I?i?noa?noai ina?oe Oe?a?ie
Oa?eianueeee aea?aeaaiee oaoii/iee oiiaa?neoao
aoaeiaieoeoaa i a?oioaeoo?e
Oa?eae Ieaia Aaneeiaia
OAeE 711.168
Ii?oieiai/ii oeie a?oeoaeoo?iiai na?aaeiaeua
inoi?e/iiai iinoa ia i?eeeaaei Oa?eiaa
18.00.01.- oai?iy a?oioaeoo?e, ?anoaa?aoeiy
iai’yoie a?oioaeoo?e
A a o i ? a o a ? a o
aeena?oaoei? ia caeiaoooy a/aiiai nooiaith
eaiaeeaeaoa a?oioaeoo?e
Oa?eia 1998
Aeenapoaoeiy ? poeiienii.
?iaioo aeeiiaii o Oapeianueeiio aeapaeaaiiio oaoii/iiio
oi?aa?neoaoi aoaeiaieoeoaa i
apoioaeoope.
Iaoeiaee eapiaiee : eaiaeeaeao apoioaeoope, aeioeaio
*apeaniaa
Eaoapeia Oeiioi?aia, OAeOOAA, caa.eao.?aeii- nopoeoei?, panoaapaoei?
apoioaeoopieo ia’?eoia.
Ioioeieii iiiiaioe :
Aeieoip apoioaeoope, ipioanip Eaapee Aaiaaeie ?aaiiae/, EAeOOAA,
caa.eao.eaaeiiaopi?.
Eaiaeeaeao apoioaeoope, aeioeaio Opaaoa Iaoaey Aaaaiiaia OOI?,
eaoaaepa iioap’?po ? iaeaaeiaiiy.
Ipiaiaeia onoaiiaa :
Eeianueeee iaoeiai-aeineiaeiee iinoeooo oaipi? oa inoipi? apoioaeoope i
iinoiaoaeoaaiiy.
Caoeno aiaeaoaeaoueny 10 a?oaeiy 1998 p. i 13-00 aiaeeii ia
caniaeaiii niaoeiaeiciaaii? a/aii? paaee Ae 64.056.02 i?e Oa?eianueeiio
aea?aeaaiiio oaoii/iiio oiiaa?neoaoi aoaeiaieoeoaa i a?oioaeoo?e
(310002, Oa?ueeia, aoe.Noinueea, 40).
C aeena?oaoei?th iiaeia iciaeiieoenue a aiaeiioaoei
Oa?eianueeiai aeapaeaaiiai oaoii/iiai oiiaa?neoaoa aoaeiaieoeoaa
a?oioaeoo?e ca aae?anith : 310002, Oa?eia, aoe.Noinueea, 40.
Aaoi?aoa?ao ?icineaii 9 eenoiiaaea 1998p.
A/aiee nae?aoa?
niaoeiaeiciaaii? a/aii? paaee ______________*apeaniaa E.O.
1
CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA ?IAIOE
Aeooaeueiinoue aeineiaeaeaiiy :
No/anii oaiie o?aaiicaoei? aenaioeeee i?ioe?i//y caaaeaiue
caapaaeaiiy iaoeiiiaeueii-eoeueoo?ieo iniaeeainoae napaaeiaeua i
aaeaioaoei? i? aei oaeaeei ciiithaaieo aeiia iiai? oaoiieiai? aeeo-
oy, ui aeieea? aianeiaeie IO?. Aiaeiinii aeniea aapoinoue i
neeaaeiinoue aaiethoei? inoi?e/ii neeaaeaiiai na?aaeiaeua iaoeai-
iy aeeeeea? ?aaiethoeiei? ciiie , yei i?iaiaeyoueny c iaoith ?aa-
eicaoeii no/anieo oaoiieiaie aeeoo?aeiyeueiinoi , ui /anoi aeyaey-
?oueny aeano?oeoeaiei ii aiaeiioaiith aei noi?iiaaiiai napaaeiae-
ua. Oiio oae aino?i iinoa? ieoaiiy ipi iaiaoiaeiinoue caa?aaeai-
iy ?noi?e/ii neeaaeaieo aeaiaio?a i?nueeiai ioi/aiiy a oiiaao
?aeiino?oeoeieii? aeiyeueiinoi.
O aio/eciyiie a?oioaeoo?i ua aiaenooiie ?aeeiee iaoiaee/iee
iiaeoiae aei i?iaeaie ?aeiino?oeoei? inoi?e/ieo cii iino, a oai-
?i? ia?aaaaea? iica?/iinoue i o?aaiaioa?iinoue iiaeyaeia ia nooue
oa iaoo i?nueei? ?aeiino?oeoei? . Iacaiapa/ia ianoieia iio?aaa
a noaipaiii eiiieaenii? nenoaie ciaiue ipi inoi?e/ia iinoi i
?ic?iaea aca?iiiia’ycaieo i?eeiiia i caniaia ?aaeicaoei? oai-
?aoe/ieo oyaeaiue a i?aeoeoei ?aeiino?oeoei?, ui iaiiaeeeai aac
/ioei? ?aeeii? eiioeaioei? . Iaeiei c aieiaieo eiiiiiaioia oaei?
eiioeaioei? iiaeiii aooe ocaaaeueithth/a oyaeaiiy ipi inoi?e/ia
iinoi ye ia’?eo ?aeiino?oeoei? . Iaiaoiaeiith oiiaith noaipaiiy
oaeiai oyaeaiiy ? i?iaaaeaiiy ooiaeaiaioaeueieo aeineiaeaeaiue na-
?aaeiaeua inoi?e/ieo iino.
Iaoa ?iaioe :
?icpiaea oeiieiai/i? eeaneoieaoei? aaciaeo aeaiaioia a?oi-
oaeoo?iiai napaaeiaeua aaiaoe/iiai yae?a inoipe/iiai iinoa ?
eiai iaea?eueo no?eeeo ii?oieia?/ieo iciae.
Caaea/i aeineiaeaeaiiy :
?ic?iaeoe oai?aoe/io iiaeaeue iaoiaeeee aeine?aeaeaiiy ii?oi-
eia?? a?o?oaeoo?iiai na?aaeiaeua.
2. ?icpiaeoe iaoiaeeeo iienaiiy iipoieiai? aaciaeo aeaiaioia
apoioaeoopiiai napaaeiaeua inoipe/iiai iinoa.
2
3. Iaapoiooaaoe aeaip ia?aiao?ia iienaiiy iipoieiai? ia’?e-
oia aeineiaeaeaiiy ca nooiaiai i oa?aeoa?ii ?o aieeao ia i?i-
oean aaeaioaoe?? noa’?eoa aei i?aaeiaoii-i?inoi?iaiai ioi/aiiy
i a caaacia/aiii inoi?e/ii? niaaeei?iiinoi ?icaeoeo.
4. Aeyaeoe oapaeoapii iniaeeainoi aaiethoei? ieaioaaeueii? no?o-
eoo?e i iipoioeie caaoaeiae inoipe/ii neeaaeaieo paeiiia
Oa?eiaa a ia?iiae 2-? iieia.XVIII no. – ii/aoeo XX no.
5. Aeyaeoe ia’?eoeaii ?nioth/? noiee? niieo/aiiy iipoieiai/-
ieo oa?aeoa?enoee, ui aecia/athoue oapaeoapii iniaeeainoi
oeiia napaaeiaeua aeine?aeaeaieo ?aeii?a i?noa ? neeanoe oeii-
eia?/io eeaneoieaoeith aaciaeo aeaiaio?a a?o?oaeoo?iiai na?a-
aeiaeua aaiaoe/iiai yae?a Oa?eiaa.
6. Ia apoioi ?ic?iaeaii? oeiieiai/ii? eeaneoieaoei? aeyaeoe ini-
aeeaino? ?iciiae?eo ? niaeop iniiaieo ii?oieiai/ieo oei?a a?-
o?oaeoo?iiai na?aaeiaeua aeey eiaeiiai ?c aeine?aeaeaieo ?aeii?a.
Ia’?eo i i?aaeiao aeineiaeaeaiiy :
Ia’?eoii aeinaeiaeaeaiiy ? aaciai aeaiaioe apoioaeoopii-ieaio-
aaeueii? nenoaie iinoa : eaapoaee, aoeeoei i aocee inoipe/ii
neeaaeaieo paeiiia. Aeey aiaeico aeeipenoiaaii iaoapiaee inoi-
pe/ieo ieaiia, IAeI oa iiipii ieaie inioth/i? caaoaeiae paeiiia.
