaeu, ioia/aaony i?aauoaiea niaea?aeaiey iaooai?iaeoeoia,
oaiieia, niaaeeiaiee iaaee a 1-2 ?aca. A aaaeue neaaeoao iiiieoue, /oi
ana iaoe ?aee yaeythony ia?anoiauie e ianoaie ceiiauey oeaiiuo e iniai
oeaiiuo ii?iae ?ua. Oiene/iinoue iiiaeo i?aaie/aneeo e iai?aaie/aneeo
aauanoa aeey ?ua e aaniicaiii/iuo iaeoaoaeae aiaeiie n?aaeu a ianeieueei
nioai ?ac auoa, /ai aeey oaieie?iaiuo i?aaieciia, oae eae aeey ?ua
caa?yciaiiay aiaea yaeyaony n?aaeie iaeoaiey. *oanoaeoaeueiinoue ?uau e
caiaoai iiiaeo oeie/aneeo aauanoa a ianeieueei ?ac i?aauoaao
/oanoaeoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea. Iai?eia?, ?uau niiniaiu iaia?oaeeoue oaiie
a aiaea a eiioeaio?aoeee 0,001 ia/e, a ioaeaeueiua aeaeu – aeaaea a
eiioeaio?aoeee 0,0005 ia/e, /oi cia/eoaeueii ieaea ii?iaa
/oanoaeoaeueiinoe /aeiaa/aneiai i?aaiecia. I?e eiioeaio?aoeee
iaooai?iaeoeoia 0,01 ia/e ia iiaa?oiinoe aiaeu ia?acoaony ieaiea,
i?aiyonoaothuay ianuuaieth eenei?iaeii e i?iieeiiaaieth iee?ii?aaieciia,
?aceaaathueo iiiaea i?eiane a i?ioeanna naiii/euaiey ?a/iie aiaeu. A
oieiaeiua, aaaeiua iee?ii?aaieciaie naoaeeineea ?aee iaeaaeatho
ioiineoaeueii ieceie naiii/euathuae niiniaiinoueth.
Ii ia?a aic?anoaiey aicaeaenoaey /aeiaaea ia ea/anoaaiiua e
eiee/anoaaiiua oa?aeoa?enoeee ?a/iiai noiea e i?ioeann aai oi?ie?iaaiey,
iniaoth ino?ioo i?eia?aoatho i?iaeaiu ?aoeeiiaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey
aiaeiuo ?ano?nia, io?aia io enoiuaiey e caa?yciaiey ?ae, ica?,
aiaeio?aieeeu e aioo?aiieo ii?ae.
Iaeaieaa aeoeaiie oi?iie caueou aiaeiuo ?ano?nia io caa?yciaiey yaeyaony
aaciooiaeiay oaoiieiaey i?iecaiaenoaa, o.a. eiiieaen ia?ii?eyoee a
oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannao, iicaieythuee aei ieieioia nie?aoeoue
eiee/anoai a?aaeiuo na?inia e oiaiueoeoue aei i?eaieaiiai o?iaiy
aicaeaenoaea iooiaeia ia ea/anoai aiaeu. A eiiieaen oaeeo ia?ii?eyoee
aoiaeyo:
nicaeaiea e aiaae?aiea iiauo i?ioeannia iieo/aiey i?iaeoeoeee n
ia?aciaaieai iaeiaiueoaai eiee/anoaa iooiaeia;
?ac?aaioea ?acee/iuo oeiia aannoi/iuo oaoiieiae/aneeo nenoai e
aiaeiiai?ioiuo oeeeeia ia aaca niiniaia i/enoee noi/iuo aiae;
?ac?aaioea nenoai ia?a?aaioee iooiaeia i?iecaiaenoaa ai aoi?e/iua
iaoa?eaeueiua ?ano?nu;
nicaeaiea oa??eoi?eaeueii-i?iiuoeaiiuo eiiieaenia, eiathueo caieioooth
no?oeoo?o iaoa?eaeueiuo iioieia nu?uey e iooiaeia aioo?e eiiieaena.