Ipaaeiaoii aeineiaeaeaiiy ? i?eioeeie nenoaiaoecaoei? iipoi-
eiai/ieo iapaiaopia eaapoaeia, aoceia oa aoeeoeue, aea/aiiy eipa-
eyoei? iipoieiai/ieo oapaeoapenoee ia’?eoia i iiaeaei apoioaeoop-
iiai napaaeiaeua o naiaeiiinoi noa’?eoa.
Iaoiaeeea aeineiaeaeaiiy :
Aeey aeineiaeaeaiiy ia’?eoia aeei?enoai? : inoipeei-aaiaoe/iee
aiaeic aeey aeyaeaiiy aoaiia oipioaaiiy ieaioaaeueii? nopoeoo-
pe iinoa, aeyaeaiiy ieaioaaeueieo i ipinoipiaeo oapaeoapen-
oee inoipe/ii neeaaeaieo oeiia caaoaeiae; apaoiaiaeioe/iee ia-
oiae aeey aiae?co ii?oieia?? ia’?eo?a; aiaeic eieueeinieo iapa-
iaopia iaoiaeaie noaoenoeee; iaoiaeeee nopoeoopiiai aiaeico,
aeeeaaeai? a ipaoeyo A.A.Aooiiaa, TH. A.?aiiinueeiai, N.E.?aaaia,
C.I.sspa?ii? c iaoiaeieiai? aea/aiiy apoioaeoopieo oa iinoiao-
aeiaieo ia’?eoia uiaei paeiinopoeoei? inoipe/iiai iinoa .
Aeey aaoiiaoeciaaiiai caipo i iapiaee aeaieo aeeipenoaii
aaoipnueeo niaoeiaeiciaaio ipiapaio aeey iapniiaeueii? AII, ui
3
ipaoeth? o ipiapaiiiio napaaeiaeui FoxPro, aeicaiey? oipioaaoe
aaco aeaieo ia’ ?eoia apoioaeoopii-ieaioaaeueii? nenoaie i
ipiaiaeeoe eiiieaeniee aiaeic apaoi/ii? iioipiaoei?.
Oienaoeith cia/aiue iapaiaopia ia’?eoia aeineiaeaeaiiy ipaaenoa-
aeaii o aeaeyaei aapaaeueieo iienaiue, apaoi/ieo ciapaaeaiue i ii-
aeaeae. Aeaip iapaiaopia apoioo?oueny ia niiaaiaeiioaiii ia’?e-
oeaieo iieacieeia iipoieiai? oa ?o noa’?eoeaieo napaaeiaeu-
ieo aiaeiaia c iaoith aecia/aiiy ?o ca’yceo i ia’?eoeaicaoei?
oapaeoapenoee napaaeiaeua. Caipiiiiiaaii neooaoeieii-iaoiia-
eaiee niinia aiaeaipo iapaiaopia aeey aea/aiiy, ui apoioo?oueny
ia oyaeaiii ipi oaciao aaeaioaoeith : aeey eiaeiiai aeaeo ia’?eoia
noipioeueiaaii iapaeie oeiiaeo napaaeiaeuieo noeaiapi?a, yeee
aecia/a? iipoieiai/ii oapaeoapenoeee . Aiaeaip iapaiaopia aa-
co?oueny ia epeoapiyo ioeiiee apoioaeoopiiai napaaeiaeua, yei
caipiiiioaaa E.Eii/.
Iaaei aeineiaeaeaiiy :
Iaaei aecia/aii caaea/aie aeineiaeaeaiiy i aeanoeainoyie ia’-
?eoia aeineiaeaeaiiy. Oapeoipiaeueii aeine?aeaeaiiy iaiaaea inoipe/-
ii-neeaaeaieie paeiiaie Oapeiaa. Opiiieiai/i? iaae? : aepoaa
iieiaeia XVIII no. – ii/aoie XX no. Aeaip iapaiaopia iaiaaea-
iee iipoieiai?th ia’?eoia napaaeiaeua oa inoipe/iith aeeiaii-
eith ?o picaeoeo. Aeaip iaoiaeia aiaeico iinoeoue noaoenoeei-iip-
oiiaope/ii oa inoipeei-aaiaoe/ii iaoiaeeee.
Iaoeiaa iiaecia :
Aiapoa picaeyiooi inoipe/ii neeaaeaia apoioaeoopia napaaei-
aeua i.Oapeiaa ye nenoaia aaciaeo aeaiaioia, ii?oieia?/i?
oa?aeoa?enoeee yeeo nooo?ai aieeaathoue ia oi?ioaaiiy caaaeue-
iiai ia?aco i?aaeiaoii-i?inoi?iaiai ioi/aiiy.
Caipiiiiiaaii neooaoeieii iaoiiaeaiee niinia aeaipo iip-
oieiai/ieo iapaiaopia napaaeiaeua, caniiaaiee ia oyaeaiii ipi
oaciaee oapaeoap aaeaioaoei? noa’?eoa.
Aia?oa aeyaeai? noaoenoe/ii aeinoia??i? eiia?iaoe?? ii?-
oieia?/ieo ia?aiao??a aea/aieo ia’?eo?a, noaipaii oeiieiai/-
io eeaneoieaoeith aaciaeo aeaiaioia iinoiaoaeiaiii nopoeoope ca
iipoieiai/ieie oapaeoapenoeeaie.
4
I?aeoe/ia cia/ouinoue :
?icpiaeaii iaoiaeeeo iieno iipoieiai? eaapoaeia, aoeeoeue i
ieaioaaeueieo aoceia iinoa, ui iiaea aeeipenoiaoaaoenue a oiaei
iapaaeipiaeoiiai aiaeico inoipe/ii? ciie iino aeey aeaipo iioe-
iaeueii? oaeoeee paeiinopoeoei? c iaoith caapaaeaiiy niaaeei?iii-
noi inoipe/iiai picaeoeo apoioaeoopiiai napaaeiaeua.
Caipiiiiiaaii niaoeiaeiciaaio eiii’thoapio ipiapaio ia aaci
NOAAe FoxPro aeey caipo oa aiaeico aeaieo, ui iiaea aeeipenoiao-
aaoenue aeey noaipaiiy aaieo aeaieo ia’?eoia inoipe/iii ciie
iinoa.
?acoeueoaoe aeineiaeaeaiiy aeeipenoaii i?e neeaaeaiii iinoi-
aoaeiaiiai eaaeano?a (AieiaAIO i.Oapeiaa. Aeo aipiaaaeaeaiiy
aiae 25.02.1998).
Iaoapeaee aeineiaeaeaiiy canoiniaaii a eopniaiio ipiaeoo-
aaiii niaoeeaeicaoe?? 7.120101.01 “?aeiino?oeoeiy i ?anoaa?aoeiy
a?oioaeoo?ieo ia’?eoia”.
Ai?iaaoeiy ?iaioe :
Iniiaii iieiaeaiiy i ?acoeueoaoe ?iaioe aeeeaaeaii ia iaoei-
aeo eiioa?aioeiyo OAeOOAA (Oa?eia, 1994, 1995,1997pp.),
OOII (Oa?ueeia,1996p.).
Ca oaiith aeena?oaoei? iioaeeeiaaii 5 noaoae.
No?oeoo?a aeena?oaoei? :
Aeena?oaoeiy neeaaea?oueny ic anooio, o?ueio picaeieia, aeniiaeia,
iapaeieo eioa?aoo?e, aeiaeaoeia . Ianya aeena?oaoei? 150 noipiiie
iniiaiiai oaenoo, 34 noi?iiee aeiaeaoeia, 48 ieaioaoia aenii-
ceoe?eiiai iaoa??aeo.
O iapoiio picaeiei “Ii?oieiaiy a?oioaeoo?iiai napaaeiae-
ua ?noi?e/iiai iinoa” iaaaaeaii iaeyae eiioeaioeie a?oioaeoo?-
iiai napaaeiaeua, aeaeieaii oa?aeoa?enoeee, ye? iienothoue ii-
?oieiaith aaciaeo aeaiaioia iinoiaoaeiaii? nopoeoope, nenoaia-
oeciaaii iaoiaee iipoieiai/iiai iieno apoioaeoopiiai napa-
aeiaeua. Aei iniiae aeaipo iapaiaopia iieno iipoieiai? aaci-
aeo aeaiaioia iieeaaeaii caaacia/aiiy iiaeeeainoi niiaa?aenoa-
aeaiiy aeineiaeaeoaaieo oapaeoapenoee napaaeiaeua ia piaii noa’-
?eoeaii-ia’?eoeaieo ca’yceia , aiaeico?oueny iiaeeeainoue ?o ei-
eueeinii? iioapipaoaoei?.
5
O aepoaiio picaeiei “Inoi?e/ia oeiieiaiy nopoeoopieo aea-
iaioia inoipe/iiai iinoa” aea/athoueny iniaeeainoi oipioaai-
iy iinueeiai ieaio i inoipe/ii iipoioeie caaoaeiae ia ipeeeaaei
inoipe/ii neeaaeaieo paeiiia Oapeiaa. A pacoeueoaoi iipiaiyeue-
iiai aiaeico oapaeoapieo aeey eiaeiiai paeiia apoioaeoopii-
ieaioaaeueieo i eiiiiceoeieieo ipeeiiia i iapaaaaeath/eo oeiia
caaoaeiae aiaeiepaieaii noieei noapaioeie, yei aecia/athoue ia-
pac apoioaeoopiiai napaaeiaeua eiaeiiai c aeineiaeaeaieo inoipe-
/ii neeaaeaieo paeiiia i?noa.
O o?aoueiio picaeiei “Ii?oieiae/ii oeie a?oeoaeoo?iiai na-
?aaeiaeua inoi?e/ieo ?aeiiia i.Oa?eiaa” ipiaaaeaii eieueein-
iee aiaeic ii?oieiai/ieo iapaiaopia ia’?eoia , eeanoa?iee
aiaeic c iaoith aecia/aiiy aca?iica’yceo iiae oa?aeoa?enoeea-
ie, aeyaeaii aeiaiaciie cia/aiue, yei oa?aeoa?ii aeey eiaeiiai
oeio ia’?eoia, neeaaeaii oeiieiai/io eeaneoieaoeith ia’?eoia ca
iipoieiai/ieie iciaeaie.
CIINO ?IAIOE
O anooii picepeoi aeooaeueiinoue iapaii? oaie aeineiaeaeaiiy
oa i? iinoea a no/aniie oaipi? paeiinopoeoei? inoipe/iiai iinoa.
Iiaenoieiaei ?acoeueoaoii, aei yeiai nipyiiaaii ani oai?aoe/ii
i i?aeoe/ii coneeey c ?aeiino?oeoei?, iiaeiii aooe noaipaiiy
ineoieiai/ii eiioi?oiiai a?oioaeoo?iiai na?aaeiaeua, i?e
oeueiio nooo?aa cia/aiiy iaeaaeeoue caaacia/aiith inoipe/ii?
niaaeei?iiinoi iipoieiai/ieo oapaeoapenoee napaaeiaeua oa
eiai nopoeoopieo aeaiaioia. Aeacaii ia aaaeeeainoue ipinoipi-
ai? oace aaeaioaoei? ethaeeie aei apoioaeoopiiai ioi/aiiy ye in-
iiae aeey ianooiieo aoai?a aaeaioaoei?. Iienaii iaoo i caaea/i aei-
neiaeaeaiiy, eiai iaoeiao iiaecio i ipaeoe/ia cia/aiiy.
A iapoiio picae?e? iaaaaeaii eioapaoopiee iaeyae inioth/eo
eiioeaioeie apoioaeoopiiai napaaeiaeua. Aaoip aeiopeio?oueny
eeaneoieaoei? , ui piciiaeiey? napaaeiaeui? eiioeaioei? ia 5 apoi :
iapoeoeeiaoeaii, opaaiinoe/ii, inoipe/ii, aeieiae/ii i iappaoe-
aii. Ipe picaeyaei oeiiaeo aeey eiaeii? c apoi eiioeaioeie napaaei-
aeua aiaeiepaieththoueny i?enooii a ieo aeaiaioe ii?oieiai/-
iiai aiaeica ia’?eoia na?aaeiaeua. Aiaeico?oueny aaaeeeainoue ii-
poieiai/ieo oapaeoapenoee napaaeiaeua ? niiaaiaeiioaiiy noa’-
?eoeaieo i ia’?eoeaieo ia?aiao?ia a inioth/eo iiaeaeyo napaaei-
6
aeua, yei ipaaenoaaeythoue oo aai iioo eiioeaioeith, aecia/ath/e i?
noa’?eoio aai ia’?eoio ipi?ioaoeith.
Ia?aoaipaiiy ieaioaaeueii? no?oeoo?e iinoa caeienith?oueny
ia oei iinooiiaiai inoi?e/iiai ?acaeoeo, oiaoi iaaiae’?iii ii-
a’ycaia c i?iaeaiith niaaeei?iiinoi. Oyaeaiiy ipi ciino noaa-
eaiiy iaoeaioeia aei iinueeiai napaaeiaeua iaeaaeeoue E.Eii/o i
aeeipenoaia iei aeey picpiaee aeanii? eiioeaioei? oipie iinoa
oa eiai aeaiaioia. Caipiiiiiaaii iei yeinii oapaeoapenoeee
a?oioaeoopiiai napaaeiaeua (aeeoo?caeaoiinoue, aeinyaeiinoue, inie-
neaiinoue, eiiopieueiaaiinoue) noaee iiaenoaaith aeey aeaipo iip-
oieiai/ieo iapaiaopia iieno napaaeiaeua a iaoiaeeoe? aaoi?a.
O aepoaiio i?aepicaeiei iapoiai picae?eo aeeeaaeaii iaoiaeeeo
aiae?co iipoieiai? apoioaeoopiiai napaaeiaeua eiaeiiai oeio
aaciaeo aeaiaioia (eaapoaeia, aoeeoeue, aoceia). Napaaeiaeuiee
aiaeic iipoieiai?, ipiaaaeaiee o piaioi, caniiaaii ia oyaeaiii
ipi aeeiaii/iee oapaeoap aaeaioaoei? ethaeeie aei iinueeiai na?a-
aeiaeua. I?e oeueiio aiaeiepaieththoueny 3 neeaaeiai /anoeie, yei
? iineiaeiaieie oacaie ?aeeiiai i?ioeano : 1) i?inoi?iaa aaeai-
oaoeiy (iaeaioeoieaoeiy i?inoi?iaeo ca’yceia) , yea oi?io?oueny
ipinoipiaeie ia?aiao?aie na?aaeiaeua a oeieiio i i? aeaiaioia;
2) ooieoeiiiaeueia aai aeiyeueiinia aaeaioaoeiy(iaeaioeoieaoeiy iiae-
eeaeo aeaeia aeiyeueiinoi); 3) anoaoe/ia aai aiioeieia aaeaioaoeiy,
oiaoi oi?ioaaiiy aiioeieiiai noaio ethaeeie i eoeueoo?ii-anoa-
oe/ia inieneaiiy na?aaeiaeua. Iniiaieie yeinieie oa?aeoa-
?enoeeaie a?oioaeoo?iiai na?aaeiaeua, yei caaacia/othoue aoae-
oeaiinoue i?ioeana aaeaioaoei?, ? oaei oaeoi?e : oeieiniinoue i?inoi-
?iai? i?aaiicaoei? na?aaeiaeua, iiaeeeainoue eaaeii (iiaa?iaioii?)
i aeinoaoiuei iiaii? /aniai? iaeaioeoieaoei? i? aeaiaioia, eaaeinoue
iaeaioeoieaoei? ooieoeiiiaeueii-aeiyeueiinoieo i?ioeania, ui aiaeao-
aathoueny o oeueiio na?aaeiaeui.
A oiiaao inoi?e/iiai iinoa oei oa?aeoa?enoeee oi?iothoueny
iinooiiaeie aaiethoeieieie ciiiaie ii?oieiai/ieo, ooieoeii-
iaeueieo i anoaoe/ieo ia?aiao?ia iinueeiai na?aaeiaeua. Oeae
i?ioean iiaea aooe iienaiee iiiyooyi “niaaeei?iiinoue inoi?e/-
iiai ?icaeoeo” a?oioaeoo?iiai na?aaeiaeua. Aeey aeyaeaiey na-
paaeiaeuieo iipoieiai/ieo oapaeoapenoee eaapoaea aecia/ai?
oeiiai “noeaie”, ui aeicaieeei aeaeieeoe apoie iipoieiai/ieo
oa?aeoa?enoee.