E niaeaeaieth, aei iieiiai aiaae?aiey aaciooiaeiie oaoiieiaee aua
i?ieaeao iiiai a?aiaie. A a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaaei noa?aoueny oioy au
niaa?oainoaiaaoue oaoiieiae/aneea i?ioeannu e ?ac?aaioeo iai?oaeiaaiey n
iaiueoei o?iaiai na?inia i?eianae e iooiaeia a aiaeiua iauaeou,
iaaca?aaeeaaoue oiene/iua iooiaeu, ooeeece?iaaoue iineaaeiea, i?eieiaoue
ia?u ii ia?aie/aieth na?ina eiiioiaeueii-auoiauo noieia, noieia
i?iiuoeaiiiai e naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa a aiaeiua iauaeou.
Ana yoe ia?ii?eyoey o?aaotho ia?iiiuo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee. A a iaoa a?aiy
i?iaeaiu ii io?aia e caueoa ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu eiaeaony oieueei ia
iea/e ethaeae, eioi?ua iuoathony nianoe iaoo i?e?iaeo eee oioy au
oiaiueoeoue aa «aieacie». A anee /anoii, oi i eaeeo ia?ii?eyoeyo ii
ieieiecaoeee iaaaoeaiuo yeieiae/aneeo iineaaenoaee iiaeii aiai?eoue a
iaoa a?aiy, eiaaea oieueei ca iineaaeiee aiae iaaethaeaoaeueiay naoue ca
ea/anoaii iiaa?oiinoiuo aiae nooe oieueei a Naoaeeineie iaeanoe
nie?auaia ia 34%, e aianoi 41 aiaeioiea iaaethaeaiey i?iaiaeyony anaai
eeoue ia 27 ?aeao.
Iiaeao eiio-oi iia iiaiea iieaaeaony nii?iui eee iaaa?iui, ii, eae
aiai?ee aaeeeee o?aioeocneee anoanoaieniuoaoaeue AEai Aaoeno Iuea?
Aiooai Eaia?e (1744-1829), «iiaeaeoe, eo/oa, /oiau aiiaue ioe?uoay
enoeia auea ia?a/aia ia aeieaoth ai?ueao, ia ano?a/ay caneoaeaiiiai
aieiaiey, /ai, /oiau ethaia ii?iaeaeaiea /aeiaa/aneie oaioacee ano?a/aei
iaania/aiiue aeaaineeiiiue i?eai».
A caeii/eoue naie ?aoa?ao oi/o io?uaeii ec noeoioai?aiey naoaeeineie
iiyoannu E.Aaneeueaaie, eioi?ay oaoaea n i.Naoaeeia, ii i/aiue ii iaio
oineoao:
A Niaai?uea aaaeao aeieeia,
?a/ea, eaiooee, aiaeiiaae.
Oaeeaeoaeueiae Naoaeeia
?acaa oieueei Yaeaineee naae!
Eeoa?aoo?a
A.A.Aaeea?, O.A.Aaaaa. Io?aia e eiio?ieue caa?yciaiey i?e?iaeiie
n?aaeu. Eaieia?aae, Aeae?iiaoaiecaeao, 1989a.
Iiae ?aaeaeoeeae E.A.A?aaeieeiaie. Aeeiaieea e ea/anoai iiaa?oiinoiuo
aiae Niaaoneiai Nithca. Eaieia?aae, Aeae?iiaoaiecaeao, 1988a.
I.ss.Eaiaoaa. I?e?iaea e iu. Iineaa, «Niaaoneay ?inney», 1989a.
A.A.I?eia. Eiio?ieue ea/anoaa iiaa?oiinoiuo aiae. Eaieia?aae,
Aeae?iiaoaiecaeao, 1991a.
Aaeaaiaeieee ea/anoaa iiaa?oiinoiuo aiae nooe e yooaeoeaiinoue
i?iaaaeaiiuo aiaeiio?aiiuo ia?ii?eyoee. a.THaeii-Naoaeeine, 1993-97a.a.
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