7
Ia?oa a?oia oa?aeoa?enoee aecia/a? oe?e?niinoue i?inoi?i-
ai? i?aaiicaoei? ia’?eo?a. Ca oa?aeoa?ii naiai aieeao ia aeanoe-
ainoi i?inoi?iai? iiaeaei a?oeoaeoo?iiai na?aaeiaeua aiie
?iciiaeieaii ia oae? i?aea?oie :
– oae?, ui iienothoue ieaioaaeueio i?aaiicaoeith ia’?eoa (oiii-
eiai/iee oei, oi?ia aieueiiai i?inoi?o (aeey aocea), oa?aeoa?
aiaenooiia caaoaeiae aiae /apaiiii eiii?, oiiieiai/iee oei iaaei
caaoaeiae, uieueiinoue caaoaeiae (aeey eaa?oaea), iaeii?iaeiinoue aa-
ee/eie aeai?iaeo i?inoi?ia (aeey eaa?oaea), iayaiinoue ieaioaa-
eueieo aeiiiiaio, o?a?eoi?iy (aeey aoeeoei), ieaioaaeueia ?ioaiiy
ii/aoeo ? eiioey (aeey aoeeoei), na?aaeiy aiaeiinia aeiaaeeia eaa?-
oaeia (aeey aoeeoei), oa?aeoa?iee oiiieiai/iee oei ieaioaaeue-
iiai aocea aoeeoei);
-oae?, ui iienothoue ia’?iii-ieaioaaeueio i?aaiicaoeith ia’?e-
oa (oiiieiaiy neeoaoo caaoaeiae, neeoaoia ?ioaiiy ii/aoeo ?
eiioey aoeeoei, piaiiii?iinoue aenioiinoi caaoaeiae, piaiiii?iinoue
eieeaaiiy eiii? neeoaoa, piaiiii?iinoue piciiaeieueiinoi neeoaoa
caaoaeiae, oa?aeoa?iee oiiieiai/iee oei ?ic?eao a caaoaeiai,
iayaiinoue neeoaoieo aeiiiiaio, iayaiinoue eiei?enoe/ieo aeiii-
iaio, oa?aeoa?ia ieiueia iapaoeio ?ic?eaia o caaoaeiai);
– oae?, ui iienothoue ia’?iii-i?inoi?iao i?aaiicaoeith ia’?e-
oa (uieueiinoue caaoaeiae aioo?ioiueiai i?inoi?o (aeey eaa?oaea),
eiiiaeoiinoue aeai?iaeo i?inoi?ia (aeey eaa?oaea), eiiiaeoii-
noue aioopioiueiai ipinoipo (aeey ieaioaaeueiiai aocea), oa?ae-
oa?ia ieiueia iapaoeio ei?eaei?a aoeeoei, oa?aeoa? ciiie ia-
paoeio ei?eaei?a aoeeoei , aiaee?eoinoue aioo?ioiueiai i?inoi?o
aoeeoei , icieueiaaiinoue i?inoi?o aoeeoei, i?iieeiinoue i?inoi?o
aoeeoei , eiiiaeoiinoue aicoaeueieo ca’yceia aoeeoei, ianooaaiinoue
caaoaeiae , nooiiiue ia?oi?aoei? caaoaeiae, nooiiiue caieiaiinoi,
iayaiinoue eaiaeoaooieo aeiiiiaio) .
Ae?oaa a?oia i?noeoue ye?ni? oa?aeoa?enoeee, ye? aieeaathoue
ia eaaeinoue i iiaiioo /aniai? iaeaioeoieaoei? oa iienothoue inoi-
peei-eoeueoopiee ciino napaaeiaeua. Ca nai?i ia’?eoeaiei cii-
noii aiie piciiaeieaii ia oaei iiaea?oie :
– oae?, ui iienothoue inoi?e/io caaoaeiao (noeeueiaee niaeo?
caaoaeiae, iaia?a?aiinoue iiiaeeie noeeueiaeo ?ioaiue o caaoaei-
ai, iayaiinoue noeeueiaeo aeiiiiaio);
– oae?, ui iienothoue aca?iiaeith inoi?e/ii? oeiiii? i ?yaeiai?
8
caaoaeiae (iayaiinoue iai’yoie a?oioaeoo?e, aiaeiiaiaeiinoue ian-
ooaaia, eiei?enoe/ieo ?ioaiue i iaoa?eaeia inoi?e/ii? oeiiii?
i ?yaeiai? caaoaeiae);
– oae?, ui iienothoue oeiiainoue aai oiieaeueiinoue ia’?iii-i?i-
noi?iai? i?aaiicaoei? (noaiaea?oiinoue oiiieiai/iiai oeio, noai-
aea?oiinoue aaaa?eoia).
O?aoy a?oia i?noeoue oa?aeoa?enoeee, ui aieeaathoue ia eaa-
einoue iaeaioeoieaoei? ooieoeiiiaeueii-aeiyeueiinieo i?ioeania, yei ia-
?aaiaathoue o oeueiio na?aaeiaeui (niaeo? ii?oieiai/ii-aeaoa?ii-
iiaaieo aeaeia aeiyeueiinoi, nooiiiue aiaeiiaiaeiinoi ii?oieiai/ieo
oa?aeoa?enoee na?aaeiaeua ?aaeiciaaiei aeaeai aeiyeueiinoi, ?i-
aaiue neeaaeiinoi ooieoeiiiaeueieo ca’yceia).
Aeey aaoiiaoecaoei? i?ioeano cai?o i ia?iaee iioi?iaoei? noai-
paii eiii’thoapio i?ia?aio oi?aaeiiiy niaoeiaeiciaaiith aacith
aeaieo aeey iinoiaoaeiaieo ia’?eoia.
Aepoaee picae?e aeena?oaoei? i?noeoue ?acoeueoaoe inoi?eei-aaia-
oe/iiai aiaeico a?oioaeoo?ii-ieaioaaeueieo nenoai iino Neiai-
aenueei? Oe?aiie. Aea/aiiy ii?iaoeaieo iinoiaoaeiaieo oai?ie
XVII-XIXno. aeicaieeei aeaeieeoe iniiaii aoaie oi?ioaaiiy
ieaioaaeueii? no?oeoo?e iinoa Oa?eiaa, caoieniaaii? inoi?e/-
ieie aaia?aeueieie ieaiaie. Anoaiiaeaii, ui iapoi ieaie
iinoa c’yaeythoueny a napaaeei? XVIII no. Oa?aeoa?iei ? ii?aeiai-
iy ?aaoey?ieo i?eioeeiia caaoaeiae iino (paeii Caeiiaiiy) i
iinoeaaeo o?aaeeoeie – inoipe/ii neeaaeaia paaeiaeueii-eieueoeaaa
noaia ieaioaaiiy oeaiopaeueiiai yaepa i iapaaoeypia nioea ao-
eeoeue neiaiaenueeiai iinaeaiiy (paeii Caoapeia’y). Aei ii/aoeo
XIXno. iaaei iinoa ?icoepththoueny, inoaoi/ia caepiieaiiy iope-
io? ainue «caoiae-noiae», yea oeaieo?oueny aeoyaiooeie a ieaii iei-
uaie. Caaoaeiaa oeaiopaeueieo aoeeoeue noaipi paaeaiaioo?oueny,
aaiaeyoueny “cpaceiai ipiaeoe”. Ia ii/aoeo XXno., caiaeii ieaio
1938p. iinoi picaeaa?oueny o noiaeiiio i iiaii/iiio iaipyieao.
A oeaio?aeueiiio ?aeiii oi?io?oueny iiaee oeaio?, ui ia?aoai-
pth? no?oeoo?o iinoa a iieioeaiope/io i iaoiiaeth? oipioaaiiy
iiai? eiiiiceoeieii? aini «iiaii/-iiaaeaiue». Inoi?e/ii neeaaeaii
?aeiie Oa?eiaa (Caeiiaiiy, Caoa?eia’y, Iiaeie i Iaai?iee ?ae-
ii) a i?ioeani oi?ioaaiiy caapaaee iiaeeaiaeoaeueii iniaeeainoi
ieaioaaeueii? no?oeoo?e i caaoaeiae.
Aepoaee iiaepicaeie aepoaiai picaeieo – “Iipoieiaiy apoioaeoop-
9
iiai napaaeiaeua inoipe/ieo paeiiia Oapeiaa” iinoeoue aeaoaeue-
iee iien iipoieiai/ieo oa?aeoa?enoee aaciaeo aeaiaioia ? ii-
p?aiyeueiee aiae?c apoioaeoopiiai napaaeiaeua aea/aieo pa-
eiiia Iaaipiiai paeiio, Iiaeieo, paeiio aoeeoei Iieoaanueeee
oeyo i paeiia Iineianueeiai ipiniaeoa.
Aeniapeiaioaeueia /anoeia aeenapoaoeieiiai aeineiaeaeaiiy ia-
aaaeaia o opaoueiio picaeiei “Iipoieiai/ii oeie apoioaeoopiiai
napaaeiaeua inoipe/ieo paeiiia iinoa Oapeiaa”. Aeaoaeueiee
iien a?oioaeoo?iiai na?aaeiaeua aeineiaeaeaieo ?aeiiia iapaae-
aa/a? aiaeic ii?oieiai/ieo oa?aeoa?enoee, ye? aecia/athoue oe-
ie na?aaeiaeua eaa?oae?, aoeeoeue, aoce?a, ui iaoiiaeai? aiee-
aii eoeueoo?ii-?noi?e/ieo oa ooieoe?iiaeueii-ae?yeueiinieo i?i-
oean?a.
Iayaiinoue aaeeei? eieueeinoi aca?iiiia’ycaieo ia?aiao?ia i
oa?aeoa?enoee aeey eiaeiiai c aeineiaeaeaieo ia’?eoia (35-55 ?ic-
ieo ia?aiao?ia) aeicaieeei ii?aeiaoe ?o a ?oa?eee oeiieiai/-
ii? eeaneoieaoei?, iiaeeaiaeoaeueii? aeey eiaeiiai oeia ia’?eoia.
Aiaeic aaeaeaaoiinoi oa?oioaaiiy ia?aiao?ia ca ?oa?eeaie i
aecia/aiiy ?aaeueii ?nioth/eo aa??aio?a ?o cia/aiue i?iaiaeeany
ca aeiiiiiaith aeineiaeaeaiiy ainoia?ai piciiaeieo /anoio cia-
/aiue i eeanoa?iiai aiaeico (aeey ?oa?ee, yei iinoeee aieueo, iiae
iaeei ia?aiao?). A ?acoeueoaoi eeanoapiiai aiaeico aoei aeya-
eaii aipia?aei? aap?aioe cia/aiue ia?aiao?ia oa ?o noieei eiiai-
iaoei?. Oea aeicaiey? canoinoaaoe caipiiiiiaaii eeaneoieaoei?
aeey aecia/aiiy oeiieiai? eiie?aoiiai o?aaiaioo a?oioaeoo?-
iiai na?aaeiaeua ?noi?e/iiai i?noa.
Aeey aeyaeaiiy ii?oieiai/ieo oeiia a?oioaeoo?iiai na?a-
aeiaeua eaa?oaeia aoei aeineiaeaeaii 95 eaa?oaeia inoi?e/ieo
?aeii?a iinoa, aeey yeeo aeaeieaii 8 ii?oieiai/ieo oeiia; 125
aoeeoeue, aeey yeeo aeaeieaii 7 oeiia; 210 ieaioaaeueieo aoceia,
aeey yeeo aeaeieaii 8 oeiia.
Oeie apoioaeoopiiai napaaeiaeua eaapoaeia :
Oei I. Noaiaea?oii aaaa?eoe, i?yiieooia oi?ia, uieueia a?a-
ieoey i na?aaeiy uieueiinoue caaoaeiae, na?aaei? cia/aiiy aeenia?-
ni? ieiuei aeai?ia, neeoao c iayaiinoth iepaieo aenieeo aoaei-
aaeue i?e iecueeie aenioiinoi iioi? caaoaeiae i ciioaiiio oeii
?ic?eaia. Aeoaea aeniea aeenia?niy ieiuei oanaaeia i iaiaeii?iae-
iinoue /eaioaaiiy neeoaoa. Iieaciee ianooaaiinoi 1,9-2,2.
10
Oei II. Noaiaea?oii aaaa?eoe, i?yiieooia oi?ia, uieueia
a?aieoey i na?aaeiy uieueiinoue caaoaeiae, na?aaei? cia/aiiy aeen-
ia?ni? ieiuei aeai?ia, iaeii?iaeiee neeoao c neiao?e/iei ?ic-
iiaeieii aenio, na?aaeiueith aeeniapni?th ieiuei oanaaeia i na?aae-
iueith iaiaeii?iaeiinoth /eaioaaiiy. Ianooaai?noue 1,9 – 2,2.
Oei III. Noaiaea?oii aaaa?eoe, i?yiieooia oi?ia, ia?oi?i-
aaia a?aieoey i na?aaeiy uieueiinoue caaoaeiae, iecueea cia/aiiy
aeenia?ni? ieiuei aeai?ia, neeoao c iayaiinoth aeieyiie iiii?ii
iiaeaeuaii? aenioiinoi i?e na?aaeiio cia/aiiyo aenioe ia?aaa-
aeath/i? /anoeie niipoae. Aeniea aeenia?niy ieiuei oanaaeia i
na?aaeiy iaiaeii?iaeiinoue /eaioaaiiy. Ianooaai?noue 1,9-2,2.
Oei IV. Noaiaea?oii aaaa?eoe, i?yiieooia oi?ia, ia?oi?i-
aaia a?aieoey i na?aaeiy uieueiinoue caaoaeiae, iecueea cia/aiiy
aeenia?ni? ieiuei aeai?ia, iaeii?iaeiee neeoao c neiao?e/iei
?iciiaeieii aenio, na?aaeiueith aeeniapni?th ieiuei oanaaeia i na-
?aaeiueith iaiaeii?iaeiinoth /eaioaaiiy. Ianooaai?noue iiiaae 2,2.
Oei V. Noaiaea?oii aaaa?eoe, i?yiieooia oi?ia, ia?oi?iaa-
ia a?aieoey i na?aaeiy uieueiinoue caaoaeiae, aeniea cia/aiiy aeen-
ia?ni? ieiuei aeai?ia, neeoao c aeieyieaie iiii?ii iiaeaeuaii?
aenioiinoi i?e na?aaeiio cia/aiiyo aenioe ia?aaaaeath/i? /an-
oeie niipoae. Aeniea aeenia?niy ieiuei oanaaeia i na?aaeiy iaiae-
ii?iaeiinoue /eaioaaiiy neeoaoa. Ianooaai?noue iaioa ca 1,9.
Oei VI. Noaiaea?oii aaaa?eoe, i?yiieooia oi?ia, ia?oi?i-
aaia a?aieoey i na?aaeiy uieueiinoue caaoaeiae, aeniea cia/aiiy
aeenia?ni? ieiuei aeai?ia, neeoao c iepaieie aenieeie niipo-
aeaie i?e iecueeie aenioiinoi iioi? caaoaeiae i ciioaiiio oeii
?ic?eaia. Aeoaea aeniea aeenia?niy ieiuei oanaaeia i iaiaeii?iae-
iinoue /eaioaaiue neeoaoa. Ianooaai?noue 1,9 – 2,2.
Oei VII. Iaei aaaa?eoe, i?yiieooia oi?ia, uieueia a?aie-
oey ? na?aaeiy uieueiinoue caaoaeiae, na?aaeia cia/aiiy aeenia?ni?
ieiuei aeai?ia, iaeii?iaeiee neeoao c neiao?e/iei ?iciiaei-
eii aenio, na?aaeiueith aeeniapniath ieiuei oanaaeia i na?aae-
iueith iaiaeii?iaeiinoth /eaioaaiiue. ?ic?eae – ianepici? i?ioi-
aee. Ianooaai?noue 1,9 – 2,5.
Oei VIII. Iaei aaaa?eoe, i?yiieooia oi?ia,uieueia a?aie-
oey i na?aaeiy uieueiinoue caaoaeiae, na?aaeia cia/aiiy aeenia?ni?
ieiuei aeai?ia , iaeii?iaeiee neeoao c o?aaiaioaie cieaeaii?
aenioiinoi, aeniea iaeii?iaeiinoue ieiuei oanaaeia niipoae, ?ia-
11
iiii?ia /eaioaaiiy. Oa?aeoa?iee oei ?ic?eao- ianepiciee
i?ioiae. Ianooaai?noue iaioa ca 1,9.
Aeey ieaioaaeueieo aoceia aeaeieaii oaei ii?oieiai/ii oeie :
Oei I. I?eieeaiiy iaei? ieiui, i?yiieooii? oi?ie, aac iea-
ioaaeueieo i eaiaeoaooieo aeiiiiaio,c iaeii?iaeiei neeoaoii ca-
aoaeiae, neiao?e/iee ?iciiaeie aenio. Ianooaai?noue iaioa 2,2.
Oei II. I?eieeaiiy iaei? ieiui, i?yiieooii? oi?ie, c iaya-
iinoth aiaeieo aanaeiia, neeoao c iiii?iith iaiaeii?iaeiinoth ae-
nio (o?aaiaioe cieaeaii? aenioiinoi). Ianooaai?noue iaioa 2,2.
Oei III. Ia?aopanoy iaei? ieiui, i?yiieooia oi?ia,aac iea-
ioaaeueieo i eaiaeoaooieo aeiiiiaio, iaeii?iaeiee neeoao caaoaei-
ae, neiao?e/iee ?iciiaeie aenio. Ianooaai?noue 1,9 – 2,2.
Oei IV. Ia?ao?anoy iaei? ieiui, i?yiieooia oi?ia, iaya-
iinoue iepaieo aenieeo niipoae i?e iecueeie aenioiinoi caaoaei-
ae, iiii?ia aeenia?n?y ieiuei oanaaeia. Ianooaai?noue 2,2 – 2,5.
Oei V. Ia?ao?anoy noaiaea?oii? ieiue, i?yiieooii? oi?-
ie, ooaipaii ia?aoeiii aoeeoei c e?oiiith iaaino?aeeth, aac ea-
iaeoaooieo aeiiiiaio, neeoao c ?icianaieie aa?oeeaeueieie
aeiiiiaioaie, iiii?iith aeenia?ni?th ieiuei oanaaeia. Ianooa-
ai?noue 1,9 – 2,5.
Oei VI. Ia?ao?anoy noaiaea?oii? ieiui, i?yiieooii? oi?ie,
ooaipaia ia?aoeiii aoeeoei n e?oiiith iaaeno?aeeth, iayaiinoue
aaeeeeo caeaieo ianeaia, iiii?ii iaiaeii?iaeiee neeoao c o?a-
aiaioaie cieaeaii? aenioiinoi. Ianooaai?noue aieueoa ca 2,2.
Oei VII. Ia?aoeie aaeeei? ieiui, i?yiieooii? oi?ie, ooai-
paii aoeeoeath i e?oiiith iaaino?aeeth, iayaiinoue caeaieo iane-
aia aai aiaeieo aanaeiia, neiao?e/iee ?iciiaeie aenio i aeniea
iaiaeii?iaeiinoue ieiu oanaaeia. Ianooaai?noue aieueoa 2,2.
Oei VIII. Ia?aoeie aaeeei? ieiui, i?yiieooii? aai iai?a-
aeeueii? oi?ie, iayaiinoue caeaieo ianeaia. Neeoao c ?iciana-
ieie aa?oeeaeueieie aeiiiiaioaie aai eieaeueiith a?oiith, ii-
aeaeuaia aeenia?niy ieiu oanaaeia. Ianooaai?noue aieueoa ca 2,2.
Aeey aoeeoeue aeaeieaii ianooiii ii?oieiai/ii oeie :
Oei I. Aeiaaeeia iaioa 500 i, i?yiieiiieia o?aaeoi?iy, aac
ieaioaaeueieo aoceia, ii/aoie i eiiaoeue aoeeoei ooaipaiee i?e-
ieeaiiyie – i?iaoeee aac ?ice?eoeo i?inoi?ia c aeiiiioth-
/eie ciiiaie ?aeue?oa aai aac eaiaeoaooieo aeiiiiaio. Iaeii-
?iaeiee neeoao c o?aaiaioaie cieaeaii? aenioiinoi, aeniea iae-
12
ii?iaeiinoue ieiu oanaaeia i ?iaiiii?ia /eaiioaaiiy neeoaoa.
Oei II. Aeiaaeeia iaioa 500i, i?yiieiieia o?a?eoi?iy, aac
ieaioaaeueieo aoceia , ii/aoie i eiiaoeue aoeeoei ooaipaiee i?e-
ieeaiiyie – i?iaoeee aac ?icepeoeo i?inoi?ia. Iaeii?iaeiee
neeoao c neiiao?e/iei ?iciiiaiiooyi aenio, na?aaeiy aeenia?-
niy ieiu oanaaeia aoaeiaaeue i /eaioaaiue neeoaoa.
Oei III. Aeiaaeeia iaioa 500i, i?yiieiiieia o?aaeoi?iy, aac
ieaioaaeueieo aoceia, ii/aoie i eiiaoeue aoeeoei ooaipaiee i?e-
ieeaiiyie – i?iaoeee aac ?icepeoeo i?inoi?ia, aac eaiaeoao-
oieo aeiiiiaio. Neeoao c aa?oeeaeueiith aeiiiiaioith aai ?o ei-
eaeueiith a?oiith, aeniea aeenia?niy ieiu oanaaeia, na?aaeiy ia-
iaeii?iaeiinoue /eaioaaiue neeoaoa.
Oei IV. Aeiaaeeia iaioa 500i, i?yiieiiieia o?aaeoi?iy,
ieaioaaeueii aocee – ia?aeopanoy aai i?eieeaiiy , ii/aoie i
eiiaoeue aoeeoei ooaipaii i?eieeaiiyie, aoeeoei c /anoeie ia?a-
oeiaiiyie (aiaeiinia aeiaaeeia eaa?oaeia iaioa 0,25), aac ?ic-
epeoeo i?inoipia. Neeoao c aeieyieaie iiiipii iiaeaeuaii? ae-
nioiinoi i?e na?aaeiie aenioiinoe ia?aaaaeath/i? /anoeie nii-
poae, aeniea aeenia?niy ieiu oanaaeia, na?aaeiy iaiaeii?iaeiinoue
/eaioaaiiy neeoaoa.
Oei V. Aeiaaeeia aieueoa 500i, i?yiieiiieia o?aaeoi?iy,
ieaioaaeueii aocee – ia?aopanoy aai i?eieeaiiy, ii/aoie ao-
eeoei ooaipaii i?eieeaiiyi aei ieaioaaeueiiai aocea – aoeeoei
c /anoeie ia?aoeiaiiyie (aiaeiinia aeiaaeeia eaa?oaeia iai-
oa 0,5), c iaeiiai/ii picoaoiaaieie iaeeie ?ice?eoeie
i?inoi?aie. Ia?aaoey?iee neeoao , aeniea aeenia?niy ieiu
oanaaeia i na?aaeiy iaiaeii?iaeiinoue /eaioaaiiy neeoaoa.
Oei VI. Aeiaaeeia a?eueoa ca 500i, i?yiieiiieia o?aaeoi?iy,
ieaioaaeueii aocee – ia?aopanoy aai i?eieeaiiy, ii/aoie ao-
eeoei ooaipaii i?eieeaiiyi aei ieaioaaeueiiai aocea – aoeeoei
c /anoeie ia?aoeiaiiyie (aiaeiinia aeiaaeeia eaa?oaeia iai-
oa ca 0,25), c e?oiieie ?icepeoeie i?inoi?aie i caeaieie
ianeaaie. Neeoao c aeieyieaie iiaeaeuaii? aenioiinoi i?e na-
?aaeiie aenioiinoi ia?aaaaeath/i? /anoeie aoaeiaaeue. Aeniea
aeenia?niy ieiu oanaaeia i na?aaeiy iaiaeii?iaeiinoue /eaioaaiue
neeoaoa.
Oei VII. Aeiaaeeia aieueoa ca 500i, i?yiieiiieia o?aaeoi?iy,
ieaioaaeueii aocee – ia?ao?anoy aai i?eieeaiiy,ii/aoie ao-
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eeoei ooaipaiee i?eieeaiiyi aei ieaioaaeueiiai aocea – aoee-
oei c /anoeie ia?aoeiaiiyie (aiaeiinia aeiaaeeia eaa?oaeia iai-
oa ca 0,5), aac aiaee?eoeo i?inoi?ia. Iaeii?iaeiee neeoao, neia-
o?e/iee ?iciiaeie aenio.
Aeueiaaeaeeii aaciai oeie a?oeoeeoo?iiai ne?eaeiaeua inoi-
?e/iiai iinoa aeicaieythoue i?iaiaeeoe eeaneoieaoeith ?aaeueieo
ia’?eoia ?aeiino?oeoei? c iaoith aecia/aiiy ?o oeiieiai/ii? ia-
eaaeiinoi, iacaeaaeii aiae nooiaiy ?o caapaaeaiinoi. Eiiepaoii
iipoieiai/ii oeie iaoiiaeththoue apaii/ii oiiae aeey ciioaai-
iy paeiiia iinoa i ieaioaaiiy ?aeiino?oeoeaiiai aopo/aiiy c
iaoith caapaaeaiiy inoi?e/ii? niaaeei?iiinoi na?aaeiaeua ia’-
?eoa ianooiiiai piaiy i?papoi? iinoiaoaeiaieo ipinoipia – paei-
io.
Aeeipenoaiiy ?ic?iaeaii? iaoiaeeee ? oaeiae aeioe?eueiei
ipe iienaii? aaeeeeo aeaiaioia iinoiaoaeiaii? no?oeoo?e –
ieaioaaeueieo ?aeiiia, ipe iiaeaioiaoei aeaieo aeey neeaaeaiiy ci-
ieiaa.
A E N I I A E E
A e?oa?aoo?? aecia/aii, ui caapaaeaiiy ?noipe/ii neea-
aeaiiai apo?oaeoopiiai iapaco i?nueeiai napaaeiaeua c caaacia-
/aiiyi nopoeoopii-ooieoe?iiaeueiiai picaeoeo ca?aeii c nioe?a-
eueii-aeiiii?/ieie aeiiaaie no/aniino? caeeoa?oueny aieia-
iith ipiaeaiith oaip?? ? ipaeoeee paeiinopoeoe?? ?noipe/ieo
i?no. Aeey aeaipo paoe?iiaeueii? oaeoeee paeiinopoeoe?? noa? ia-
iao?aeiei ipiaaaeaiiy ooiaeaiaioaeueieo aeine?aeaeaiue ia’?eoo.
Iaeiei c iaea?eueo cia/oueo aoai?a oaeiai aeine?aeaeaiiy ?
noai?aiiy nenoaiii? iiaeae? a?o?oaeoo?iiai na?aaeiaeua, aaae-
eeaei aeaiaioii yei? ia? aooe aiae?c iipoieia?/ii? nopoeoo-
pe ia’?eoa, ui ? noaei oaiith aeaiiai aeine?aeaeaiiy. Caipiiiii-
aaii neooaoe?eii-iaoiiaeaiee iaoiae a?aeaipo iipoieia?/ieo
iapaiaop?a , yeee apoioo?oueny ia oyaeaii? ipi oaciaee oapae-
oap aaeaioaoe??.
Anoaiiaeaii, ui apoioaeoopia napaaeiaeua inoipe/iiai
iinoa iinoeoue noieei iipoieiai/ii iapace, yei aieeaathoue ia
i?ioean aaeaioaoei? noa’?eoa aei i?aaeiaoii-i?inoi?iaiai ioi/a-
iiy. Aeyaeai? ia’?eoeaii ?nioth/? eiiaiiaoei? iipoieiai/ieo
iapaiaopia iiaeooue aooe aeeipenoai? i?e aecia/aii? apaii/-
ieo cia/aiue caaoaeiae, ui i?iaeoo?oueny a oiiaao ?aeiino?oe-
14
oe?? ?noi?e/ieo ?aeii?a i?noa.
3. Aecia/aii nooiiiue aieeao iipoieiai/ieo iciae ia’?eo?a
ia oipioaaiiy ipinoipiai? nopoeoope napaaeiaeua. Aeaeieaii
3 apoie iapaiaopia i?inoi?iai? i?aaiicaoei? ia’?eoia. Oa?aeoa-
?enoeeaie ieaioaaeueii? i?aaiicaoei? ia’?eo?a ? : ?icii?e ia’?e-
oia (iapeiaop eaapoaea, ieiua aocea, aeiaaeeia aoeeoei), ?o oi-
iieiaiy (oipia eaapoaea, oiiieiai/iee oei aocea, oipia aieue-
iai ipinoipo aocea, opaaoipiy aoeeoei), neeaaeiinoue ieaioaaeue-
i? no?oeoo?e (uieueiinoue caaoaeiae, aeeniapniy ieiu aeaipia, eieue-
einoue aoeeoeue, ui oipiothoue aocie, oiiieiaiy aoceia aoeeoei, aiae-
iinia aeiaaeeia eaapoaeia aoeeoei, napaaeiy aiaenoaiue iiae aocea-
ie aoeeoei, iayaiinoue ieaioaaeueieo i eaiaeoaooieo aeiiiiaio).
Aei oa?aeoa?enoee ia’?iii-ieaioaaeueii? i?aaiicaoei? a?aeia-
nai? : oiiieiaiy neeoaoa, neeaaeiinoue eiai no?oeoo?e (iayaiinoue
neeoaoieo aeiiiiaio, aeeniapniy aenio, aneiaopiy ieiuei ? aeia-
aeei oanaaeia), iayaiinoue i oapaeoap piciiaeieo eiei?enoe/ieo
aeiiiiaio.
Oa?aeoa?enoeeaie ia’?iii-i?inoi?iai? i?aaiicaoei? ? :
i?iieeiinoue a?aieoeue i aioo?ioiueiai i?inoi?o ia’?eoa (noo-
iiiue iapoipaoei?, caieiaiinoue eiioopa, uieueiinoue aioopioiuei?
caaoaeiae) i ianooaaiinoue.
4. Aeyaeaii iipoieiai/ii oa?aeoa?enoeee aaciaeo aea-
iaioia napaaeiaeua, yei aecia/athoue inoipeei-eoeueoopiee eii-
oaeno caaoaeiae. Iayai?noue oe?iii? ?noi?e/ii? caaoaeiae : iapa-
aaaeath/ee noeeue caaoaeiae, iayaiinoue noeeueiaeo aeiiiiaio, aac-
iapapaiinoue noeeueiaiai ?icaeoeo. Aca?iiaeiy inoi?e/ii? oeii-
ii? i ?yaeiai? caaoaeiae : iayaiinoue iai’ yoie a?oioaeoo?e, oa-
?aeoa? aca?iiaei? inoi?e/ii? oeiiii? i ?yaeiai? caaoaeiae (aiaeii-
aiaeiinoue ianooaaia, iaopipeoii/ieo /eaioaaiue, iaoapeaeia i
eieipenoe/iiai pioaiiy). Oeiiainoue aai oiieaeueiinoue caaaeue-
ieo oa?aeoa?enoee na?aaeiaeua (oeiiainoue oiiieiai/iiai oe-
io, ieaioaaeueiiai pioaiiy i piciipia ia’?eoia).
Aeyaeaii ii?oieiai/ii iapaiaope napaaeiaeua, yei aiae-
aecapeaeththoue iniaeeainoi i? ooieoeiiiaeueii? i?aaiicaoei? :
niaeo? i ?iaaiue aeoeaiinoi aeiyeueiinoi, nooiiiue aiaeiiaiaeiinoi
ii?oieiai? ?aaeueii inioth/ei aeaeai aeiyeueiinoi.
A pacoeueoao? ipiaaaeaiiai ?noipeei-aaiaoe/iiai aiae?co
aeyaeaii a onio aeineiaeaeaieo ?aeiiao o?aaiaioe inoi?e/ii
15
neeaaeaii? nenoaie aicoaeueieo i?iaioe?ia i o?aaiaioe ?yaeiai?
caaoaeiae. Ipiaaaeaiee iipoieia?/iee aiae?c apo?oaeoopiiai
napaaeiaeua ?noipe/ieo paeii?a Oapeiaa c aeeipenoaiiyi ca-
ipiiiiiaaii? aaoipii iaoiaeeee aeicaieea aeyaeoe oapaeoapi?
pene eiaeiiai paeiio.
A pacoeueoaoi noaoenoe/ii? iapiaee aeaieo aecia/aii oe-
iieiai/ii cia/oui iapaiaope apoioaeoopiiai napaaeiaeua ao-
eeoei : aeiaaeeia aoeeoei, iaeaieueo oapaeoapiee oiiieiai/iee oei
ieaioaaeueieo aoceia, ieaioaaeueia pioaiiy ii/aoeo ? eiioey ao-
eeoei, iayaiinoue i oapaeoap ieaioaaeueieo aeiiiiaio, iayaiinoue i
oapaeoap eaiaeoaooieo aeiiiiaio, oiiieiaiy neeoaoa, aeeniapniy
ieiuei oanaaeia. Noai?aii oeiieia?/io eeaneo?eaoe?th aoeeoeue
( 7 oeiia ), paaeueii inioth/eo a apoioaeoopiiio napaaeiaeui Oap-
eiaa.
Aecia/aii oeiieiai/ii cia/oui iapaiaope apoioaeoopii-
ai napaaeiaeua ieaioaaeueieo aoceia : ieiua aocea, oiiieiaiy,
oipia aieueiiai ipinoipo, iayaiinoue i oapaeoap ieaioaaeueieo aei-
iiiaio, iayaiinoue i oapaeoap eaiaeoaooieo aeiiiiaio, oiiieiaiy
neeoaoa, aneiaopiy aenio neeoaoa caaoaeiae, ianooaaiinoue. Aeaei-
eaii 8 oeiia ieaioaaeueieo aoceia.
Aecia/aii oeiieiai/ii cia/oui iapaiaope apoioaeoopii-
ai napaaeiaeua eaapoaeia : iapeiaop eaapoaea, oapaeoap apaieoei
caaoaeiae, oiiieiaiy , uieueiinoue caaoaeiae , aeeniapniy aeaipiaeo
ipinoipia, aeeniapniy neeoaoa caaoaeiae, aneiaopiy neeoaoa caao-
aeiae, aeeniapniy ieiuei oanaaeia, ianooaaiinoue caaoaeiae. Aiaei-
epaieaii 8 oeiia eaapoaeia.
Anoaiiaeaii, ui piciiaeie inoipe/ii aeaoapiiiiaaieo oe-
iia aaciaeo aeaiaioia apoioaeoopiiai napaaeiaeua iaaea? niaoee-
oi/iee aeaeyae eiaeiiio c aeineiaeaeaieo paeiiia iinoa. Caapa-
aeaiiy inoipe/ii neeaaeaii? oeiieiai? aeaiaioia napaaeiaeua a
ipioeani paeiinopoeoei? caaacia/o? aoaeoeaiinoue i iiaiioo aaeai-
oaoei?, ui nipey? aoiaiicaoei? opaaiinoe/iiai ioi/aiiy.
16
NIENIE IAOEIAEO I?AOeUe,
IIOAEIEIAAIEO CA OAIITH AeENA?OAOe?? :
1. Oapeae A.A. Iipoieiae/aneea aniaeou oipiepiaaiey ipin-
opainoaaiiie iiaeaee apoeoaeoopiie npaaeu enoipe/aneiai aipi-
aea. // No/anii ipiaeaie apoioaeoope oa iinoiaoaeoaaiiy. Iaoeiai-
oaoii/ia caipea. Ee?anueeee aeapae.oaoi.oi-o aoaeiaieoeoaa i apoioae-
oope. – Ee?a, 1997.-Aei.1.-N.145-149.
2. Oapeae A.A. Eiioeaioeee apoeoaeoopiie npaaeu a niapaiai-
iie ioa/anoaaiiie apoeoaeoopa.// Opaaeeoei? oa iiaaoei? o aeuie a?-
oioaeoopii-ooaeiaeiie inaioi. Caipea iaoeiaeo ipaoeue. Oapeianueeee
ooae.-ipii.ii-o.- Oapeia, 1997.-Aei.5.-N.7-9.
Oapeae A.A. Aaiethoeey iiiyoey “iaiyoiee apoeoaeoopu”.
//Opaaeeoei? oa iiaaoei? o aeuie apoioaeoopii-ooaeiaeiie inaioi. Cai-
pea iaoeiaeo ipaoeue.Oapeianueeee ooae.-ipii.ii-o.- Oapeia, 1997.-
Aei.5.-N.11-13.
Oapeae A.A. Enoi?e/aneay aaiethoeey ieaie?iai/iie no?o-
eoo?u ai?iaea Oa?ueeiaa a XVII-XIX aa. // Opaaeeoei? oa iiaaoei? o
aeuie apoioaeoopii-ooaeiaeiie inaioi. Caipea iaoeiaeo ipaoeue.
Oapeianueeee ooae.-ipii.ii-o.- Oapeia, 1998.-Aei.2.-N. 9-11.
Oapeae A.A. Iipoieiae/aneea iapaiaopu apoeoaeoopiie
npaaeu eaapoaeia enoipe/aneiai aipiaea. // Opaaeeoei? oa iiaaoei? o
aeuie apoioaeoopii-ooaeiaeiie inaioi. Caipea iaoeiaeo ipaoeue.
Oapeianueeee ooae.-ipii.ii-o.- Oapeia, 1998.-Aei.2.-N.12-13.
Aiiioaoeey
Oapeae A.A. Iipoieiae/aneea oeiu apoeoaeoopiie npaaeu
enoipe/aneiai aipiaea ia ipeiapa a.Oapueeiaa.- ?oeiienue.
Aeennapoaoeey ia nieneaiea o/aiie noaiaie eaiaeeaeaoa apoe-
oaeoopu ii niaoeeaeueiinoe 18.00.01.-oaipey apoeoaeoopu, pan-
oaapaoeey iaiyoieeia apoeoaeoopu. Oapueeianeee ainoaeapno-
aaiiue oaoie/aneee oieaapneoao nopieoaeuenoaa e apoeoaeoo-
pu, Oapueeia, 1998.
Aeennapoaoeey iinayuaia ipiaeaiai nicaeaiey eiiieaeniie
nenoaiu ciaiee ia apoeoaeoopiie npaaea enoipe/aneiai aipi-
aea eae iaueaeoa paeiinopoeoeee. ?acpaaioaia iaoiaeeea iiena-
iey iipoieiaee e oeiieiae/aneay eeanneoeeaoeey yeaiaioia apoeoaeoopiie
npaaeu enoipe/aneiai aipiaea.
Eeth/aaua neiaa : apoeoaeoopiay npaaea, enoipe/aneee ai-
piae, iipoieiaey, ipaainoaaiiinoue, oeiieiaey.
Aiioaoe?y
Oapeae I.A. Iipoieiai/ii oeie apoioaeoopiiai napaaeiaeua
inoipe/iiai iinoa ia ipeeeaaei i.Oapeiaa.- ?oeiien.
Aeenapoaoeiy ia caeiaoooy a/aiiai nooiaith eaiaeeaeaoa apoioae-
oope ca niaoeiaeueiinoth 18.00.01.- oaipiy apoioaeoope, panoaapa-
oeiy iai’yoie apoioaeoope. Oapeianueeee aeapaeaaiee oaoii/iee
oiiaapneoao aoaeiaieoeoaa oa apoioaeoope, Oapeia, 1998.
Aeenapoaoeith ipenay/aii ipiaeaiai noaipaiiy eiiieaenii?
nenoaie ciaiue ipi apoioaeoopia napaaeiaeua inoipe/iiai iin-
oa ye ia’?eoa paeiinopoeoei?. ?icpiaeaii iaoiaeeeo iieno iip-
oieiai? i oeiieiai/ia eeaneoieaoeiy aeaiaioia apoioaeoopiiai
napaaeiaeua inoipe/iiai iinoa.
Eeth/ia? neiaa : apoioaeoopia napaaeiaeua, inoipe/ia iinoi,
iipoieiaiy, niaaeei?iiinoue, oeiieiaiy.
Summary
Sharlay E.V. Iorfological types of architectural environment of his-
torical city by example of Kharkov city.- Manuscript.
The thesis for creation of academic degree of candidate of archi-
tecture on speciality 18.00.01.-the theory of architecture, restoration
of monuments. Kharkov’s state technical unversity of construction
and architecture, Kharkov, 1998.
Some problems in creation of complex knowledge system
about architectural environment of historical city as object of re-
construction. Describing method for morfological and typological
classifiaction of architectural environment elements was developed
in this study.
Keywords : architectural environment, historical city, morfology,
successivity, typology.
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